Medium-Deep or Very Deep Disposal of Highly Radioactive Waste？

Commonly proposed concepts, like KBS-3V, for disposal of highly radioactive waste imply construction at medium depth （400-600 m） in granitic rock, which is excellent for constructing a stable repository. VDH （very deep boreholes） represent an altemative concept with the advantage that the rock is much less permeable and that the very salt, heavy groundwater is stagnant. Both require engineered barriers in the form of canisters and waste-embedding clay but for somewhat different purposes. Canisters are the most important waste-isolating barriers for KBS-3V but are less important for VDH. The waste-embedding clay is needed for preserving the KBS-3V canisters by being tight and ductile, but plays a minor role for the VDH. The backfilled deposition tunnels in a KBS-3V repository provide very limited hindrance of radionuclides to move to the biosphere while the clay seals of VDH effectively prevent possibly released radionuclides to reach up to the biosphere. Comparison of the KBS-3V and VDH concepts indicates that the last mentioned one has several advantages but that certain issues remain to be worked on for becoming a number one candidate.     

Seismic Vulnerability of Building Construction Site

Building construction site plays an important role in the economic aspect of a region. So any disruption due to hazard event like earthquake can cause several direct and indirect damages. Direct damages can lead to the loss of equipments and qualified persons. Indirect damages can lead to inflation and loss of purchasing power. To deal with that situation, parameters that govern the vulnerability of building construction site have been identified. Using a MCDM （multiple criteria decision making） method, the priority order of these parameters has been set. Then a PVI （partial vulnerability index） and a GVI （global vulnerability index） are proposed. These indexes allow the classification of building construction sites according to their intrinsic vulnerability and seismic vulnerability respectively that is through the use of a given classification. Several Algerian building construction sites belonging to different seismic zones were considered in order to show the applicability of the method.     

Soil Erodibility Characteristics of Reclamation Area--A Case Study in Indonesian Coal Mining

Soil erosion is one of the most important problems in Indonesia coal mining reclamation area because located in tropical areas which has high average of rainfall. Severe soil erosion leads to the unsuccessful reclamation progress in the post mine surface due to impact on steep slope and limit of seedling establishment. Considering the impact of soil erosion in mining activities, Indonesian government had issued several regulations related to erosion control. Soil erodibility is one of the main factors controlling soil erosion. It will determine amount of soil loss and total sediment. Estimation of soil erodibility aims to determine the susceptibility of soil to be eroded by water. The estimation considers soil texture, percentage of organic matter, soil structure and soil permeability. This study was integration between field work to collect soil sample, soil laboratory analysis, soil erodibility analysis using erodibility equation Wischmeier and Smith （1978） and analysis to predict soil erosion/annual total soil loss. The results show that soil erodibility in study area was calculated to range from 0.091 to 0.142 tons ha h/ha/MJ/mm and soil erodibility of the study area was categorized as very low and low. There are strong relationships between soil erodibility and soil erosion but the correlation was not fully linier due to other factors controlling soil erosion / annual total soil loss.     

Why Spatial Planning Often Fails to Control the Spreading Locations of Large Scale Commercial Facilities？

The purpose of this paper is to clarify the mechanism of planning failure on land use control in case of sprawl developments of large scale commercial facilities, which is often seen in many countries. The author demonstrates actual three cases in Japan： a huge commercial development established in the middle of rice field between the two local cities, two huge commercial accumulations established at the opposite fringes of urban area, and many large commercial developments established one by one within the small municipalities surrounding a central city. And by examining the statistical sales amount, the author describes that these huge suburban commercial developments apparently deprived the sales of the downtown. Through analyzing these cases, the author empirically stated that for the motorized local cites, the optimum location of commercial accumulation is no longer the central area of the city but about 15 min away from the center with the smooth accessible arterial road. At last, the author mentions that the ＂planning failure＂ could be occurred if the territory of planning authority and the scale of the development are inconsistent, such as the authority of small municipal government and the large scale commercial facility which impacts beyond the municipal boundary.     

BIPV in the Refurbishment of Minor Historical Centres： The Project of Integrability between Standard and Customized Technology

The proposed research is aimed to define some BIPV （building integrated photovoltaics） paradigms for the refurbishment of historical contexts, by defining strategic criteria related to linguistic-architectural and technological-constructive aspects of solar systems （including case-studies in specific application contexts）. This research could, once perfected and shared, be used within operative tools （guidelines, case studies, etc.） really applicable to common scale, e.g., in today＇s post-earthquake reconstruction in L＇Aquila, for defining possible solar implementation possibilities in sensitive areas according to an innovative and sustainable method of intervention.     

Sustainable Intervention Plans for Igbo Cultural Region of Nigeria

The Igbos are one of the major tribes of Nigeria. Over the years, their distinct way of living have further accentuated their culture. The paper discusses the Igbo cultural landscape region which comprises of rural autonomous communities made up of clusters of kindred and villages. In spite of the existence of the townships serving as trade, political and administrative centers for more than one century, the rate of urbanization has been very slow thereby affecting the development of the communities physically, economically and socially at astonishing rates consuming farmlands and traditional community boundaries. This paper is aimed at creating awareness on the unique regional growth pattern in Igbo land heavily dependent on cultural and natural heritages for purpose of determining adaptable regional planning strategies for such vibrant cultural region. It has examined the key issues and suggested a way forward to a more sustainable development of the region.     

Measuring Thermal Mass of Sustainable Concrete Mixes

Thermal mass is currently evaluated with ＂admittance＂ which is the ability of the element to exchange heat with the environment and is based on specific heat capacity, thermal conductivity and density. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of thermal properties namely, density, specific heat capacity and thermal conductivity on thermal mass. The objective of the study is to carry out laboratory experiments by measuring such thermal properties of concrete mixes with various percentages of GGBS （ground granulated blast furnace slag）, PFA （pulverized fuel ash）, and SF （silica fume） and RCA （recycled coarse aggregates）. The results obtained from these tests would contribute to the evaluation of how such thermal properties influence the thermal admittance and hence the thermal mass performance of sustainable concrete elements in a building system.     

On-Demand Post-Disaster Emergency Shelters

In post-disaster emergency shelter aid, various relief agencies and other actors with different backgrounds need to cooperate in a tremendously short amount of time and under very different circumstances. In this article, we describe a research project that develops and tests a new approach in which the demands for shelters in a specific situation are methodically connected with available, innovative and sustainable shelter solutions, a DSS （decision support system）. The DSS is a digital tool that translates the gathered evidence on needs, solutions and location including long-term effects of shelter provision into advice for the provision of sustainable, integral broader shelter solutions and designs. The outcome is a set of characteristics for a DSS for the provision of on-demand emergency shelters. A DSS that meets these characteristics leads to the provision of sustainable shelters that meet the needs of the users and, therefore, have higher performance in long term.     

Cold In-Place Recycling as a Sustainable Pavement Practice

Pavement rehabilitation and reconstruction methods with CIR （cold in-place recycling） are alternatives that can effectively reduce the high stresses and waste produced by conventional pavement strategies. An attempt was made to predict the performance, particularly low-temperature cracking resistance characteristics of CIR mixtures. These were prepared with the mix design procedure developed at the URI （University of Rhode Island） for the FHWA （Federal Highway Administration） to reduce wide variations in the application of CIR mixtures production. This standard was applied to RAP （reclaimed asphalt pavement） to produce CIR mixtures with CSS-Ih asphalt emulsion as the additive. By adjusting the number of gyrations of the SGC （Superpave gyratory compactor） for compaction, the field density of 130 pcf was represented accurately. To secure a base line, HMA （hot mix asphalt） samples were produced according to the Superpave volumetric mix design procedure. The specimens were tested using the IDT （indirect tensile） tester according to the procedure of AASHTO T 322 procedure at temperatures of-20, -10 and 0 ℃ （-4, 14, and 32°F, respectively）. The obtained results for the creep compliance and tensile strength were used as input data for the MEPDG （mechanistic empirical pavement design guide）. The analysis results indicated that no thermal or low-temperature cracking is expected over the entire analysis period of 20 years for both HMA and CIR mixtures. Thus, it appears that CIR is a sustainable rehabilitation technique which is also suitable for colder climates, and it is recommended to conduct further investigation of load-related distresses such as rutting and fatigue cracking.     

Design and Management of Building＇s Resources

The developed modem control systems and buildings management resource systems would be effective if they are based on previously established optimal conditions during the building design. This is one of the key issues for a responsible architecture. The focus of this paper is on sustainable design methods and techniques for saving resources and their management throughout the building lifecycle. The main subject of the present article is the characteristics of these methods and their fundamental role in sustainable resource management during the building operation. The results which are based on conducted case studies of European and international practice in the construction of sustainable buildings are implemented here. Key features of a comprehensive approach for design and construction are outlined via comparative analysis, as well as various systems for the evaluation of sustainability for already constructed buildings. The mostly used criteria and indicators for sustainability are systematized, including those related to resource consumption. By analyzing a specific example, the role of sustainable design methods is justified as an important prerequisite for effective management of building resources in the process building maintenance. According to the conducted studies, during the longest life cycle period of a building, by implementation of control systems and resource management of building, the costs are successfully optimized. Specific directions that prove the effectiveness of such systems are systematized in the paper. Innovative approaches, complex methods and measures for design and management of buildings resources are presented as results of this study.     

Integration Possibility of Urban Public Bus System and Cable Car in Maribor

Combination of a bus system and cable car system can reduce the overall congestion of traffic in urban areas, where surrounding hills or mountains hold larger settlements or tourist and recreational infrastructure. With this kind of integration number of individual car trips can be significantly reduced. In this paper, the authors present an analysis of the pilot project implementation, which was held in Maribor. The authors conducted a limited test trial of two means of transportation, combining them into a single operating transport offer for inhabitants and tourists. Combined transport option proved to be a good starting point for reduction of traffic and parking congestion during winter tourist season and beyond. Method used in the research, in order to gain actual potential of integrating two systems and improving public transport offer, was establishment and implementation of the pilot project in Maribor during January 2011. Data was gathered through interviews of two interest groups. The first covered the users who were brought to the foothills of Pohorje＇s ski center by bus. The second covered the cable car users that were traveling to the top of Pohorje. For a limited time period, a trial principle of a single ticket was established, which gave ski-pass holders free bus ride on bus line No. 6. With the aim of reducing CO2, test drives of hybrid bus and compressed natural gas bus were conducted alongside many promotional activities with which users were informed of importance of environmentally friendly mobility options.     

Effects of Bearing Type on Seismic Response of Small Base Isolation System Using Friction Bearings

In this study, dynamic characteristics of the small base isolation system using new friction bearings are investigated by excitation experiment, and compared to other one using previous bearings. Peak amplitude of the acceleration response waves on the small base isolation system is decreased to about 10%-25% compared to the input waves. Also root mean square amplitude is decreased to about 10%-40%. In case of the ball embedded a cylindrical sponge, the new bearing, the damping ratio increases with increasing width of the cylindrical sponge. The natural frequency does not change. On the other hand, in case of the marble plate that is previous bearing, the damping ratio increases with increasing curvature radius of the marble plate, the natural frequency also increases. Therefore, the small base isolation system using new friction bearing provides better performance. The responses of the base isolation system indicate nonlinier effects by friction force.     

谈西北大城市地下空间开发利用与可持续发展

以西北大城市乌鲁木齐市的自然环境和地下空间开发利用状况为例,借鉴发达国家及国内外城市地下空间利用经验,对西北大城市地下空间的开发利用进行了分析,探索了可持续发展的城市经营之路.     

江汉地区史前住屋概说

根据考古资料,文章介绍了江汉地区史前居住建筑的起源和演变、平面类型和构造技术.     

上海广富林文化遗址“F12房址”保护搬迁设计与实施

上海广富林文化遗址“F12房址”是上海建筑考古的重要发现,因故需对其整体保护搬迁.严格按照文物保护的要求,如何对潮湿土文物遗址实施整体搬迁保护,国内外尚无相关可参照案例.因此,本文对小规模潮湿土遗址的整体保护搬迁进行了研究,特别是土遗址加固技术、搬迁技术、装运技术等,形成了成套搬迁技术,研究成果可为相关土遗址搬迁保护工程提供参考.     

Innovative Applications of Post-Tension for Restoration and Rehabilitation of Bridges and Structures--Case Studies in India

This paper deals with new and innovative case studies of application of post-tensioning for restoration of structures for buildings, bridges and rock stabilization in India. In earlier situations for these types of cases conventional method of repair and rehabilitation has been used. These innovative approaches for restoration have led to enormous saving of cost and time. The advantages of post tensioning are well known in the civil industry and are being used for the last 40 to 50 years. Post tensioning is one of the best methods to induce stresses in the concrete before application of live load and this technique can also be widely used for restoration and rehabilitation of structures. Unlike the use of post-tensioning in new structures there are no definite methods or codes for application in restoration and rehabilitation of structures. For restoration and rehabilitation of structures, PT （post tensioned） technique can be applied in combination with other techniques and materials available. Bridge lifting is a tricky and risky job especially when the superstructure is displaced appreciably by a natural calamity, etc.. Not only the present state of structure needs proper study before commencement of restoration and rehabilitation but also calls for careful execution. This paper deals with case studies of innovative applications of post tensioning in restoration and rehabilitation of structures and restoration of bridge structure in Andaman ＆ Nicobar Island, India affected by Sumatra quake.     

昆明新机场A2标段施工总平面图设计要点

从机械设备选型、场区位置布局、场区道路设计、水电管线设置和生活区设置五方面总结了昆明新机场A2标段施工总平面图设计要点,指出施工总平面图应以材料、设备、临时周转材料为设计核心,并兼顾配套设施和施工过程变化的设计理念。     

Volumetric Variation and Rheology of Cement Based Mineral Additions （Blast Furnace Slag and Silica Fume）

The partial substitution of clinker by mineral additions offers very significant, both economical and environmental benefits. This adds value to industrial waste, and contributes also in the preservation of natural resources, like clay and limestone, as well as the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions （CO2）. This study is interested in the simultaneous effect of BFS （blast furnace slag） and SF （silica fume） on setting time and water requirement of cement paste. The volumetric variations are tested in mortars, prepared in the same mixture of pastes, and the tests indicate that the addition of slag increase the fluidity, reduce the water demand, shrinkage and expansion, compared to the mortar, containing ten percent （10%） of Silica Fume only. The images of pastes obtained by SEM （scanning electron microscopy）, are indicated an improvement of the microstructure of the paste with a large amount of slag, which leads to improve durability.     

Climate Change and Future Long-Term Trends of Rainfall at North-East of Iraq

Iraq is facing water shortage problem despite the presence of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. In this research, long rainfall trends up to the year 2099 were studied in Sulaimani city northeast Iraq to give an idea about future prospects. The medium high （A2） and medium low B2 scenarios have been used for purpose of this study as they are more likely than others scenarios, that beside the fact that no climate modeling canter has performed GCM （global climate model） simulations for more than a few emissions scenarios （HadCM3 has only these two scenarios） otherwise pattern scaling can be used for generating different scenarios which entail a huge uncertainty. The results indicate that the average annual rainfall shows a significant downward trend for both A2 and B2 scenarios. In addition, winter projects increase/decrease in the daily rainfall statistics of wet days, the spring season show very slight drop and no change for both scenarios. However, both summer and autumn shows a significant reduction in maximum rainfall value especially in 2080s while the other statistics remain nearly the same. The extremes events are to decrease slightly in 2080s with highest decrease associated with A2 scenario. This is due to the fact that rainfall under scenario A2 is more significant than under scenario B2. The return period of a certain rainfall will increase in the future when a present storm of 20 year could occur once every 43 year in the 2080s. An increase in the frequency of extreme rainfall depends on several factors such as the return period, season of the year, the period considered as well as the emission scenario used.     

Advantages and Disadvantages of Repair and Replacement of the Timber Element in Historic Buildings

During the modern city construction, the conservation of the historic buildings is especial important, for the future development is based on the historic accumulation. Timber element, which is the common material in the historic buildings, always sufferd by the varies natural or man-made factors, and finally lead to huge threaten to the entire structure. The conservation methods often changing according to the different circumstances and degree of destruction. This paper has introduced two approaches, repair and replacement, compared the advantages and disadvantages of each, and then summary the application of two methods in the light of conservation principle.