大型火电机组汽轮机固体颗粒侵蚀的原因分析与对策研究

蒸汽侧金属氧化及由此引起的汽轮机叶片固体颗粒侵蚀是发展高参数、大容量机组所面临的一个新问题,严重影响了机组的经济、安全运行.介绍了固体颗粒的形成、侵蚀、危害等方面的内容,总结了预防固体颗粒侵蚀需采取的综合有效措施,为电厂今后的发展和研究提供参考.     

恒流堵塞器冲刷磨损特性的数值模拟

针对油田注水工况下,恒流堵塞器易受固体悬浮颗粒冲刷磨损作用的问题进行了数值模拟.以商业CFD软件F luent 6.1为基础,建立了恒流堵塞器流场三维几何模型,对堵塞器内部流场进行了计算;采用La-grangian离散相模型、Haider曳力公式和随机轨道跟踪方法求解了湍流中颗粒运动轨道;应用Bitter颗粒冲刷磨损模型对冲刷磨损失重进行了计算;对现场测试数据和数值模拟结果进行了对比,证明了数值模拟的有效性;对模拟结果数值上不够精确的原因进行了分析,指出了在注水流量控制装置流体磨损腐蚀分析中充分考虑电化学腐蚀和不锈钢钝化作用的必要性.     

影响陶瓷材料冲蚀磨损行为的因素

本文探讨了影响陶瓷材料冲蚀行为的因素，讨论了环境参数（如冲角、冲蚀速度、冲蚀时间和温度）、磨粒性能（如硬度、粒度和形状）、靶材性能（如硬度、断裂韧性和显微结构）等对冲蚀的影响规律。     

红外材料反射率及兼容性的研究

本文探讨了金属氧化物、片状金属铝、半导体材料的反射率及对微波、红外辐射的兼容性。三氧化铟,二氧化锡与片状铝粉混合具有良好的红外和微波兼容性能。     

混凝土的硫酸盐侵蚀机理及其影响因素

通过分析混凝土硫酸盐侵蚀反应类型,阐明了混凝土硫酸盐侵蚀机理;通过对混凝土组分、混凝土内部孔隙类型及其分布、侵蚀溶液及混凝土所处的工作环境的研究,探讨了影响混凝土硫酸盐侵蚀的因素,并在此基础上从降低混凝土组分与硫酸盐反应的活性和改善混凝土的孔隙结构等方面提出了提高混凝土抗硫酸侵蚀能力的思路和途径.     

煤气中HCI对高炉耐火材料侵蚀过程的研究

通过对HCl气体侵蚀高炉耐火材料的研究发现：HCl气体可以促使高铝砖中硅酸盐玻璃质和隐晶质铝硅酸盐转变成莫来石和方英石,导致气孔率提高;HCl气体与碳砖中非碳元素发生反应产生盐酸盐,导致碳砖质地变得疏松,气孔率增加,加速碳砖在高炉内的熔损反应．     

Cathode erosion of graphite and Cu/C materials in airarcs

Cathode erosion of graphite and Cu/C was studied in direct current arcs, which were ignited between two electrodes comprised of two kinds of carbon materials and a tungsten anode in air. The arced zones on the cathode surface were investigated by a scanning electron microscope. Also, the cathode erosion rates of the investigated materials were measured. The results show that two distinct zone can be seen on both cathodes. The eroded area was located at the zone just opposite to the anode and surrounded by a white zone. The arced surface on the Cu/C containing 9.3 % Cu is rougher than that of the pure graphite. Many particles with various sizes distributed on the Cu/C. The vaporization of Cu can lower the surface temperature and reduce the cathode erosion. Therefore, the cathode erosion rate of the Cu/C is lower than that of the pure graphite.     

钢的冲蚀磨损与机械性能的关系及其磨损机理的研究

本文研究了以棕刚玉及玻璃砂为磨粒的钢的冲蚀磨损与机械性能的关系及其磨损机制。结果表明在硬磨粒冲击下,钢的冲蚀磨损受断裂韧性影响较大。而当磨粒硬度接近或低于钢的硬度时,冲蚀磨损由钢的硬度所决定。在硬磨粒冲击下,除了常见的薄片、切削、犁沟等塑性变形机制外,韧性较低的钢会出现开裂机制而造成块状磨屑脱落。软磨粒要依靠多次冲击才能使材料以小片磨屑脱落,而且最大冲蚀率发生在90°冲击角。玻璃砂冲击时,在30°、90°会出现两个冲蚀磨损峰,这是由于玻璃砂在大角度冲击时溅射而产生二次磨损的结果。     

变孔径颗粒分布板的颗粒分布性能实验研究

设计了一种用于液固循环流化床换热装置的变孔径颗粒分布板,在具有18根换热管的实验装置上,利用自行研制的CCD图像采集系统对安装该分布板的颗粒分布性能进行了测试,考察了颗粒体积分率、循环流量等对颗粒分布性能的影响.实验结果表明:在流化床的进口段管箱内安装变孔径分布板时,随着固体颗粒体积分率的增加,颗粒浓度径向分布明显趋于均匀;在同一分布板安装高度下,大流量更易于实现颗粒的均匀分布,并且使得颗粒流速在床层截面的径向分布较为均匀.结果证明变孔径颗粒分布板的颗粒分布性能优良,为液固循环流化床换热装置的工程设计提供了参考.     

电厂飞灰颗粒粒径对冲蚀磨损性能影响的试验研究

研究了电厂不同粒径的灰粒在常温态和热态时对冲蚀磨损的影响规律。两种工况的试验结果表明:在试验粒径范围内,常温态时,随着粒径的增大,磨损率会逐渐增大,当粒径增大到一定程度时,磨损率会趋于平缓;而热态时,随着粒径的增大,磨损率并没有明显变化。显然,常温中颗粒大小对材料冲蚀磨损的影响要明显大于高温中的冲蚀磨损。     

Preparation and anti atomic oxygen erosion properties of OPPOSS/PI composites

Atomic oxygen （AO） found in low earth orbit can cause serious erosion to polyimide （PI） materials, which greatly limits their lifetime. 8-phenyl silsesquioxane （OPPOSS） was synthesized, and OPPOSS/PI composites were pre- pared by physical blending, followed by thermal imidization to enhance the AO erosion resistance of PI materials. The morphology, composition, and structure of the composites were analyzed before and after AO exposure in a ground sim- ulated facility of atomic oxygen. After 16 h AO exposure, the OPPOSS/PI composite with 5wt% OPPOSS addition shows an erosion rate of about 1.4×10-24 cm3/atom with only 48% mass loss of that of PI without OPPOSS addition. The mixture of OPPOSS nano molecules is assembled into a kind of regular square structure and distributed evenly in OPPOSS/PI composites. Some SiO2 particles are formed in the composites during AO exposure, which can act as ＂inert points＂ to reduce the AO erosion rate of OPPOSS/PI composites.     

中波红外摄远物镜设计

红外摄远光学系统具有系统长度小于焦距的特点,这样在同一焦距下摄远型光学系系统的体积、重量、成本要比非摄远型大大降低。针对Selex公司的MW/LW CCD红外探测器,利用ZEMAX光学设计软件设计了一款工作波段为3~5μm的红外摄远物镜,此系统焦距300mm,摄远比达到0.8,F数为3。在截止频率为17lp/mm时,各视场调制传递函数达到0.7以上,基本接近衍射受限。各视场点列图均方根半径均远小于艾里斑半径,系统具有良好的成像质量。系统结构紧凑,性价比高,满足了光学系统的设计要求。     

Thermal Shock Resistance and Erosion Resistance of TiB2 Multiphase Ceramic Composites

The thermal shock resistance and anti- aluminum erosion of TiB2 - BN multiphase ceramics composites were studied. The experimental results show that the TiB2-BN multiphase ceramic possesses a good thermal shock resistance at high temperatures （ 1000, 1200, 1400, 1500 ℃ ）, with the increasing in thermal shocking temperature, the electro-conductivity of TiB2-BN ceramics increases. The metal aluminum has a great influence on the properties of TiB2 - BN ceramics and the main reason is that the aluminum reacts seriously with BN. It is suggested that the content of BN should be reduced to the greatest extent.     

输水洞侵蚀破坏机理分析及防护措施研究

在实际工程调查的基础上,针对低速输水洞中比较突出的侵蚀破坏病害,从混凝土的化学成分与环境水间进行的溶蚀和碳酸水侵蚀的角度出发,研究了输水隧洞混凝土衬砌侵蚀破坏机理,分析了表层侵蚀和穿壁渗漏侵蚀破坏成因和过程,并提出了相应的工程处理措施,对日前众多的输水洞除险加固具有实际指导意义.     

固体火箭发动机燃烧室两相流粒子运动轨迹的实验研究

本文用Ｘ射线高速实时荧屏分析（ＲＴＲ）技术对固体火箭发动机燃烧室内两相流粒子的运动轨迹进行了实验研究。为增强粒子图象的效果,设计了一个专用的矩形实验发动机,用在双基推进剂上开槽添加钨粉的方法来模拟含铝复合推进剂中的铝粒子。实验拍摄到了比较清晰的ＲＴＲ图像,经过图象处理后得到粒子群的运动轨迹。实验结果表明：１）粒子轨迹完全有可能穿过对称轴;２）重力对粒子轨迹的影响很小。实验结果为ＳＲＭ两相流动模型的建立以及两相流动数值模拟结果的验证提供了实验依据。     

Study on optical constants inversion and infrared transmission characteristics of aerosol particles

Based on the experimental infrared spectral transmittances,an inverse model has been developed to determine the optical constants of the aerosol particles (SiO2 and Al2O3).Combined with the Mie theory and Kramers-Kronig (K-K) relations,the complex refractive indices of the SiO2 and Al2O3 particles are retrieved.The effects of the measurement errors on the inverse results are also investigated.With the optical constants inversed from the experiment,the discrete ordinate method (DOM) is used to calculate the infrared transmission characteristics of the aerosol particle cloud.Considering the multi-scattering and self-emission of the particles,the equivalent transmittance ratio (ETR) is suggested to evaluate the infrared transmission characteristics of the aerosol particles.Particular attention is given to analyze the effects of the volume fraction and diameters on infrared transmission characteristics.When the volume fraction is larger than 0.001,the particle diameter has little effect on the infrared transmission characteristics.For the uniform monodisperse particles in the detection waveband range of 3-5 μm and 8-12 μm,there exists a critical diameter where the ETR reaches the minimum value.In addition,the ETR of 3-5 μm is smaller than that of 8-12 μm with the same volume fraction and particle diameter.     

红外光学材料的选择及加工技术的研究

目的　讨论红外光学材料的选择原则并对其加工技术进行研究． 方法　将材料对透过波长的透过率作为首选条件并兼顾其可加工性, 在加工技术研究中主要对辅料进行优选． 结果　选择多晶硅作为（１～１４） μｍ 红外波段的透光材料, 多晶ＺｎＳｅ 作为１０．６ μｍ 波长的透光材料、冷加工磨料和镀膜辅料以及加工工艺都有具体的研究结果． 结论　这种选材方法和工艺方法对红外光学系统具有普遍意义．     

粉体碰撞带电机理的探讨

阐述了固体接触带电的一般理论，系统地分析了颗粒的碰撞过程，并利用固体表面态理论及电容器模型和放电缓和模型对碰撞带电三个过程的电荷转移做了定量或定性的说明．同时详细分析和研究了碰撞速度的切向分量和法向分量对颗粒带电的影响机理．     

新型纺织材料红外光谱分析的制样及测试

对新型纺织材料样品分别采用溴化钾压片法、ATR法、薄膜透射法等方法进行制样和测试,比较了不同方法得到的红外谱图的质量,从而确立了几种新型纺织材料比较适合的红外光谱分析制样和测试方法:氧化棉纱线适合用溴化钾压片法;多孔丝素支架材料适合用ATR法;丝素蛋白膜适合用薄膜透射法.     

Numerical study on fatigue damage properties of cavitation erosion for rigid metal materials

Cavitation erosion is an especially destructive and complex phenomenon. To understand its basic mechanism, the fatigue process of materials during cavitation erosion was investigated by numerical simulation technology. The loading spectrum used was generated by a spark-discharged electrode. Initiation crack life and true stress amplitude was used to explain the cavitation failure period and damage mechanism. The computational results indicated that the components of different materials exhibited various fatigue lives under the same external conditions. When the groove depth was extended, the initiation crack life decreased rapidly, while the true stress amplitude was increased simultaneously. This gave an important explanation to the accelerating material loss rate during cavitation erosion. However, when the groove depth was fixed and the length varied, the fatigue life became complex, more fluctuant than that happened in depth. The results also indicate that the fatigue effect of cavitation plays an important role in contributing to the formation and propagation of characteristic pits.