Damage to sewage systems caused by the Great East Japan Earthquake,and governmental policy

The Great East Japan Earthquake and its accompanying liquefaction and tsunami severely damaged many sewage systems including sewage pipes, manholes, pumping stations and sewage treatment plants over a wide area from Tohoku to the Kanto region. We conducted a questionnaire survey, interview survey and on-site confirmation in order to summarize and categorize the damage factors that shut down facilities such as drainage systems and treatment systems. We also studied the effectiveness of countermeasures to prevent liquefaction of the sewage system. The results showed that 90% of sewage pipes and 70% of manholes were damaged by liquefaction and that 54% of wastewater treatment plants and 75% of pumping stations were damaged by tsunami. Nevertheless, no severe damage was found along sewage pipe sections where liquefaction countermeasures had been executed, suggesting that the countermeasures are effective.     

Policy Analysis on Building Regulations and the Recovery of Earthquake and Tsunami Affected Areas

The paper examines the situation and causes of recent big earthquake and tsunami disasters especially in the case of the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011, and analyzes the damage to extract lessons on safety of buildings and recovery of cities from the view point of building regulations such as the Article 39 of the Building Standard Law. In addition, the Article 8 of the Ordinance of City Planning Law resulted in not so effective against tsunami in March 2011. Control mechanisms of building construction should be integrated into socio-economic, institutional, technical and other policy tools. In order to mitigate earthquake risk, all stages of building construction, from location, planning and construction to maintenance are important. Awareness creation is instrumental for building culture of safety and demands for intervention in disaster mitigation. The demands ultimately help in creating conducive environment for policy intervention, in realizing institutional mechanism of building code enforcement and land use control for the municipal authorities and in creating demand for competent professionals.     

Characteristics of liquefaction in Tokyo Bay area by the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake

The 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake caused the severe liquefaction of reclaimed lands in the Tokyo Bay area, from Shinkiba in Tokyo through Urayasu, Ichikawa and Narashino Cities to Chiba City. However, the reclaimed lands that had been improved by the sand compaction pile method, the gravel drain method or other methods did not liquefy. The reclaimed lands that did liquefy had been constructed after around 1966 with soil dredged from the bottom of the bay. The dredged and filled soils were estimated to have been liquefied by the earthquake. Seismic intensities in the liquefied zones were not high, although the liquefied grounds were covered with boiled sand. Most likely it was the very long duration of the main shock, along with the large aftershock that hit 29 min later, which induced the severe liquefaction. Sidewalks and alleys buckled at several sites, probably due to a kind of sloshing around of the liquefied ground. Moreover, much sand boiled from the ground and the ground subsided significantly because the liquefied soil was very fine. Many houses settled notably and tilted. In Urayasu City, 3680 houses were more than partially destroyed. Sewage pipes meandered or were broken, their joints were extruded from the ground, and many manholes were horizontally sheared. This remarkable damage may also have occurred due to the sloshing around of the liquefied ground.     

东日本大地震灾害考察报告

日本的东日本大地震是近年来最大震级的地震,地震本身及造成的震害均具有很多特点。中日联合考察团将现场的考察及对有关问题研讨的主要内容写成本报告。对东日本大地震基本情况及主要特点,尤其是海啸的发生及范围、特征与严重程度作了重点介绍。地震灾害中由地震直接导致的建筑受害不严重,除介绍了震害总体状况,着重介绍了海啸造成的破坏状况及严重程度。除一般震况、震害外,报告中特别针对本次地震特点及国内关心的问题,重点说明了以下内容:长周期地震动的影响是本次地震的一个特点,介绍了其特性及造成的影响与有待研究的问题;日本减、隔震技术的发展现状以及在本次地震中的表现,同时对减、隔震建筑的发展中的问题作了说明;抗震加固工程在地震中的状况、经验与导向;对普遍关心的日本核电站的抗震设计,结合福岛核电站的事故作了介绍;经过本次地震之后,日本建设主管部门对建筑结构抗震初步考虑的对策。     

地震区框架-剪力墙结构最优剪力墙数量的研究

本文从沿高变刚度框剪结构协同分析的连续 离散化分析原理出发 ,提出了确定地震区沿高变刚度框剪结构剪力墙最优数量的简化计算方法。首次提出了采用竖向构件分类的方法确定最优剪力墙数量。本文方法具有较高的精度 ,可用于结构的初步设计阶段     

日本阪神·淡路震灾复兴规划的特征及启示

通过回顾日本"阪神·淡路大地震"灾后重建的规划建设过程, 阐述兵库县及神户市编制实施城市复兴规划的主要内容和构成框架, 分析复兴规划的实施过程以及相关政策措施.围绕"阪神·淡路震灾复兴规划", 从城市生活复兴、安全城市建构、城市街景再生、文化财保护等方面, 总结日本灾后复兴规划的特征和经验, 以期为我国汶川5·12大地震后的灾后重建规划提供借鉴.     

抗震防灾第一线的安全教育：浅谈日本名古屋大学的防灾教育

文章通过对日本社会防灾体系的学习和介绍阐明了它对建立和提高下代的安全防灾意识的重要性。抗震防灾教育不仅在日本而且在世界各国都同样重要它是一个国际性的重要课题。在中国学校同样应该通过进行类似的抗震防灾教育活动,以达到普及灾害知识和提高灾害防范意识的具体效果。     

从新加坡加勒比海湾公寓工程看日本清水公司的管理

文章全面分析了日本清水建筑公司的管理模式,对国内建筑施工企业提高自身项目管理水平有一定的借鉴作用。     

钢板剪力墙中墙-框架相互作用性能研究

在侧向荷载作用下,考虑填充板和框架杆件之间的相互作用,研究了钢板剪力墙双体系的非线性性能。对多组钢板剪力墙试件进行数值分析,研究填充板对框架性能的影响,评估其抵抗侧向力的有效度。结果表明:按规范设计的钢板剪力墙具有理想的屈服顺序,填充板首先进入塑性。这说明:填充板在加载初期非常有效,转角可达到1%,承担了大部分层间剪力。然而,一旦填充板中屈服区域继续发展,它们将逐渐失效;当屈服区域延伸至墙体,附加荷载将基本上由框架杆件承担。     

Atmospheric metal and phosphorus concentrations, inputs, and their biogeochemical significances in the Japan/East Sea

Atmospheric metals and phosphorus over the southern Japan/East Sea were investigated in order to evaluate their sources, concentrations and inputs, and to identify their biogeochemical roles in this marginal sea. Aerosols were collected on the east coast of Korea from February 2002 to April 2003 (n = 101) as well as at a remote island (Ulleung) and on a ship from February 2002 to June 2003 (n = 13). The aerosols were analyzed for Al, Co, Cu, Ni, P, Pb and Zn. Simultaneous collections of aerosols at both coast and offshore were performed, and several high dust aerosols (Al > 5 μg m^− 3) were collected at both regions. At the coastal site, both dust mineral and pollutants were transported by westerly winds from the Asian continent, but local emissions were significant (e.g., Cu, Ni, P and Zn) as well during the summer monsoon (May-August). The experimental relationships between the coast and offshore sites were defined. From these relationships, it was possible to obtain the annually averaged atmospheric metal and P concentrations over the southern Japan/East Sea, which has increased by over 2 times for the last decade. Through the estimation of atmospheric metal and phosphorus fluxes and comparisons with inputs from the Tsushima Warm Current, the atmospheric pathway was found to be a significant source for Al, Pb and Zn.     

钢板剪力墙结构中墙-框架交互作用的特性分析

研究了钢板剪力墙(SPSW)双系统在侧向荷载作用下,由内置墙板与框架构件之间相互作用而引起的非线性反应。对大量钢板剪力墙系统进行了数值分析,基于分析结果讨论了内置墙板对框架性能的影响,并对其抵抗侧向荷载的有效程度进行了预测。结果表明:依据设计规范设计的钢板剪力墙可以获得预期的屈曲顺序,且塑性变形主要由内置墙板产生。研究验证了内置墙板在加载的初期是非常有效的(塑性变形达到角位移的1%),并且可以吸收大部分层间剪力。然而,一旦内置墙板中出现了斜向屈服区,墙板便开始丧失其有效性;当屈服区发展到整面墙的时候,外加荷载便开始由框架构件承担。     

探地雷达技术在长城墙体检测中的应用

本文结合长城墙体的结构特点,阐述了探地雷达无损检测长城墙体内不良隐患的应用原理与可行性,该方法与其它检测方法相比具有明显的优势。通过河北省山海关市区内的罗城、望洋楼等多处城台和城墙的检测研究,获取了墙体不同介质的有关参数,提出了一整套现场检测方案和资料解释方法,实际应用表明,该方法精度高,速度快,是适合长城墙体检测的物探方法。     

汶川5.12地震框架-剪力墙结构震害调查与反思

汶川5.12地震发生后,受建设部委派,作者迅速赶往重灾区都江堰市进行震害调查。对框架-剪力墙结构的震害情况进行了专门调查,与框架结构的震害进行了对比。框架-剪力墙结构的抗震性能明显优于框架结构;楼梯应考虑参与主体结构抗震作用。     

从汶川地震的建筑震害谈结构概念设计的重要性

通过对汶川5.12地震部分灾区的初步考察,本文从建筑震害的现象分析入手,强调了结构抗震概念设计的重要性,并对此进行了思考,希望引起建筑界同仁的重视,切实做好建筑物的抗震防灾工作。     

Removal of radioactive iodine and cesium in water purification processes after an explosion at a nuclear power plant due to the Great East Japan Earthquake

The presence of radionuclides at five water purification plants was investigated after an explosion at a nuclear power plant hit by the Great East Japan Earthquake on 11 March 2011. Radioactive iodine (¹³¹I) and cesium (¹³⁴Cs and ¹³⁷Cs) were detected in raw water in Fukushima and neighboring prefectures. ¹³¹I was not removed by coagulation-flocculation-sedimentation. ¹³¹I was removed by granular activated carbon (GAC) and powdered activated carbon (PAC) at a level of about 30%-40%, although ¹³¹I was not removed in some cases. This was also confirmed by laboratory-scale experiments using PAC. The removal percentages of ¹³¹I in river and pond waters by 25 mg dry/L of PAC increased from 36% to 59% and from 41% to 48%, respectively, with chlorine dosing before PAC. ¹³⁴Cs and ¹³⁷Cs were effectively removed by coagulation at both a water purification plant and in laboratory-scale experiments when turbidity was relatively high. In contrast, ¹³⁴Cs and ¹³⁷Cs in pond water with low turbidity were not removed by coagulation. This was because ¹³⁴Cs and ¹³⁷Cs in river water were present mainly in particulate form, while in pond water they were present mainly as cesium ions (¹³⁴Cs⁺ and ¹³⁷Cs⁺). However, the removal of ¹³⁴Cs and ¹³⁷Cs in pond water by coagulation increased markedly when ¹³⁴Cs and ¹³⁷Cs were mixed with sediment 24 h before coagulation.     

阪神·淡路大地震后日本城市防灾公园的规划与建设

快速发展的城市建设势必导致各种城市灾害的发生,减灾防灾已成为一项艰巨的工作,而城市防灾公园的建设则是不容忽视的重要一环。日本城市公园绿地在历次震灾中都发挥了避难疏散的重要作用,成为市民可利用的安全有效的防灾减灾空间。在回顾日本城市防灾公园发展的基础上,概述阪神·淡路大地震之后提出的防灾公园的新的定义、分类、功能和布局原则,并结合实例着重介绍近10年来日本兵库县及其他地区在进行防灾公园建设中所取得的成果,并以此作为我国规划建设城市防灾公园的借鉴和参考。