细胞膜表面异位表达热休克蛋白70的CD4~+T细胞诱导EAE小鼠保护性免疫作用

目的探讨细胞膜表面异位表达热休克蛋白70(heat shock protein 70,HSP70)在T细胞疫苗(T cell vaccine,TCV)诱导保护性免疫中的作用。方法建立髓鞘少突胶质细胞糖蛋白多肽35-55(myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein,MOG35-55)诱发的C57BL/6小鼠实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎(experimental auto-immune encephalomyelitis,EAE)模型,以MOG35-55肽特异性CD4~+T细胞为疫苗,经尾静脉免疫小鼠。对EAE小鼠的临床神经功能进行评分,流式细胞术检测小鼠脾脏中CD4~+CD25~+Foxp3~+调节T细胞(Treg)百分比、ELISA法检测脾细胞培养上清中细胞因子IFNγ、IL-4、IL-10和IL-17含量。结果射线照射可诱导活化CD4~+T细胞表面异位表达HSP70;HSP70~+T组小鼠症状显著轻于HSP70-T封闭组(P 0. 01);HSP70~+T组小鼠脾脏中CD4~+CD25~+Foxp3~+Treg细胞百分比、脾细胞上清中IL-4、IL-10含量均显著高于HSP70-T组(P 0. 01),而IFNγ、IL-17含量均显著低于HSP70-T组(P 0. 01)。结论细胞膜表面异位表达HSP70在活化T细胞诱导的保护性免疫中发挥重要作用。     

猪瘟疫苗免疫反应低下猪CD3~+CD4~+和CD4~+CD25~+淋巴细胞亚群分析

目的分析猪瘟疫苗免疫反应低下猪CD3+CD4+和CD4+CD25+淋巴细胞亚群的分布。方法将接种过猪瘟疫苗的种母猪经ELISA和血清中和试验检测筛选出猪瘟病毒(CSFV)抗体阴性猪。从中挑选出15头作为研究对象,以15头抗体阳性猪作为对照。采集猪的抗凝血,分离外周血淋巴细胞(PBL),流式细胞术检测30头猪PBL中CD3+CD4+和CD4+CD25+淋巴细胞亚群的分布。结果CSFV抗体阴性猪PBL中CD3+CD4+细胞的比例(24.09%±1.29%)明显低于CSFV抗体阳性猪(37.49%±1.60%);CSFV抗体阴性猪PBL中CD4+CD25+细胞的比例(2.34%±0.20%)明显高于CSFV抗体阳性猪(1.64%±0.13%)。结论PBL中CD3+CD4+淋巴细胞亚群的减少及CD4+CD25+淋巴细胞亚群的增加,可能是导致猪瘟疫苗免疫反应低下的重要原因。     

MIP-1a细胞因子与痘苗病毒天坛株终身免疫保护性的相关性

目的分析MIP-1a细胞因子与痘苗病毒天坛株(vaccinia virus Tian Tan strain,VTT)终身免疫保护性的相关性。方法将VTT分别经肌肉注射免疫C57/BL6小鼠和MIP-1a的KO小鼠模型B6.129P2-Ccl3,每只剂量2×107PFU/ml,每组10只,30和180 d后,再次用相同剂量的VTT进行激发,激发3 d后,处死小鼠,取脾淋巴细胞,采用流式细胞术分析CD44+CD62L-CD4+的外周效应记忆性T细胞(effector memory T cell,Tem)在两种小鼠体内的差异;同时用四聚体(tetramer)对荷载痘苗病毒特异性的CD8+T细胞表位(VACV-B8R20-27 Kb)进行染色,分析MIP-1a的缺失对长效免疫记忆的影响。结果获取的CD4+的记忆性T细胞的表型以CD4+CD44+CD62L-为主,即以Tem为主;获取的CD8+的记忆性T细胞也以Tem(CD44+CD62L-)为主,数量很少。B6.129P2-Ccl3小鼠受到再次激发后,体内VTT特异性CD8+T细胞在30和180 d的比例均明显少于C57/BL6小鼠;在30 d激发时,tetramer+CD8+T细胞的比例明显高于180 d激发。结论 MIP-1a细胞因子与痘苗病毒产生长效免疫记忆相关,本实验为延长疫苗的免疫记忆提供了参考。     

复合通用CD4~+T辅助细胞表位基因克隆载体的构建及测序

目的构建复合通用CD4+T辅助细胞表位基因克隆载体,并进行测序。方法由DNA work2.0软件设计并人工合成20条55个碱基的寡核苷酸序列,利用套叠PCR技术人工合成全基因序列,并克隆至pUC19载体,转化大肠杆菌DH5α,提取质粒,酶切鉴定并进行测序。结果经PCR扩增出645bp的目的DNA片段。酶切鉴定筛选出8个阳性克隆,经测序获得一个序列完全正确的克隆。结论已成功构建了复合通用CD4+T辅助细胞表位基因克隆载体,为研究表位疫苗和细菌多糖结合疫苗提供了新的载体表位。     

复合疫苗佐剂促进蛋白抗原通过交叉提呈和交叉致敏诱生CD8~+CTL反应的研究

目的研究CpG寡聚脱氧核苷酸(CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides,CpG-ODN)与A(lOH)3或Montanide ISA720等组成的复合佐剂在小鼠体内促进蛋白抗原通过交叉提呈和交叉致敏诱生CD8+CTL反应的能力。方法以鸡卵清蛋白(Ovalbumin,OVA)为抗原,分别以CpG X1、A(l OH)(3即Alum)、Montanide ISA720、CpG X1+Alum和CpG X1+Montanide ISA720为疫苗佐剂,分别于0和4周经肌肉注射免疫C57BL/6小鼠,体积均为100μl,分别含20μg OVA、20μg CpG X1、74μl Montanide ISA720和/或100μg Alum。通过胞内细胞因子染色和体内CTL杀伤试验评价不同佐剂对细胞免疫应答的影响,通过表达OVA的黑色素瘤和李斯特菌攻击模型评价不同佐剂在免疫预防和免疫治疗中的作用。结果与OVA组相比,A(lOH)3本身不能有效诱生小鼠的细胞免疫应答;CpG X1或Montanide ISA720单独使用能够在一定程度上增强抗原特异性CD8+T细胞的IFNγ分泌和CTL活性,但不增强抗原特异性CD4+T细胞反应。两种复合佐剂具有比单佐剂更强的细胞免疫佐剂效应,其中CpG X1+MontanideISA720只能增强抗原特异性CD4+和CD8+T细胞的IFNγ分泌,而CpG X1+Alum不仅能够增强抗原特异性CD4+和CD8+T细胞的IFNγ分泌,还能够增强CD8+CTL的杀伤活性。在黑色素瘤和李斯特菌攻击模型中,CpG X1+Alum佐剂显示出良好的预防和治疗效果。结论 CpG X1与A(lOH)3组成的复合佐剂能够有效促进蛋白抗原通过交叉提呈和交叉致敏诱生功能性CD8+CTL反应。     

人细胞内Ca2+对CD4+T细胞免疫功能调控作用的研究进展

CD4⁺T淋巴细胞是人体免疫系统中重要的免疫细胞之一,主要分为Th1、Th2、Th17、滤泡辅助T细胞(T f ollicular helper cells,Tfh)及调节性T细胞(regulatory T cells,Tregs)。CD4⁺T淋巴细胞功能取决于T细胞受体(T cell receptor,TCR),TCR的激活触发了内质网释放Ca²⁺,Ca²⁺作为细胞的第二信使,通过改变其在细胞内外的浓度来参与细胞周期进展和增殖等多个生物活动过程,以维持免疫细胞的正常功能。CD4⁺T淋巴细胞与脂肪肝、肝脂沉积、肝炎、肿瘤等多种疾病的发生发展有关。因此,本文就细胞内Ca²⁺对CD4⁺T细胞免疫功能调控作用的研究进展作一综述,以期为某些疾病新临床治疗方案的研发提供参考。     

口服CD226 DNA疫苗对小鼠免疫功能的影响

目的制备口服CD226 DNA疫苗,观察该疫苗对小鼠免疫功能的影响。方法以质粒CD226-PCR2.1-ToPo为模板,PCR扩增CD226基因,克隆至pcDNA3.1载体,构建真核表达质粒pcDNA3.1-CD226,利用脂质体LipofectamineTM2000瞬时转染CT-26细胞株,采用RT-PCR法、Western blot法、流式细胞术检测CD226基因在CT-26细胞中的表达。将质粒pcDNA3.1-CD226用脂质体Lipofectamine TM2000包裹制成CD226 DNA疫苗(100μg质粒/100μl脂质体),经灌胃免疫C57BL/6小鼠,实验分CD226疫苗组、pcDNA3.1组和生理盐水组,流式细胞术检测CD226在小鼠脾细胞中的表达;还原酶法检测NO分泌水平;乳酸脱氢酶释放法检测NK细胞杀伤活性;ELISA法检测脾细胞培养上清中细胞因子(IL-2、IL-4、IFNγ和TNF-α)分泌水平;Real-time PCR法检测肠黏膜组织内细胞因子表达水平。结果质粒pcDNA3.1-CD226经双酶切及测序鉴定,证明构建正确;质粒pcDNA3.1-CD226转染CT-26细胞的转染率为32.14%,转染的CT-26细胞检测到CD226蛋白表达。CD226疫苗组CD226 CD4+T细胞的绝对数、NK细胞杀伤活性、NO分泌水平、脾细胞培养上清中TNF-α、IFNγ和IL-2分泌水平、肠黏膜组织内TNF-α和IFNγ基因mRNA水平均明显高于pcDNA3.1组和生理盐水组(P0.05);而CD226疫苗组脾细胞培养上清中IL-4分泌水平及肠黏膜组织内IL-2和IL-4基因mRNA水平,与pcDNA3.1组和生理盐水组相比,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 CD226DNA疫苗经灌胃免疫,可诱导小鼠全身Th1型免疫应答增强和肠道局部部分Th1型免疫应答增强。     

疫苗诱导的特异性细胞杀伤活性检测方法的建立

目的建立一种基于流式细胞术的评价疫苗诱导的特异性细胞杀伤活性的方法,以完善疫苗及基因治疗药物的评价方法。方法用羧基荧光素二乙酸盐琥珀酰亚胺酯(Carboxyfluorescein diacetate,succinimidyl ester,CFSE)标记淋巴细胞,利用肿瘤坏死因子(Tumor necrosis factor,TNFα)模拟杀伤淋巴细胞,用碘化丙啶(Propidium iodide,PI)染色,流式细胞仪检测,确定CFSE和PI的浓度及作用时间。利用已确知有较强细胞免疫作用的治疗性乙型肝炎疫苗免疫小鼠,分离特异性淋巴细胞并用特异性肽刺激,分离未免疫小鼠的淋巴细胞作为靶细胞,并用特异性抗原肽致敏,并从靶细胞的标记、效应细胞培养时间,效靶作用时间、效靶比几方面进行优化,确定试验方法的操作流程。结果采用CFSE/PI双标记能有效分离实验所需各组群,细胞分为CFSE+PI-、CFSE+PI+、CFSE-PI+、CFSE-PI-4个组群,可区分活细胞和凋亡细胞。CFSE标记靶细胞的时间为6 h;效应细胞培养时间为72 h;效靶作用时间为6 h;效靶比可使用100∶1和50∶1。结论建立了基于流式细胞术的评价疫苗诱导的特异性细胞杀伤活性的方法,该方法可有效和精确地评价CTL杀伤效应,完善了疫苗及基因治疗药物的评价方法。     

白血病K562细胞株中CD34~+细胞群的分离及其生物学特性

目的分离白血病K562细胞株中CD34+细胞群,并分析其生物学特征,为从干细胞角度治疗白血病提供实验依据。方法采用免疫磁性分选法分离K562细胞中CD34+细胞群,台盼蓝拒染法检测细胞活性;流式细胞术检测CD34+细胞比例及细胞周期;单细胞克隆培养检测CD34+细胞自我更新能力;RT-PCR法检测CD34+细胞分化相关指标促红细胞生成素(Erythropoietin,EPO)和粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(Granulocyte macrophage colony stimulatingfactor,GM-CSF)基因mRNA的转录水平;并检测CD34+细胞耐药蛋白P-gp(P-glycoprotein)的表达。结果免疫磁性分选法可有效分离出CD34+细胞群,细胞活性为99%～100%;分离的CD34+细胞含量占细胞总数的78.5%～85.3%,细胞大部分处于静止状态,G0/G1期细胞比例达80%左右,显著高于分离前的K562细胞;CD34+细胞群具有形成混合集落的能力;与K562细胞相比,CD34+细胞EPO和GM-CSF基因mRNA的转录水平明显下降(P<0.01),P-gp表达阳性。结论成功从K562细胞株中分离了CD34+细胞群,其具有自我更新和多向分化的能力,表明其具有白血病干/祖细胞的生物学特点。     

体外培养前后脐血CD34~+细胞差异表达基因的筛选

目的筛选扩增培养前后脐血CD34+细胞差异表达基因。方法将新鲜分离的CD34+细胞设为对照组,经静态和动态培养系统扩增的CD34+细胞设为试验组,应用基因差异显示技术(DDRT-PCR)比较两组之间的基因表达差异,对差异表达基因片段进行克隆、测序及生物信息学分析,并且通过半定量RT-PCR方法验证基因差异表达的真实性。结果应用差异显示技术筛选出5个差异表达基因,其中4个为已知功能基因,1个为未知功能基因,对其中2个基因RAN和DC24进行半定量RT-PCR检测表明,在静态和动态体系扩增培养后的CD34+细胞内,RANmRNA的表达水平分别是新鲜分离细胞的1.521和3.978倍,DC24mRNA的表达水平分别是新鲜分离CD34+细胞的14.275和2.374倍。结论发现了与CD34+细胞体外增殖相关的一些重要基因,为从基因水平调控CD34+细胞体外增殖提供依据。     

Role of CD4+ T Cells in the Control of Viral Infections: Recent Advances and Open Questions

CD4+ T cells orchestrate adaptive immune responses through their capacity to recruit and provide help to multiple immune effectors, in addition to exerting direct effector functions. CD4+ T cells are increasingly recognized as playing an essential role in the control of chronic viral infections. In this review, we present recent advances in understanding the nature of CD4+ T cell help provided to antiviral effectors. Drawing from our studies of natural human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) control, we then focus on the role of high-affinity T cell receptor (TCR) clonotypes in mediating antiviral CD4+ T cell responses. Last, we discuss the role of TCR affinity in determining CD4+ T cell differentiation, reviewing the at times divergent studies associating TCR signal strength to the choice of a T helper 1 (Th1) or a T follicular helper (Tfh) cell fate.     

Spontaneous CD4+ T Cell Activation and Differentiation in Lupus-Prone B6.Nba2 Mice Is IFNAR-Independent

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by dysregulated T and B lymphocytes. Type I interferons (IFN-I) have been shown to play important pathogenic roles in both SLE patients and mouse models of lupus. Recent studies have shown that B cell intrinsic responses to IFN-I are enough to drive B cell differentiation into autoantibody-secreting memory B cells and plasma cells, although lower levels of residual auto-reactive cells remain present. We speculated that IFN-I stimulation of T cells would similarly drive specific T-cell associated lupus phenotypes including the upregulation of T follicular helper cells and Th17, thereby affecting autoantibody production and the development of glomerulonephritis. Using the B6.Nba2 mouse model of lupus, we evaluated disease parameters in T cell specific IFN-I receptor (IFNAR)-deficient mice (cKO). Surprisingly, all measured CD4+ T cell abnormalities and associated intra-splenic cytokine levels (IFNγ, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, IL-21) were unchanged and thus independent of IFN-I. In contrast B6.Nba2 cKO mice displayed reduced levels of effector CD8+ T cells and increased levels of Foxp3+ CD8+ regulatory T cells, suggesting that IFN-I induced signaling specifically affecting CD8+ T cells. These data suggest a role for both pathogenic and immunosuppressive CD8+ T cells in Nba2-driven autoimmunity, providing a model to further evaluate the role of these cell subsets during lupus-like disease development in vivo.     

The Proteomic Landscape of Resting and Activated CD4+ T Cells Reveal Insights into Cell Differentiation and Function

CD4+ T cells (T helper cells) are cytokine-producing adaptive immune cells that activate or regulate the responses of various immune cells. The activation and functional status of CD4+ T cells is important for adequate responses to pathogen infections but has also been associated with auto-immune disorders and survival in several cancers. In the current study, we carried out a label-free high-resolution FTMS-based proteomic profiling of resting and T cell receptor-activated (72 h) primary human CD4+ T cells from peripheral blood of healthy donors as well as SUP-T1 cells. We identified 5237 proteins, of which significant alterations in the levels of 1119 proteins were observed between resting and activated CD4+ T cells. In addition to identifying several known T-cell activation-related processes altered expression of several stimulatory/inhibitory immune checkpoint markers between resting and activated CD4+ T cells were observed. Network analysis further revealed several known and novel regulatory hubs of CD4+ T cell activation, including IFNG, IRF1, FOXP3, AURKA, and RIOK2. Comparison of primary CD4+ T cell proteomic profiles with human lymphoblastic cell lines revealed a substantial overlap, while comparison with mouse CD+ T cell data suggested interspecies proteomic differences. The current dataset will serve as a valuable resource to the scientific community to compare and analyze the CD4+ proteome.     

附红细胞体感染小鼠CD4~+ T淋巴细胞相关因子的检测

目的动态检测小鼠感染附红细胞体后CD4+T淋巴细胞相关细胞因子的变化情况,探讨CD4+T淋巴细胞发挥的免疫学效应。方法将小鼠随机分为实验组(纯化的附红细胞体)和对照组(生理盐水),均经腹腔免疫接种,0.5 ml/只。分别于感染后第3、5、7、9 d,经小鼠尾尖采血,镜下观察附红细胞体形态并进行PCR鉴定。建模成功后,分别于感染后第3、5、7、9 d无菌取小鼠脾脏,采用RT-PCR法检测小鼠脾脏中IL-4、IL-17、IFNγ基因的转录水平。结果各时间点感染小鼠的红细胞均出现不同程度的变形,边缘被附红体附着,PCR扩增产物可见602 bp的特异条带。实验组小鼠脾脏IL-4、IL-17、IFNγ均有不同程度的表达,IL-17在感染在第3天上调,5 d达到高峰,7 d开始下降;IFNγ在感染第3天表达上调,5 d明显下降,7 d表达上升,9 d达到高峰;IL-4始终处于低表达状态。实验组小鼠脾脏IL-4、IL-17、IFNγ的转录水平均高于对照组(P<0.01),IL-17和IFNγ的表达呈相互抑制状态,IL-4呈被抑制状态。结论附红细胞体感染后,IL-17在早期发挥了促进炎症发生和抵抗感染的免疫学作用;IFNγ在感染后期发挥保护炎性反应,避免炎性反应过度发生的免疫学效应;IL-4在此感染过程中作用不明显。     

Treg-Resistant Cytotoxic CD4+ T Cells Dictate T Helper Cells in Their Vicinity: TH17 Skewing and Modulation of Proliferation

Cytotoxic CD4⁺ T cells (CD4 CTL) are terminally differentiated T helper cells that contribute to autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis. We developed a novel triple co-culture transwell assay to study mutual interactions between CD4 CTL, conventional TH cells, and regulatory T cells (Tregs) simultaneously. We show that, while CD4 CTL are resistant to suppression by Tregs in vitro, the conditioned medium of CD4 CTL accentuates the suppressive phenotype of Tregs by upregulating IL-10, Granzyme B, CTLA-4, and PD-1. We demonstrate that CD4 CTL conditioned medium skews memory TH cells to a TH17 phenotype, suggesting that the CD4 CTL induce bystander polarization. In our triple co-culture assay, the CD4 CTL secretome promotes the proliferation of TH cells, even in the presence of Tregs. However, when cell−cell contact is established between CD4 CTL and TH cells, the proliferation of TH cells is no longer increased and Treg-mediated suppression is restored. Taken together, our results suggest that when TH cells acquire cytotoxic properties, these Treg-resistant CD4 CTL affect the proliferation and phenotype of conventional TH cells in their vicinity. By creating such a pro-inflammatory microenvironment, CD4 CTL may favor their own persistence and expansion, and that of other potentially pathogenic TH cells, thereby contributing to pathogenic responses in autoimmune disorders.     

Human CD4+ T-Cell Clone Expansion Leads to the Expression of the Cysteine Peptidase Inhibitor Cystatin F

The existence of CD4+ cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) at relatively high levels under different pathological conditions in vivo suggests their role in protective and/or pathogenic immune functions. CD4+ CTLs utilize the fundamental cytotoxic effector mechanisms also utilized by CD8+ CTLs and natural killer cells. During long-term cultivation, CD4+ T cells were also shown to acquire cytotoxic functions. In this study, CD4+ human T-cell clones derived from activated peripheral blood lymphocytes of healthy young adults were examined for the expression of cytotoxic machinery components. Cystatin F is a protein inhibitor of cysteine cathepsins, synthesized by CD8+ CTLs and natural killer cells. Cystatin F affects the cytotoxic efficacy of these cells by inhibiting the major progranzyme convertases cathepsins C and H as well as cathepsin L, which is involved in perforin activation. Here, we show that human CD4+ T-cell clones express the cysteine cathepsins that are involved in the activation of granzymes and perforin. CD4+ T-cell clones contained both the inactive, dimeric form as well as the active, monomeric form of cystatin F. As in CD8+ CTLs, cysteine cathepsins C and H were the major targets of cystatin F in CD4+ T-cell clones. Furthermore, CD4+ T-cell clones expressed the active forms of perforin and granzymes A and B. The levels of the cystatin F decreased with time in culture concomitantly with an increase in the activities of granzymes A and B. Therefore, our results suggest that cystatin F plays a role in regulating CD4+ T cell cytotoxicity. Since cystatin F can be secreted and taken up by bystander cells, our results suggest that CD4+ CTLs may also be involved in regulating immune responses through cystatin F secretion.     

CD39 Regulation and Functions in T Cells

CD39 is an enzyme which is responsible, together with CD73, for a cascade converting adenosine triphosphate into adenosine diphosphate and cyclic adenosine monophosphate, ultimately leading to the release of an immunosuppressive form of adenosine in the tumor microenvironment. Here, we first review the environmental and genetic factors shaping CD39 expression. Second, we report CD39 functions in the T cell compartment, highlighting its role in regulatory T cells, conventional CD4⁺ T cells and CD8⁺ T cells. Finally, we compile a list of studies, from preclinical models to clinical trials, which have made essential contributions to the discovery of novel combinatorial approaches in the treatment of cancer.     

CD8+ T Cell-Induced Expression of Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinses-1 Exacerbated Osteoarthritis

Despites the fact that T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA) little is known about the roles of CD8⁺ T cells in this disease. We investigated the effects of CD8⁺ T cells and the expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 (TIMP-1) on joint pathology. Using anterior cruciate ligament-transection (ACLT), OA was induced in mice. The knee joints were histologically assessed for manifestations of OA. The CD8⁺ T cells from splenocytes and synovium were flow-cytometrically and immunochemically evaluated, respectively. Local expression of TIMP-1, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-13, and VEGF were examined. Cartilage degeneration was slower in CD8⁺ T cell knockout mice than in control mice. CD8⁺ T cells were activated once OA was initiated and expanded during OA progression. More CD8⁺ T cells from splenocytes expressed TIMP-1 in ACLT-group mice than in Sham-group mice. The number of TIMP-1-expressing CD8⁺ T cells in OA mice correlated with the disease severity. TIMP-1 expression in cartilage was co-localized with that of MMP-13 and VEGF. TIMP-1 protein was detected in synovium in which angiogenesis occurred. During the pathogenesis of OA, the expression of TIMP-1, VEGF and MMP-13 accompanying with CD8⁺ T cells activation were increased. Furthermore, inhibiting the expression of TIMP-1 in joints could retard the progression of OA.