防屈曲耗能支撑在铰接混凝土框架抗震加固中的应用

在我国部分地区还存在有铰接混凝土框架结构,这种结构体系在设计时未进行抗震设计,如继续使用,应进行抗震加固以使其满足抗震要求。防屈曲耗能支撑克服了普通钢支撑失稳的缺点,具有明确的屈服位移和屈服力,在多遇地震下可保持弹性状态,为结构提供刚度和抗震承载力。在设防烈度地震和罕遇地震下,防屈曲耗能支撑将屈服耗能,从而为结构提供耗能能力。结合防屈曲耗能支撑的特点,提出在铰接混凝土框架结构中的抗震加固方法,并结合实际工程实例,研究加固后结构的耗能能力。     

A Reliable Method of Pile Load Test on Cast-in-Situ Pile Group of Existing Building for Retrofitting

Following the foundation failure of a building, with an aim of economical solution to strengthen other existing buildings of the same project, a new arrangement was implemented experimentally to test the adequacy of load bearing capacity of a few selected cast-in-situ RCC （reinforced cement concrete） pile groups without demolishing the existing buildings. In this test, the column bottom of an existing building was removed by the help of scaffolding and after that a frame system consisting tension piles and hollow beam was constructed over the pile cap of the to be tested pile group. The load was tested by the help of hydraulic jack system and the constructed frame system. This paper contains the detailed plan, arrangement and method of the test with illustrations. The deflection and loading data analysis is also included which was performed to determine the outcome of the test. Through this test method the appropriate assessment of capacity of pile group of existing building could be done successfully and in result the structure could be saved by only super structure retrofitting.     

消能减震技术在大型体育场馆中应用的研究

消能减震技术作为建筑抗震的新技术,能有效吸收地震能量,降低建筑物振动反应。本文分别采用等效线性简化算法以及阻尼器与建筑结构的非线性分析方法,针对实际体育馆建筑结构抗震性能现状提出了加固方案,并对加固方案进行了计算分析。分析方法及结果可供现有类似结构的抗震改造加固借鉴参考。     

既有体育馆抗震加固研究综述

未进行抗震设计或者抗震设防标准较低的体育馆的结构安全性能往往不能满足现行抗震设防要求。对80年代及其以前建造的体育馆进行抗震鉴定与加固,对于加强城乡抗震区域规划和抗震紧急避难场所的建设有着重要意义。介绍了国内外体育馆加固改造研究的进展,国内外既有体育馆的使用现状及加固情况,总结了体育馆加固技术的应用,以及加固需要考虑的主要因素。体育馆作为避难场所,主要通过增大结构抗力与增设耗能减震等方法进行抗震加固,以满足生命安全的抗震性能目标。     

大跨结构抗震性能鉴定与加固研究

对在役建筑物进行抗震性能鉴定,并对不满足鉴定要求的建筑采取适当的抗震加固对策,是减轻地震灾害的重要手段。通过对南京五台山体育馆抗震性能检测、鉴定与加固设计。综合考虑原结构特点、抗震构造和承载力等因素,并结合现场检测及理论计算与分析,对结构抗震能力进行综合评价。针对其抗震性能的不足之处提出设置消能支撑进行加固的方案,对加固后结构进行多遇与罕遇地震作用下的强度和变形计算。计算表明,消能支撑可有效降低结构地震反应,保障原结构地震安全性。     

磁流变阻尼智能加固体系的试验研究

提出利用磁流变阻尼器(MRD)对有损伤结构进行智能加固。根据MRD的特点,结合我国抗震设计规范,给出MRD智能加固的三个等级性能目标,对其进行量化,并确定MRD智能加固的设计要点。利用MRD对一有损伤钢筋混凝土框-剪偏心结构进行抗震加固,并进行振动台试验。结果表明,采用MRD智能加固后的结构抗震性能大大提高,优于用被动控制方法加固的结构。     

Existing Building Challenge and CONCERTO Project

If Europe is to achieve the planned transition to a low carbon economy by 2050, succeeding in improving the energy efficiency of the largely inefficient existing building stock will be pivotal. Certain energy efficiency retrofitting obligations have now emerged as part of the EU＇s Energy Performance in Buildings Directive and the Energy Efficiency Directive. Challenges for retrofitting currently include gaps in technical skills both amongst building trades and professionals, a lack of awareness of building owners and users, concerns about compromising cultural heritage as well as a lack of viable business models, comparatively high cost and resulting long pay-back periods currently hamper the progress. Lessons can be drawn here form the EU-funded initiative CONCERTO, which helped 58 communities in 23 countries to reduce their dependence on conventional energy supply by implementing energy efficiency measures and integrating renewable energy sources not at single building scale but community scale. Almost all of these entailed retrofitting activities bad to find solutions to the issues mentioned. This paper presents a selection of conclusions regarding retrofitting to be drawn from the analysis undertaken under the project CONCERTO premium, which analysed outcomes across the 58 projects on behalf of the European Commission and focuses in particular on the political relevance of outcomes.     

预应力加固两层足尺砖砌体房屋模型抗震性能试验研究

针对砖砌体结构抗震性能差的问题,提出了采用竖向无粘结预应力筋对砖砌体结构进行加固的新型抗震加固技术。为研究加固效果,进行了一栋两层足尺砖砌体房屋模型模拟地震作用的拟动力试验与拟静力试验研究。试验测试了模型结构的动力特性和在不同方向、不同量级拟动力地震作用下的位移反应,研究了在拟静力试验工况下的破坏形态和受力性能。结果表明,加固前设防烈度不足8度的砖砌体结构,加固后在相当于9度大震（620伽）的拟动力作用下基本处于弹性状态,且结构两个方向的抗剪承载力与房屋总重量之比分别达到1.24和1.41,抗震承载力显著提高。加固后结构的荷载-位移滞回环饱满,骨架曲线下降段平缓,表现出良好的耗能和变形能力。水平荷载卸除后,预应力筋对于房屋有明显的复位作用,有助于实现大震不倒。      

Structural Retrofitting of Old Illyria Hote

Illyria hotel （formerly Bozhur） was built during the sixties in the heart of the actual Kosovo＇s capital Prishtina, according to former old Yugoslav standards in a Modernist architectural style. It represents a massive structural system with brick walls up to 54 cm thick and ＂avramenko＂ type reinforced concrete floors. The investor＇s aim was to add another two floors on the top of the existing ones and to build two level underground parking floors, a health spa centre, whilst at the vicinity of the existing building （the northern side） to erect a new 17 story-high brand new hotel and administration building. The retrofitting of the structure as well as construction of the new structure has been done in full accordance with the new structural Eurocodes＇ recommendations. 3D FEM （finite element method） modeling was used for the analysis and design, using ETABS v 9.5 nonlinear and ARSAP 2010 （Autodesk Robot Structural Analysis Professional 2010）. Response spectrum design according to EC 8,3.2.2.4 has been used for seismic analysis and design with a reference peak ground acceleration on type A ground Of AgR = 0.25 g.     

南京五台山体育馆消能减振加固设计与研究

本文简要介绍了南京五台山体育馆采用消能减振技术进行的抗震加固设计与研究。通过对原结构在地震作用下的受力与变形计算,针对其抗震性能的不足之处提出设置消能支撑进行加固的方案,并对加固后结构进行多遇与罕遇地震作用下的强度和变形计算。计算表明,消能支撑可有效降低结构地震反应,满足抗震要求。     

北京饭店等重要建筑的消能减振抗震加固设计方法

在北京饭店、北京站、中国革命历史博物馆、北京展览馆等重要建筑的抗震加固改造工程中,利用了消能减振新技术。本文根据建筑结构抗震规范规定的振型分解反应谱法和时程分析法,对采用消能减振装置加固的北京饭店西楼进行分析与设计。首先,利用复杂高层建筑结构计算程序对原结构在多遇地震作用下的变形和配筋,以及罕遇地震作用下的变形进行验算;针对原结构不满足抗震要求,提出采用消能减振装置对原结构进行抗震加固的方案,并对支撑数量和形式进行合理设计;随后,介绍了 JARRET消能器的工作原理,并通过消能器的性能试验,确定了消能器的恢复力模型参数,为消能减振结构分析提供基础;最后,对加固后的结构进行了多遇地震作用下的强度和变形验算及罕遇地震作用下的变形验算,并且还对消能支撑本身的承载力和刚度进行了验算,结果表明采用消能减振装置加固后,结构满足抗震要求。     

An Earthquake Catalogue for El Salvador and Neighboring Central American Countries （1528-2009） and Its Implication in the Seismic Hazard Assessment

Merging all available databases, a comprehensive and updated earthquake catalogue for El Salvador and surrounding areas has been compiled, containing a total of 2,584 events for the period 1528-2009, covering the geographic window delimited by the coordinates 11.0°-16.5° N and 85.5°-92.0° W, focal depths of 0.0 to 304 km, and the moment magnitudes in the interval 5.0 〈 Mw 〈 8.1. Events in the catalogue are distributed into six seismogenic sources taking into consideration the tectonic regime affecting E1 Salvador, the interplay and complexities between shallow crustal, intraplate and interface subduction seismicity has been thoroughly investigated, primarily with the aim of developing detail criteria to delimit the seismogenic sources in order to perform a consistent seismic hazard assessment. A uniform hazard spectrum for San Salvador and seismic hazard maps and their uncertainty have been calculated for the horizontal component of ground motion for rock site conditions using zone and zone free methods. The references cited in the article constitute a comprehensive list of sources of information on the tectonics and seismicity of El Salvador and neighboring Central American countries.     

Pseudo-Dynamic Testing for Seismic Performance Assessment of Buildings with Seismic Isolation System Using Scrap Tire Rubber Pad Isolators

Investigation of seismic performance of buildings with STRP （scrap tire rubber pad） seismic isolators by means of pseudo-dynamic tests and numerical simulation is presented. The isolated building is numerically modeled, while the base isolation layer is considered as the experimental substructure in the pseudo-dynamic tests. The test result verifies that the STRP isolator shows acceptable shear deformation performance predicted by the design methods, and demonstrated that seismic isolation using STRP works as a protective measure to provide enhanced seismic performance of the building indicated by the reduction of top floor absolute acceleration, drift and base shear as designated.     

A novel lifetime cost-benefit analysis method for seismic retrofitting of low-rise reinforced concrete buildings

This article presents a novel simplified method for assessing seismic damage to low-rise reinforced concrete (RC) buildings by using the hazard curve of response spectral acceleration. Moreover, the occurrence of an earthquake is assumed to follow a Poisson process when analysing the occurrence probability of a specified damage state in the remaining service life and expected losses induced by seismic damage. Then, a novel procedure for estimating lifetime costs and benefits of seismic retrofitting is proposed. In the case study, 16 practical design projects for seismic retrofitting of RC school buildings in Taipei are subjected to lifetime cost-benefit analysis using the proposed method. It can be found that not only lifetime cost-benefit ratios but also the financial return period for each dollar invested seismic retrofitting can be identified conveniently. Additionally, they are useful information for making decisions about whether to retrofit a building or not.     

The Role of Architectural Considerations in Seismic Performance of Buildings： A Case Study in Iran

Experience from recent earthquakes such as Gilan, Zanjan, Bam and Lorestan earthquakes in Iran indicated that the constructed buildings are vulnerable against earthquake. Vulnerability of these structures is due to various reasons such as designing without considering seismic regulations, problems of regulations （design goals）, implementation problems, changing of the building occupancy class, increasing the weight of building stories, adding new stories to the building and changing in architecture of building without considering structural system. So the main objective of this research is to examine the features of building configuration and their effects as for the damages to buildings in past earthquakes. For this purpose, initially four occurred earthquakes in Iran are selected as case study. Then three types of buildings （steel structure, concrete structure and masonry buildings） are analyzed with details. Results showed that the most of damages are occurred in the old steel structures and masonry buildings which their ages are more than 25 years. The study showed that most of the buildings in the study area are steel structure and masonry buildings while concrete structures are infrequent which most of them had no or slight damages. Therefore, the importance and need to enhance the performance of available buildings against earthquake forces by rehabilitating methods would be more important than before. Also results indicated that the decisions related to architectural plan which have significant effect on seismic performance of buildings, can be divided into three categories： configuration of building, restrictive formal architectural plan and dangerous structural components, as these categories are not obstacle of each other, it is possible that each category has an influential effect on others. So organizing the design decisions in this way is very important so as to manage their effects and interdependencies.     

南京五台山体育馆抗震性能检测与鉴定

对在役建筑进行抗震性能鉴定,对不满足鉴定要求的建筑采取适当的抗震加固对策是减轻地震灾害的重要手段。简要介绍南京五台山体育馆抗震性能检测与鉴定,综合考虑原结构特点、抗震构造和承载力等因素,并结合现场检测及理论计算与分析,对结构抗震能力进行综合评价,为工程改造或加固提供依据,以保障体育馆的地震安全性。     

Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment for Jamaica

A probabilistic seismic hazard analysis was performed to generate seismic hazard maps for Jamaica. The analysis was then conducted using a standard logic-tree approach that allowed systematically taking into account the model-based （i.e., epistemic） uncertainty and its influence on the computed ground motion parameters. Hazard computations have been performed using a grid of sites with a space of 0.05 degrees. Two different computation methodologies have been adopted： the standard approach based on the definition of appropriate seismogenic sources and the zone-free approach, which overcomes the ambiguities related with the definition of the seismic sources solely reflecting the characteristics of the earthquake catalogue. A comprehensive and updated earthquake catalogue for Jamaica has been compiled for the years 1551-2010 and new empirical relationships amongst magnitudes Mze-Ms and Mw-mb have been developed for the region. Uniform hazard spectra and their uncertainty have been calculated for the horizontal component of ground motion for rock site conditions and five return periods （95, 475, 975, 2,475 and 4,975 years） and spectral accelerations for 34 structural periods ranging from 0 to 3 s, and 5% of critical damping. The spectral accelerations have been calculated to allow the definition of seismic hazard in Jamaica according to the International Building Code 2012. The disaggregation analysis for Kingston Metropolitan Area suggests that the magnitude-distance pair that contributes most to the hazard corresponds to events with M 7.8 and M 7.0 in the Enriquillo Plantain Garden Fault and the Jamaican Faults at a distance of 28 km and 18 km for short and long period structures respectively corresponding to 2,475 years return period. However, for long period structures, a substantial contribution is found for a M 8.2 at a distance of 198 km in the Oriente Fault Zone.     

Seismic retrofit of GLD shear wall structures in Singapore

This study is concerned with the experimental investigation into the seismic behaviour and retrofitting of gravity-load-designed reinforced-concrete (RC) shear wall structures in Singapore. These structures are designed according to the British Standard (BS8110 1985 BS8110. 1985. Structural use of concrete parts 1, 2 and 3, London: British Standards Institution.  [Google Scholar]). For this purpose, 1/5 scaled models (with and without retrofitting), representing the lower critical regions of a 25-story RC shear wall structure, were tested under cyclic loadings. Test results showed that the shear wall failed at the base due to shear and that the pushover test provides a simplified representation of the cyclic test. Retrofitting the wall with GFRP (glass fibre reinforced polymer) system resulted in improved performances of up to 20% to 30% higher ultimate load capacity and displacement. The study provides an insight into the seismic behaviour of such structures and the mechanism of the proposed retrofitting scheme for improving the structural resistance to seismic loads.     

日本结构抗震加固的工程实例

本文由株式会社日建设计的结构设计部工程师具体介绍了一些地震加固工程实例。由于日本是多地震国家,不仅在结构设计时要求建筑物在地震后易于加固,而且在结构加固时也要求加固得足以抵抗将来可能发生的更强烈的地震,以保证建筑物的耐久性能。在日本,抗震理论和技术年复一年地提高,这里,主要介绍两种地震加固的方法—制振和隔震。实例1是采用含低屈服点钢材的吸能支撑(Energy Absorption Bracing,EAB)来进行地震加固的例子。该建筑建造于1970年,是一个64m高的型钢骨混凝土结构(Steel framed Re-inforced Concrete,SRC)。实例2是建于1920年的一所大学的小礼拜堂。这个2层的建筑高12.6m,由砖建成。在经过多方调查后,提出了三种方案来对其进行地震加固,最终选用了基底隔震技术来使得建筑上部的钢筋用量最小。实例3是一个国际儿童文献图书馆的改造工程,该图书馆成功地保留了原来建筑的历史价值,并且又增加了很多当代图书馆的新功能。在该工程中采用了基底隔震技术。     

浅析既有建筑节能改造与抗震加固及增层改造一体化

结合我国既有建筑节能与抗震加固的现状,以及进行节能改造与抗震加固的紧迫性与增层改造的必要性,并考虑到当前既有建筑节能改造与抗震加固一体化投入资金大等问题,提出了既有建筑节能改造与抗震加固及增层改造一体化改造方案;分析了一体化改造的优越性;介绍了玻化微珠保温砂浆的综合性能及其应用于既有建筑节能改造与抗震加固及增层改造一体化中的可行性与优越性。