任意初始功率下考虑温度反馈的反应堆缓发超临界过程

采用解析方法研究了引入小阶跃反应性(ρ0<β)和有温度反馈时反应堆的缓发超临界过程.导出了任意初始功率条件下反应性与时间关系的解析表达式,得出了功率随时间的变化规律.对不同初始功率条件下引入小阶跃反应性时反应堆功率与反应性的变化规律进行了研究.结果表明,初始功率对变化过程有显著影响.     

有温度反馈时超瞬发临界瞬变

对输入大阶跃反应性(ρ0>β)和有温度反馈时的反应堆超瞬发临界变化过程进行研究。求得任意初始功率条件下反应堆反应性与功率的变化规律,并分析、讨论了输入反应性与初始功率大小对瞬发超临界变化过程的影响,给出一些有益的新结果,可为反应堆安全分析和运行管理提供重要的理论依据。     

大阶跃反应性下考虑燃料温度反馈时的中子倍增公式

用有燃料温度反馈的中子倍增公式对输入大阶跃反应性的反应堆超瞬发临界变化过程进行研究。通过与经典中子动力学数值解法进行对比,计算结果基本一致;求得不同初始功率下反应性和功率的变化规律,并进行分析讨论,得出中子数与反应性在反应性大于缓发中子总份额时呈二次函数关系,其结论可作为弹棒事故等大阶跃反应性引入的反应堆安全分析的理论依据。     

反应性阶跃变化从深次临界到瞬发超临界中子增殖统一公式

根据点堆公式导出了反应性阶跃变化时反应堆内中子增殖的统一公式,可用于反应堆深次临界、次临界、缓发超临界和瞬发超临界状态中子增殖计算.实例计算表明新推导的公式具有较高的计算精度,可用于定量分析与计算.     

缓发超临界过程燃料元件温度场动态分析与快速计算

针对反应堆缓发超临界过程特点,本工作建立了物理、热工及热量传递模型,采用准稳态方法对缓发超临界过程反应堆平均通道单根燃料元件温度场进行了计算分析,并与某反应堆仿真平台计算结果进行对比。分析表明,在功率变化不剧烈的反应堆动态过程,采用准稳态计算方法可以较准确地计算出燃料元件温度场随时间的变化规律。且本工作模型相对简单,计算速度快,对于反应堆动态运行研究及船用反应堆事故分析均有重要意义,对于反应堆热工设计也具有重要的参考价值。     

非平衡态的中子增殖统一公式

导出了反应堆处于非平衡状态条件下的反应性阶跃变化时,反应堆从深度次临界到瞬发超临界整个区间通用的中子增殖统一的计算公式.通过对单组模型的修正,该公式还可以用于计算六组缓发中子的点堆中子动力学方程组.计算结果表明:利用修正后的单组解析方法计算阶跃反应性输入的中子密度响应问题,其计算结果与六组缓发中子的点堆中子动力学方程接近,精度满足工程计算要求.     

熔盐堆低功率工况下反应性引入事故初始条件敏感性探讨

熔盐堆低功率工况反应性引入事故中,不同的反应性引入速率将触发不同的停堆信号.同时反应堆初始功率和反应性温度系数等初始条件影响事故的进程,引起事故后果的差异.本文选取了7个反应性引入速率工况、25个初始功率水平和反应性温度系数的参数组合初始工况,分别讨论了这三个参数对事故后果的影响.分析结果表明:熔盐堆低功率工况反应性引...     

提棒事故的瞬态特性

本文主要分析压水堆在次临界或低功率下发生的失控提捧事故的瞬态特性。研究了温度反应性系数,失控反应性引入率,初始功率水平和有效缓发中子份额对事故瞬态特性的影响。     

液态熔盐堆运行安全特性初步研究

液态燃料反应堆与固态燃料反应堆相比,原理上有较大不同。液态熔盐堆中由于燃料流动带走缓发中子先驱核在堆外衰变导致堆芯反应性降低,且裂变产物在堆外回路中衰变也会引起一回路发热。本文使用熔盐堆中子动力学程序Cinsf1D探讨2 MW熔盐堆的临界动力学特性和安全特性,研究零功率临界下不同熔盐流速启泵和停泵导致的缓发中子先驱核流失所需改变的控制棒棒位。同时还计算了2 MW恒定功率情况下稳态运行及降低流速时一回路温度分布,并模拟了2 MW额定功率下停泵事件。停泵后由于缓发中子损失减少反应堆功率先缓慢增加,然后迅速降低到接近余热水平。停泵后堆芯温度缓慢增加后稳定在安全值以内,说明熔盐堆具有本征安全性。     

铀氢锆反应堆脉冲参数分析

介绍了铀氢锆反应堆计算模型和程序，分析了反应性引入速率，反应性引入量，燃料瞬发负温度系数，燃料热容和瞬发中子寿命对脉冲参数的影响。计算结果表明，脉冲峰功率与反应性引入量的平方成正比；一次脉冲释放能量与反应性引入量成正比；燃料元件热容随燃料温度变化，脉冲峰功率和释放能量随燃料热容增大而增大。     

Preparation of Zn/TiO2 powder and its photocatalytic performance for oxidation of P-nitrophenol

Zn-doped TiO2 catalysts were prepared using a sol-gel method and characterized by XPS,UV-Vis, BET, XRD in this study. Under the irradiation of simulant sunlight, the photocatalytic activity for the degradation of p-nitrophenol was studied too. After irradiation for 2.5 h, the degradation percentage of p-nitrophenol could rise to more than 80 %. The results showed that the spectrum absorption band edge of Zn/TiO2 powder does not broaden obviously comparing with pure TiO2 powder. Zinc exists as Zn （11）. When calcined at 973 K, there is a new phase as ZnTiO3 in Zn/TiO2 catalyst. The order of photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalysts calcined at different temperatures for p-nitrophenol is 773 K 〉 673 K 〉 873 K 〉 573 K 〉 973 K and the photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalyst calcined at 773 K is better than TiO2 catalysts heated at the same temperature, and outclasses that of commercial TiO2 catalyst. It also showed that the photocatalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol follows first-order kinetics under the irradiation of simulant sunlight.     

Current status of radiation therapy for prostate cancer

Radiotherapy for the treatment of prostate cancer has been extensively explored in the past. Along with the comprehensive understanding of the biology of prostate cancer and rapid advances in terms of technology, the out- come of treatment for the patients with prostate cancer has improved. The authors review radiotherapy as the primary treatment for the disease, with particular emphasis on the technological advances from both the radiobiological and radiophysics aspects. Nonconventional fractionated irradiation like hyper- or hypo-fractionation has been imple- mented in the clinic, the final results still need to be confirmed in the future. Technological advances like IMRT, IGRT, in the last two decades have significantly improved the delivery of external radiotherapy to the prostate. This has re- sulted in an overall increase in the total dose that can be safely delivered to the prostate, which has led to modest im- provements in the biochemical outcome. However, establishing the standard therapy for prostate cancer remains con- troversial. It is hoped that the next decades will bring continued advances in the development of biologicals that will further improve current clinical outcomes.     

水平管内含空气蒸汽强制对流冷凝换热模型研究

为研究含空气蒸汽在水平管内强制对流冷凝换热特性,基于对传热传质过程的分析,建立了管内为环状流与波状流条件下的流动冷凝换热模型。从潜热、显热和液膜3个环节对整个换热过程进行建模,最终得到计算局部冷凝换热系数的理论关系式。模型预测结果与实验数据的对比表明,二者相对偏差在±20%以内,验证了该换热模型的准确性与适用性。通过进一步的研究发现：从换热管入口至出口,随着冷凝的进行,管内换热主要热阻由液膜热阻向气液界面的凝结热阻转变;主流气体对流换热过程基本可忽略。     

Investigations on landmine detection by BF3 detector

Experiments were carried out to investigate the possible use of neutron backscattering for the detection of polyethylene (PE) sample buried in the soil. In detection of landmine by neutrons, the neutron detector and its shield play an important role. In this paper, the effects of graphite, heavy water, polyethylene and boric acid moderators on the flux of back scattered neutrons were investigated. We have also experimentally verified the effect of BF3 detector shield and obtained good agreement with theory.     

Web Services interface of SSRF archive data analysis system

Accelerator database stores various static parameters and real-time data of accelerator. SSRF (Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility) adopts relational database to save the data. We developed a data retrieval system based on XML Web Services for accessing the archive data. It includes a bottom layer interface and an interface applicable for accelerator physics. Client samples exemplifying how to consume the interface are given. The users can browse, retrieve and plot data by the client samples. Also, we give a method to test its stability. The test result and performance are described.     

Assessment of radioactivity levels in some oil samples from the western desert, Egypt

Distributions of natural gamma-emitting radionuclides were determined in 93 oil samples collected from some petroleum fields in the western desert of Egypt. The radioisotope activities in the area under investigation lay in the range of (21 ± 4) to (38 ± 13) Bq?L-1 for 226Ra, (9 ± 2) to (15 ± 5) Bq?L-1 for 232Th, and (154 ± 28) to (303 ± 54) Bq?L-1 for 40K. The mean values were 27, 12, and 201 Bq?L-1, respectively. Among oils, variations in radionuclide ac- tivities could be on account of differences in TDS, HCO3, and Ba, with high or low pH. In this environment, oil prop- erties differently affected the mobilization of natural radionuclides. The range of 226Ra variation had been compared with available data from other countries. The calculated absorbed dose rate ranged from 22.33 to 32.66 nGy?h-1 in lo- cation (B) and (E) respectively, which was less than the accepted value.     

Preparation and properties of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP in in-vitro and in small animals

In this work,TTHMP was synthesized and labelled with 117m Sn.The preparation conditions,stability and lipophilicity of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP were investigated.Biodistribution of the complex in rabbits and mice was studied.It was found that the quantity of TTHMP and pH value of the prepararion solution had vital effects on the labeling yield of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP.It was also found that 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP was hydrophilic and stable at room temperature and 37℃ in open air 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP showed unexpectedly high bone uptake and bone-to-blood ratio in the animals.This made it potentially useful as an reagent for skeletal scintigraphy and radiotherapy of bone tumors.     

The role of AGFA high-energy CR in the calibration and quality control of multileaf collimators （MLC）

Linear accelerators equipped with multileaf collimators （MLC） are becoming more common and are widely used in the intensity-modulated radiotherapy （IMRT）. There is an imperative need to ensure the commissioning specification of the linear accelerators for the sake of quality assurance （QA） and quality control （QC）. This paper is aimed to investigate the role of AGFA high-energy CR （Computed Radiography） in calibrating dynamic multileaf collimators and evaluating the accuracy of the leaf position. The result shows that AGFA high-energy CR can easily and conveniently be used to calibrate MLC and verify its position. Hence, the application of AGFA high-energy CR is proved to be an accurate and time-saving method for routine MLC QC, especially when MLC calibration adjustments are required.     

微型X射线管空气比释动能和能谱的测量

为研究微型X射线管的特性,通过电离室测量光管出射口30 cm远处的空气比释动能,使用高纯锗探测器分别测量了Ag过滤和Cu过滤下的X射线能谱。结果表明,空气比释动能随电流的增加有线性增加的趋势,能谱图明显的观察到银的两个特征X射线。完成了微型X射线管空气比释动能和能谱的测量方法以及实验测量的工作,为微型x射线管下辐射质的建立提够了条件基础。     

Gamma-ray attenuation technique for measuring void fraction in horizontal gas-liquid two-phase flow

The measurement of void fraction is of importance to the oil industry and chemical industry. In this article, the principle and mathematical method of determining the void fraction of horizontal gas-liquid flow by using a single-energy γ-ray system is described. The γ-ray source is the radioactive isotope of 241Am with γ-ray energy of 59.5 keV. The time-averaged value of the void fraction in a 50.0-mm i.d. transparent horizontal pipeline is measured under various combinations of the liquid flow and gas flow. It is found that increasing the gas flow rate at a fixed liquid flow rate would increase the void fraction. Test data are compared with the predictions of the correlations and a good agreement is found. The result shows that the designed γ-ray system can be used for measuring the void fraction in a horizontal gas-liquid two-phase flow with high accuracy.