Continuous and intermittent exercise: effects of training and detraining on body fat in obese rats

Exercise training is often recommended in prevention and treatment of obesity. The present study was designed to compare the effects of intermittent and continuous exercise on weight loss and carcass composition in obese rats. Obese male Wistar rats (monosodium glutamate [MSG] administration, 4 mg/g of body weight every other day from birth to 14 days old) were used. After drug administration, the rats were separated into three groups: MSG-SED (sedentary), MSG-CONT (continuous, swimming, 45 min/day, 5 days/week, with and overload of 5% body weight for 12 weeks) and MSG-INT (intermittent, 15 s swimming intermitted by 15 s rest, during 45 min, 5 days/week, with and overload of 15% body weight for 12 weeks). Rats of the same age and strain, administered with saline were used as control (SAL), and subdivided into three groups: SAL-SED, SAL-CONT and SAL-INT. The animals were evaluated at the 10 weeks of training and 8 weeks of its interruption. MSG rats showed higher carcass fat as well as weight and cell size in epididymal adipose tissue than SAL rats, indicting the efficacy of the drug in producing obesity. Intermittent training protocol led to a reduction in blood lactate accumulation during acute exercise and both protocols reduced body weight gain during the experiment in MSG rats. After 8 weeks of training interruption no differences were observed among groups in the examined parameters. Only intermittent exercise training improved aerobic fitness but both protocols were similarly efficient in determining weight loss. However, the effects were transitory, since they disappeared after detraining.     

Cereal and nonfat milk support muscle recovery following exercise

Background  

This study compared the effects of ingesting cereal and nonfat milk (Cereal) and a carbohydrate-electrolyte sports drink (Drink) immediately following endurance exercise on muscle glycogen synthesis and the phosphorylation state of proteins controlling protein synthesis: Akt, mTOR, rpS6 and eIF4E.     

The operational strategy of intermittent cycle extended aeration system in treating sewage

An Intermittent Cycle Extended Aeration System (ICEAS) offers advantages for treating sewage; such as easy operation, process flexibility, and low capital cost. A laboratory‐scale study was made with synthetic‐domestic wastewater (COD = 300 mg dm⁻³; BOD = 210 mg dm⁻³) to investigate appropriate conditions for reduced operating cost. The results from this study indicated that the maximum hydraulic loading and organic loading were 3.5 m³ m⁻³ d⁻¹ and 0.735 kg BOD m⁻³d⁻¹ respectively. The BOD and COD of effluent were 15.5 mg dm⁻³ and 29.6 mg dm⁻³ for the cycle time and aeration time of 3.4 h and 2.65 h. It was not necessary to supply external artificial substrates in the reactor to deal with low wastewater flow that caused the starvation of sludge. Specific oxygen uptake rate (SOUR) was used as the index of microbial activity. The study indicated that the microbial activity could be restored (SOUR = 20.5 mg g⁻¹ MLVSS h⁻¹) after 5–6 days of cultivation when the sludge was deprived of substrate for 17 days. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effects of intermittent microwave drying on quality characteristics of pistachio nuts

In this research, the effect of intermittent microwave drying (IMD) on drying time and quality characteristics for three varieties of Iranian pistachio nuts was investigated and compared with the sun drying method. The quality parameters, such as chemical characteristics, physical parameters, and sensory evaluation were considered. Three varieties, Kal-Khandan, Kaleh-Bozi, and Ghermez, were dried in an 800-W, 2,450-MHz domestic microwave oven. Experiments were conducted in three material loads of 50, 100, and 150?g under intermittent method at 6?s of power-on and 70?s of power-off with three replications. The total drying time was in the range of 114.03–266.07?min, depending on material loads and varieties. The higher the material load, the longer the drying time. The results showed that the effect of drying method on the shell splitting size was very significant (p?p?相似文献   

基于中高温烟气余热利用复合循环优化研究

鉴于水工质朗肯循环(H_2O-RC)应用于中高温(500—700℃)烟气余热动力回收过程中存在的不足,提出2种复合循环:CO_2超临界循环(CO_2-SC)/有机工质跨临界循环(OTC),和空气布雷顿循环(Air-BC)/有机工质跨临界循环(OTC)。开展了以循环净输出功率为目标函数,以顶循环膨胀初压、终压和底循环膨胀初压、初温为优化变量的优化对比研究,得到了各循环参数对复合循环热力学性能的影响规律。结果表明:当烟气温度为500℃和600℃时,CO_2-SC/OTC热力学性能最优;当烟气温度为700℃时,H_2O-RC热力学性能反超复合循环,存在最大的净输出功率;基于500—700℃烟气余热动力利用,CO_2-SC/OTC热力学性能整体上优于Air-BC/OTC。     

用于能量回收的有机朗肯循环混合工质研究

近年来随着低温余热的利用越来越受到重视,将LNG冷能和低温余热联合应用的有机朗肯循环研究也受到了广泛的关注,其中循环工质的选择更是提高系统热力性能的关键。针对循环工质选择的问题,将R236ea、R245fa以及两者按不同质量分数配比得到的9种混合工质作为亚临界ORC工质,结合窄点分析方法计算了系统在2种最佳设计工况下的热力学性能及热经济性。结果表明:混合工质R236ea/R245fa(0.9/0.1)和R236ea/R245fa(0.8/0.2)分别是以最佳热和冷回收效率为设计工况标准时的最佳循环工质;2种工况下,混合工质的热经济性均优于纯工质;在混合工质中提高R236ea的比例可以有效降低换热面积,提高系统经济性。为日后将低温余热和LNG冷能联合应用的有机朗肯循环二元混合工质选择提供一定的参考。     

Determination of the optimal rankine cycle for waste heat recovery

In this paper,the optimal Rankine Cycle for waste heat recovery is considered after pro-cess integration.The exergetic efficiency is used to measure the thermodynamic performance of the re-covery system.Comparing with recovering a single waste heat stream,heat recovery after processintegration is much more complicated due to the changeable specific heat given by the process grandcomposite curves.Therefore,this paper attempts to focus attention on the influence of grand compos-ite curves on the optimization.     

论氯碱生产中氯水的回收与利用

对氮碱生产中回收利用氯水的方法进行了述评，推荐了已工业化的闭路循环先进工艺。     

营养条件与间歇曝气方式对活性污泥累积聚-3-羟基丁酸酯的影响

考察了营养条件与间歇曝气方式对好氧培养的活性污泥累积聚-3-羟基丁酸酯(PHB)的影响。结果表明,在营养平衡的条件下PHB的最大累积量占活性污泥(MLSS)质量分数的12.5%;而在只添加碳源的条件下,PHB的最大积累量可提高到MLSS质量分数的19.2%;高碳源浓度有利于活性污泥累积PHB,以4.5g/L的乙酸钠为碳源,PHB的最大累积量达MLSS质量分数的41.7%,PHB的生成速率为265mg/(L.h)。以曝气30min停曝30min为循环的间歇曝气方式能有效提高活性污泥中PHB的累积量。与连续曝气相比,该间歇曝气方式使污泥最大累积PHB量占MLSS的质量分数提高了9%。     

利用液化天然气冷能的朗肯循环与联合法发电系统流程的工艺模拟与对比分析

液化天然气(LNG)在再气化过程中具有巨大的冷能利用价值。目前回收LNG冷能的诸多方法中LNG冷能发电是最有可能大规模利用的方式,同时也是技术较为成熟的方法。在保证天然气入网压力及膨胀机最大承压的条件下,通过HYSYS流程模拟软件对以丙烷为工质的朗肯循环、天然气直接膨胀与朗肯循环相结合的联合循环进行流程模拟,并根据模拟得到的过程参数和输出功进行对比分析,总结了两种循环的特点和发电收益。如果以年蒸发量为150万吨、年工作小时为8000 h的LNG接收站作为分析的基础,并以工业用电价格0.55元·(kW·h)^-1计算,联合法的年发电收益将比朗肯循环法多487万元,以此可以作为两种循环流程经济性分析的基础,为流程全面的经济性分析提供可靠的依据。     

Effects of stearic acid on plasma lipid and lipoproteins in humans

More than 40 years ago, saturated FA with 12, 14, and 16 carbon atoms (lauric acid, myristic acid, and palmitic acid) were demonstrated to be “hypercholesterolemic saturated FA.” It was further concluded that the serum total cholesterol level would hardly be changed by isocaloric replacement of stearic acid (18∶0) by oleic acid (cis-18∶1n−9) or carbohydrates. These earlier studies did not address the effects of the various FA on the serum lipoprotein profile. Later studies found that the hypercholesterolemic saturated FA increase serum total cholesterol levels by raising concentrations of both the atherogenic LDL and the antiatherogenic HDL. Consequently, the ratio of total to HDL cholesterol will hardly change when carbohydrates replace these saturated FA. Compared with other saturated FA, stearic acid lowers LDL cholesterol. Studies on the effects on HDL cholesterol are less conclusive. In some, the effects on HDL cholesterol were comparable to those of palmitic acid, oleic acid, and linoleic acid, whereas in others a decrease was observed. This may suggest that in this respect the source of stearic acid is of importance, which needs however further study. From all these studies, however, it can be concluded that stearic acid may decrease the ratio of total to HDL cholesterol slightly when compared with palmitic or myristic acid. Without doubt, the effects of stearic acid are more favorable than those of trans monounsaturated FA.     

Effects of various carbon and nitrogen sources on fungal lipid production

The efficiency of lipid production byTolyposporium ehrenbergii andSpacelotheca reiliana (family Ustilaginaceae) cultivated on a fat-free medium was evaluated. The fungi were artificially cultured on media containing various monoor disaccharides and urea or peptone as basic sources for carbon and nitrogen, respectively. Some natural and industrial byproducts (glycerol, glucose syrup, potato hydrolysate and molasses hydrolysate) were also used as principal carbon sources for fungal growth. Media containing fructose/peptone or glucose/peptone were the most efficient for fungal fat production during one week of incubation. After a two-week incubation period, highest phospholipid concentrations were found in S.reiliana andT. ehrenbergii mycelia obtained from media containing molasses hydrolysate/peptone and glycerol/urea, respectively. Fatty acid analysis of the fungal growth indicated the presence of a wide range of fatty acids, i.e., odd-and even-carbon numbered acids, both saturated and unsaturated. The results demon-strated that the variability in the fatty acid composition largely depends on the type of sugar and nitrogen sources and the age of the culture.     

帝人聚酯产品资源循环型化学回收再生技术

介绍了帝人公司聚酯回收再生技术的开发状况。帝人以循环型社会的形成为目标,通过DMT的回收再生,完成了聚酯产品资源循环型化学回收再生技术的开发,实现了“纤维到纤维”、“瓶到瓶”的产业化。     

Effects of cyclopropenoid fatty acids on fungal growth and lipid composition

Cyclopropenoid fatty acids (CPE) isolated fromSterculia foetida oil by urea clathration and reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were introduced into fungal cultures. Stearate levels in phospholipids and triacylglycerols fromUstilago maydis sporidia rose considerably in response to 30 μM CPE. In addition, CPE themselves were incorporated into glycerolipid fractions. Sterol composition was unaffected. Changes in lipid composition were accompanied by inhibition of dry weight accumulation and sporidial number. Treated sporidia showed irregular wall deposition and a branched morphology. Oleate alleviated CPE effects on growth and morphology. Hyphal extension byRhizoctonia solani was inhibited somewhat by 30 μM sterculate, whileFusarium oxysporum showed no appreciable response. Although CPE appeared to inhibit fatty acid desaturation byF. oxysporum, gross increases in the proportion of stearate were limited to the triacylglycerol fraction during 30 μM treatments. The possibility that the CPE synthesized by plants serve as antifungal agents is discussed.     

SBR间歇曝气和充氧能力对溶解性微生物产物的影响

采用11.0 L的SBR研究了曝气运行方式和充氧能力对活性污泥系统中SMP产出的影响。实验表明,相对于传统的SBR曝气方式,间歇曝气不仅提高系统的脱氮效率,而且还能够降低出水中SMP产出量,曝气运行方式对SMP产出量的影响超过SRT和充氧能力对其的影响;增强反应器的充氧能力会提高SMP的产出量。     

Effects of variety and maturity on lipid class composition of peanut oil

Oils extracted from three varieties of mature peanuts with chloroform/methanol (2:1, v/v) or petroleum ether and oils extracted with petroleum ether from one variety at eight distinct physiological maturity stages were fractionated by TLC. The three varieties of mature peanuts were quantitatively similar in relative percentages of lipid classes regardless of extraction solvent; however, oil composition of the one variety changed with maturity. Generally, triacyl-glycerol percentage increased and percentage of all other fractions decreased with maturity. The calculated weight per seed of most fractions increased from the lowest maturity stage tested up through stage 10 or 11, which corresponds closely with apparent physiological maturity of the seed.     

Effects of aromatic cycle oils on performance of residue hydrotreating

Hydrotreating, as an important pretreatment process of residue catalytic cracking, is used to eliminate metals, S and N contaminants and partly process asphaltene from streams so that the products can be efficiently processed in downstream conversion units. We investigated the effects of aromatic additives on residue hydrtreating (RHT) by adding various types and contents of high aromatic cycle oils into atmosphere residue (AR). The aromatic additives modify the colloidal structure of asphaltene in AR and improve the liberation of heteroatomic compounds bound in nucleus. Therefore, the amount of carbon residue in blending oils decreases and the removal efficiency of Ni, V, S and N increases obviously. The increase of conversion is greater for nitrogen than for sulfur, and hydrodevanadium reveals a distinct advantage over hydrodenickel. However, excessive amount of light cycle oil (more than 20% wt) is not helpful for removing the Ni and V since a little of metalloporphyrins stubbornly bond with the superstructure of nucleus.