基于层次分析法的DRASTIC模糊评价方法探讨——以云南曲靖盆地为例

在分析DRASTIC方法的基础上,结合前人研究成果,运用层次分析法构建了二层评价指标体系,并结合多层次模糊评价理论,建立了基于层次分析的DRASTIC二层模糊评价模型,并将该模型应用到曲靖盆地地下水脆弱性评价中。结果表明,该模型评价灵敏度高,更能反映地下水脆弱性的空间连续性,且该模型计算方法较简便,进一步丰富了地下水脆弱性的评价方法。     

DRASTIC模型在贵州省毕节地段浅层地下水脆弱性评价中的应用

为了实现贵州省毕节地段地下水系统脆弱性评价的直观展示,选取含水层埋深、含水层补给、含水层介质类型、土壤介质类型、坡度、包气带厚度和渗透系数七项评价因子,采用DRASTIC模型建立了地下水系统脆弱性评价模型,通过模糊层次分析法(FAHP)确定了评价因子的权重,并基于ArcGIS软件对毕节地段地下水资源的各项数据指标进行了矢量化,实现了毕节地段地下水脆弱性等级划分的直观性分布图。评价结果表明,该区域地下水脆弱性较高且分布不均。     

The use of Artificial Neural Networks to estimate seismic damage and derive vulnerability functions for traditional masonry

This paper discusses the adoption of Artificial Intelligence-based techniques to estimate seismic damage, not with the goal of replacing existing approaches, but as a mean to improve the precision of empirical methods. For such, damage data collected in the aftermath of the 1998 Azores earthquake (Portugal) is used to develop a comparative analysis between damage grades obtained resorting to a classic damage formulation and an innovative approach based on Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). The analysis is carried out on the basis of a vulnerability index computed with a hybrid seismic vulnerability assessment methodology, which is subsequently used as input to both approaches. The results obtained are then compared with real post-earthquake damage observation and critically discussed taking into account the level of adjustment achieved by each approach. Finally, a computer routine that uses the ANN as an approximation function is developed and applied to derive a new vulnerability curve expression. In general terms, the ANN developed in this study allowed to obtain much better approximations than those achieved with the original vulnerability approach, which has revealed to be quite non-conservative. Similarly, the proposed vulnerability curve expression was found to provide a more accurate damage prediction than the traditional analytical expressions.     

基于GIS与AHP法的岩溶塌陷易损性评价及其在城市建设规划中的意义

文章以桂林规划中心城区为例,利用地质环境要素通过层次分析法(AHP)对岩溶塌陷易损性进行评价,并通过MapGIS软件实现可视化。选取了人口密度、城市规划用地用途及道路用途3个影响岩溶塌陷易损性的地质环境因素,建立了岩溶塌陷易损性评价指标体系和评价方法,并对研究区进行了评价,依据预测分区指标计算,研究区岩溶塌陷易损分区结果为高易损区的面积约174.27 km^2;中易损区的面积约41.10 km^2;低易损区的面积约243.45 km^2;非易损区面积约421.18 km^2。     

多风险因素耦合的地铁施工安全系统脆弱性分析

为研究地铁施工风险耦合机理和地铁施工系统的脆弱性,提高地铁施工系统的安全性。结合脆弱性理论,归纳地铁施工安全风险因素,构建系统脆弱性模型;并对国内2008-2020年的地铁施工事故进行搜集整理,选取风险致因因素完整的130起事故,运用N-K模型计算不同耦合方式下的风险发生概率以及风险耦合值,获得影响系统脆弱性的关键风险耦合方式。结果表明：系统中的风险因素越多,事故发生的概率越大;人员因素、管理因素与环境因素完全耦合时,地铁施工安全系统脆弱性较大。研究明确系统中脆弱性的关键耦合风险,为地铁施工安全控制方面提供了参考价值。     

桥梁地震易损性分析的研究现状

介绍了国内外桥梁抗震易损性分析理论的近期发展,简要评述了经验和理论易损性曲线的形成,指出了目前研究中存在的问题与发展前景。     

基于改进层次分析法的建设项目风险评价研究

将改进的层次分析法应用到工程项目风险评价中,是在传统的层次分析法基础上,采用三标度法,引入最优传递矩阵,进而转化成一致性判断矩阵,避免了传统方法判断矩阵的一致性检验。运用该方法不仅计算出了风险因素的权重排序值,而且得出了基于项目总风险最低的目标下不同方案总的风险度值,为项目决策者和管理者提供科学的决策依据。经项目风险评价的实例验证,用改进的层次分析法对工程项目风险进行评价,是简便可行的。     

Cyclone damage and temporal changes to building vulnerability and economic risks for residential construction

A risk analysis procedure is developed to predict economic risks due to changes to existing housing vulnerability over time. The wind hazard and building vulnerability models are based on exposure of residential construction to cyclones in North Queensland, Australia. A feature of the building vulnerability model is that it includes the effect of enhanced (post-1980) building standards in North Queensland. A cyclone damage risk-cost-benefit analysis is then used to assess the economic viability of strengthening existing houses to post-1980 construction quality for temporal changes in economic risks for two scenarios: (i) retrofitting pre-1980 houses to post-1980 quality immediately after they experience cyclone damage, or (ii) rate of growth of the proportion of post-1980 construction. The cost of retrofit or additional cost of strengthened construction can be included in the risk analysis to help assess the economic viability of these and other scenarios. Results are given in terms of annual and annualised economic risks and the damage loss conditional on occurrence of an Average Recurrence Interval event. The annualised economic risk is a time-variant measure of risk that is influenced by temporal changes in building vulnerability, which can be used to help determine the time when a particular strengthening strategy will be economically viable. “Zones of economic viability” determine the potential for cost-effective retrofitting of residential construction. The risk analysis also enabled the time to economic viability to be calculated.     

A statistical and geographical information system analysis for groundwater intrinsic vulnerability: a validated case study from Sfax–Agareb,Tunisia

The groundwater vulnerability to the pollution assessment was considered as an efficient tool to limit and to control its quantitative and qualitative degradation risks. The DRASTIC high, moderate and low groundwater vulnerability zones of the Sfax–Agareb basin (Tunisia) cover about 10, 29 and 61% of the study area, respectively. The validation of the DRASTIC vulnerability map was undertaken through comparison of areas of high nitrate concentration and their relative vulnerability index. The DRASTIC vulnerability map illustrates a good rate of coincidence between the nitrate concentration ranges and the various vulnerability classes as recognized by statistical analysis. The reliability of the final vulnerability map has been tested, showing a general positive trend relating the mean nitrate concentration in the wells to their relative vulnerability classes (R²=0.88). When correlating the 214 available groundwater nitrate concentrations to the DRASTIC index in these wells location, a significant positive correlation with Cor=0.55 was found.     

基于改进SPA-IAHP赋权与集对分析法的高海拔公路施工成本风险评价

针对高海拔地区公路建设成本超支问题,提出基于改进SPA-IAHP赋权与集对分析法的高海拔公路施工成本风险评价方法.分析高海拔环境特点对施工成本的影响,构建高海拔公路施工成本风险评价体系;采用动态专家可信度对区间层次分析法的权重区间值进行改进,结合集对三元联系数计算权重精确值.通过案例,应用集对分析法对高海拔公路施工成本...     

A Case Study for End of Life Reuse and Recycling Survey Methodologies： The Hollentalanger Cottage

Up to now, reuse and recycling of existing buildings have not been examined widely. This paper discusses the theories, methods and practicalities of buildings＇ end of life with a main focus on planning and managing reuse and recycling of existing buildings. Our aim is the realistic modelling of theoretical scenarios for end of life based on a case study. The methods of building survey, material classification and documentation for reuse, recycling and disposal of existing constructions are presented. Investigations and calculations were done on an existing cottage in the Alps. The ecologically most beneficial disposal phase of the old wooden hut is our main objective. Critical questions arise from the quality of the material and how it can be extracted, separated and balanced in an appropriate way. A systematic survey of the building by inspection of constructions and materials in iterative steps allows a detailed material balance with condition and property information. This information is crucial for scenarios and material flow analysis of demolished and rebuilt building in environmental system analysis. For future planning, the reuse and recycling of existing buildings should be integrated quite early in the planning process so that we can use the materials in the best way.     

Urban Utopia and Building Experimentations： The Rural Villages of the Sicilian Latifundium

The colonization of Sicilian latifundium was an attempt of regeneration of the rural areas. It was carried out by Benito Mussolini, called II Duce, who governed Italy by a regime with an absolute and conservative approach for 20 years since 1922. According to this plan, there were some rural villages （with a school, a church, a police station and a doctor＇s surgery） and a number of rural homes, spread in the landscape, that formed one of the most important achievements of the agrarian reform in Italy. The author has been conducting scientific research on this topic for several years. He started with the archive ＂Ente per la Colonizzazione del Latifondo Siciliano＂ （now called Ente Sviluppo Agricolo） to review the original designs and contracts with companies, ledgers and other administrative documents. Lately, he has been reviewing the personal archives of designers involved in the building program, where he has found original drawings, letters, sketches, etc.. He has also conducted some architectonic and technical surveys of the sites. We have to consider that nowadays the mentioned rural villages are a strategic resource for the development of the neighboring areas, as it may become a network for the sustainable tourism and the promotion of the local agro food specialties. On this purpose, the local authority is going to promote some plans for the requalification of these sites. The particular achievement of this article is to show a number of possibilities for the reuse of these places.     

Optimization of Resource in the Industry of Construction

Time and cost are two of the most important factors to consider in each construction project. In order to maximize performance, both the client and the contractor will work to optimize both the duration of the project and its cost. We show a model of linear entire mixed programming to solve the considered problem. The aim is to minimize the project total time, by means of the assignment of equipments of work to the different production lines of the activities to realizing. The fundamental beginning is to support the same production （rate of production in meters/day of the activity in view of the equipment of work） for tbe different equipments to achieve the maximum efficiency in each period of time. With the limited availability of resources, the work must be continuous and the period of time between operations and final must be kept. However, this paper also presents the bibliographical study on methodologies of the optimization of construction processes in response to the two objectives： time and cost. This will consider the use of recta-heuristic techniques, such as population based algorithms.     

Construction of a Butterfly Web Bridge

A new type of bridge called ＂butterfly web bridge＂ is under construction in Japan. In a butterfly web bridge, the butterfly-shaped web forms a structure that exhibits behavior similar to a double Warren truss. The 80 MPa concrete is used for the butterfly web which has a precast plate with a thickness of 150 mm. As butterfly web is a concrete material, reinforcement provided by prestressing tendons is needed on the tension side. Moreover, the 150 mm plate has no re-bars but is reinforced by steel fibers. This bridge, named Takubogawa Bridge, is a highway bridge and has 10 spans including the 87.5 m maximum span length. Takubogawa Bridge is constructed by flee cantilevering method. The butterfly web enables the construction speed of cantilevering to be advanced about 50% compared with conventional cast-in-situ method and can meet the requirement of light weight and low maintenance.     

Quantitative assessment of groundwater vulnerability using index system and transport simulation, Huangshuihe catchment, China

Groundwater vulnerability assessment has been an increasingly important environment management tool. The existing vulnerability assessment approaches are mostly index systems which have significant disadvantages. There need to be some quantitative studies on vulnerability indicators based on objective physical process study. In this study, we tried to do vulnerability assessment in Huangshuihe catchment in Shandong province of China using both contaminant transport simulations and index system approach. Transit time of 75% of hypothetical injected contaminant concentration was considered as the vulnerability indicator. First, we collected the field data of the Huangshuihe catchment and the catchment was divided into 34 sub areas that can each be treated as a transport sub model. Next, we constructed a Hydrus1D transport model of Huangshuihe catchment. Different sub areas had different input values. Thirdly, we used Monte-Carlo simulation to improve the collected data and did vulnerability assessment using the statistics of the contaminant transit time as a vulnerability indicator. Finally, to compare with the assessment result by transport simulation, we applied two index systems to Huangshuihe catchment. The first was DRASTIC system, and the other was a system we tentatively constructed examining the relationships between the transit time and the input parameters by simply changing the input values. The result of comparisons between the two index systems and transport simulation approach suggested partial validation to DRASTIC, and the construction of the new tentative index system was an attempt of building up index approaches based on physical process simulation.     

Application of the Principles of Lean Thinking in the Post Construction Department

The increase on the competitiveness, the search on the customer satisfaction, the search by reducing waste in the civil construction were facts which helped entrepreneurs and companies to seek new ways of working, being lean construction one of the ways to get that. Studies report that the application of the lean tools in construction was carried out in an isolated way. This type of application was pointed as a major factor limiting the extent of achievement in implementing lean principles. The aim of this studies is to identify opportunities to implement the principles of lean production in the service department of a construction company in Goi~is, proposing routines that try to implement the continuous improvement of its processes, eliminating waste, reducing the lead time, allow it to perform the mapping processes, applying the just-in-time and among others, providing services that add value to the customer satisfaction. It was possible to establish the average time for each step, allowing to identify possible improvements in the department, from the perspective of lean principles. The research paper concludes by pointing out the activities for the Department of Post Construction work from building companies, from lean concepts.     

A Comparative Analysis of Owner-Contractor Agreements in the Turkish and US Construction Industry

Successful and cost-effective construction relies upon appropriate communication of the participants of the construction project. Hence, it is important to define the rights and responsibilities of the parties, and relationships among them. In this context, well-designed and complete agreement is essential and necessary for the successfully completion of a construction project within the desired time, quality and budget. In this paper, it is aimed to analyze and compare the owner-contractor agreements in the Turkish and the US construction industry. First, the importance of construction contracts and contractual elements of an agreement is determined, and then, the standard owner-contractor agreement which is used in the Turkish construction industry is analyzed and compared with the US standard owner-contractor agreement. Finally, the differences between these agreements are put forward, the lack and deficiencies of Turkish standard agreement form are determined, and appropriate suggestions are improved.     

基于InVEST模型的闽三角地区沿海脆弱性评估及响应策略

气候变化和城镇化建设使沿海地区面对自然灾害呈现出显著的脆弱性.以生态系统服务和权衡的综合评估模型的沿海脆弱性模块评价闽三角区域尺度的沿海脆弱性和人口风险,从中选取典型高风险的厦门市,从地理特征、气候胁迫和社会经济3个方面完善指标选取,基于模糊理论反映指标权重的模糊不确定性,细化厦门城市尺度的沿海脆弱性评价,分析模拟当前...     

Development of an Expert Model to Assess Falls from Height Hazards in Construction Sites

This paper reports on the current state of an ongoing research project which is aimed at implementing intelligent models for hardly predictable hazard scenarios identification in construction sites. As any programmatic actions cannot deal with the unpredictable nature of many risk dynamics, an attempt to improve the current approach for safety management in the construction industry will be presented in this paper. To this aim, the features offered by Bayesian networks have been exploited. The present research has led to the definition of a probabilistic model using elicitation techniques from subjective knowledge. This model, which might be meant as a reliable knowledge map about accident dynamics, showed that a relevant part of occurrences fall in the ＂hardly predictable hazards＂ category, which cannot be warded off by programmatic safety measures. Hence, more effort turned out to be needed in order to manage those hardly predictable hazardous scenarios. Consequently, further developments of this research project will focus on a real time monitoring system for the identification of unpredictable hazardous events in construction.