中国住宅中能源消耗的CO2排放量及减排对策

利用生命周期评价方法,根据中国煤电链和水电链的温室气体排放系数,计算了各种燃料的温室气体排放系数,并在此基础上,计算出了1999年我国住宅中由于家用电器的使用、冬季集中供暖及农村生活能源消费所造成的温室气体排放量.通过数据分析得出住宅中主要能源消耗所产生的CO2排放量约占全国总排放量的34.34%.分析计算了一栋被动式太阳能建筑的减排潜力,提出了住宅中CO2减排的对策.     

中国农村能源温室气体主要减排技术评价及潜力分析

农村能源减排技术是优化能源结构,减少温室气体排放的重要途径之一,有利于实现国家温室气体减排的目标。文章综合分析评价了农村能源温室气体减排技术,计算减排效果并估算未来的减排潜力。结果表明,2009年中国主要农村能源技术温室气体减排量为8 529万tCO2,测算到2020年,中国农村能源温室气体的减排潜力约为2.97亿t CO2。农村户用沼气、生物质固体成型燃料、太阳能热利用等农村节能减排技术已基本成熟,实现了产业化应用,且减排潜力较大,是未来推广的重点。     

垃圾处理方式对温室气体减排作用影响分析

介绍了填埋、焚烧和堆肥3种垃圾处理方式对温室气体减排的影响;分析了这3种不同处理方式下,各种温室气体的产气模型,采用IPCC推荐模型;根据填埋气发电、焚烧发电、有机垃圾堆肥这些温室气体减排措施,分析项目的流程边界,得到温室气体减排量计算公式;提出垃圾综合处理才能实现较好的温室气体减排效果。     

辽宁省可再生能源温室气体减排潜力分析

分析了人类活动排放过多温室气体对全球气候造成的影响.阐述了辽宁省可再生能源领域中太阳能、风能、生物质能及水能的发展现状;展望了辽宁省可再生能源的发展前景.通过对辽宁省可再生能源领域的温室气体减排潜力的分析,提出了风力发电和太阳能利用是辽宁省可再生能源优先发展领域.     

英国能源概况和推进节能减排工作的政策、举措和启示

英国在节约能源、提高能效、促进低碳发展、降低碳排放、推进温室气体减排、应对全球气候变化等方面做了大量工作,并取得显著成果。文章分析了英国能源探明储备、能源生产、消费、对外依存、消费结构等情况,总结了英国能源的法律框架、激励措施和推进节能减排的各种举措,为上海市开展节能减排工作提供借鉴,提出了深入推进节能减排工作的建议。     

欧盟委员会提出新能源战略

欧盟委员会近日提出一项内容广泛的新能源战略,其重点是主张制定欧盟统一的能源政策,加大可再生能源开发和温室气体减排力度。     

船舶温室气体减排对主机的影响分析

介绍了航运业温室气体排放现状,以及针对脱碳目标的主要减排措施:技术性减排措施、营运性减排措施及基于市场的减排措施。分析了以上各类减排措施对船舶主机的影响。在综合分析IMO船舶温室气体减排法规及相关减排技术对我国船舶主机、相关零部件技术发展,供应链建设以及复合型人才培养等方面的影响的基础上提出了发展建议。     

浙江省能源消费及二氧化碳排放影响因素分析

浙江省是中国经济比较发达的沿海省份,能源消费与经济发展高度相关。如何实现经济发展与能源消费的脱钩,减少温室气体排放是浙江目前面临的挑战。从分析浙江能源消费现状、特点出发,计算能源消费产生的二氧化碳,探讨碳排放的影响因素,提出减排的措施。     

造纸企业温室气体排放量核算与减排策略

造纸行业为我国温室气体控排重点行业之一,近年来年温室气体排放量已超过1亿t。文中通过对造纸企业温室气体的排放环节和影响因素进行分析,并提出了造纸企业温室气体减排的关键措施,为造纸企业低碳发展提供参考。     

清洁发展机制(CDM)给江西结构调整带来新机遇

清洁发展机制(CDM)是《京都议定书》三个温室气体减排机制之一,目前全球所开发的CDM项目大部分与能源直接有关,因此CDM项目在很大程度上能够促进项目开发国的能源可持续利用.文章分析了当前全球CDM项目发展态势,以及中国CDM开发情况,结合江西省能源现状和发展目标,探讨了CDM在江西省能源结构调整所起的作用,提出江西省对积极开发CDM项目应采取的相应对策.     

湖北火电发展对温室气体排放的影响研究

能源消费是全世界温室气体的最大排放源，目前湖北电力工业的能源消费仍以火电为主，随着经济发展，电力需求增长，作为火力发电所需的煤炭消耗量成倍增大，导致温室气体排放量剧增，使大气污染日益严重，通过研究湖北火电发展对温室气体排放的影响，以期阐明保持经济可持续发展，控制温室气体排放量所应采取的有效措施和对策。     

Effects of US biofuel policies on US and world petroleum product markets with consequences for greenhouse gas emissions

US biofuel policy includes greenhouse gas reduction targets. Regulators do not address the potential that biofuel policy can have indirect impacts on greenhouse gases through its impacts on petroleum product markets, and scientific research only partially addresses this question. We use economic models of US biofuel and agricultural markets and US and world petroleum and petroleum product markets to show that discontinuing biofuel tax credits and ethanol tariff lower biofuel use could lead to increased US petroleum product use, and a reduction in petroleum product use in other parts of the world. The net effect is lower greenhouse gas emissions. Under certain assumptions, we show that biofuel use mandate elimination can have positive or negative impacts on greenhouse gas emissions. The magnitude and the direction of effects depend on how US biofuel trade affects biofuel in other countries with different emissions, context that determines how important use mandates are in the first place, who pays mandate costs, and the price responsiveness of global petroleum supplies and uses. However, our results show that counter-intuitive effects are possible and discourage broad conclusions about the greenhouse gas impacts of removing these elements of US biofuel policy.     

Maximizing the greenhouse gas reductions from biomass: The role of life cycle assessment

Biomass can deliver significant greenhouse gas reductions in electricity, heat and transport fuel supply. However, our biomass resource is limited and should be used to deliver the most strategic and significant impacts. The relative greenhouse gas reduction merits of different bioenergy systems (for electricity, heat, chemical and biochar production) were examined on a common, scientific basis using consistent life cycle assessment methodology, scope of system and assumptions. The results show that bioenergy delivers substantial and cost-effective greenhouse gas reductions. Large scale electricity systems deliver the largest absolute reductions in greenhouse gases per unit of energy generated, while medium scale wood chip district heating boilers result in the highest level of greenhouse gas reductions per unit of harvested biomass. However, ammonia and biochar systems deliver the most cost effective carbon reductions, while biochar systems potentially deliver the highest greenhouse gas reductions per unit area of land.The system that achieves the largest reduction in greenhouse gases per unit of energy does not also deliver the highest greenhouse gas reduction per unit of biomass. So policy mechanisms that incentivize the reductions in the carbon intensity of energy may not result in the best use of the available resource.Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a flexible tool that can be used to answer a wide variety of different policy-relevant, LCA “questions”, but it is essential that care is taken to formulate the actual question being asked and adapt the LCA methodology to suit the context and objective.     

Sustainability of the four generations of biofuels – A review

Biofuel has emerged as an alternative source of energy to reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and combat global warming. Biofuels are classified into first, second, third and fourth generations. Each of the biofuel generations aims to meet the global energy demand while minimizing environmental impacts. Sustainability is defined as meeting the needs of the current generations without jeopardizing the needs of future generations. The aim of sustainability is to ensure continuous growth of the economy while protecting the environment and societal needs. Thus, this paper aims to evaluate the sustainability of these four generations of biofuels. The objectives are to compare the production of biofuel, the net greenhouse gases emissions, and energy efficiency. This study is important in providing information for the policymakers and researchers in the decision-making for the future development of green energy. Each of the biofuel generations shows different benefits and drawbacks. From this study, we conclude that the first generation biofuel has the highest biofuel production and energy efficiency, but is less effective in meeting the goal of reducing the greenhouse gases emission. The third generation biofuel shows the lowest net greenhouse gases emissions, allowing the reduction of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. However, the energy required for the processing of the third generation biofuel is higher and, this makes it less environmentally friendly as fossil fuels are used to generate electricity. The third and fourth generation feedstocks are the potential sustainable source for the future production of biofuel. However, more studies need to be done to find an alternative low cost for biofuel production while increasing energy efficiency.     

The contribution of direct energy use for livestock breeding to the greenhouse gases emissions of Cyprus

This paper presents a methodology for the estimation of the contribution of direct energy use to the greenhouse gases emissions of cattle, pig and poultry breeding in Cyprus. The energy consumption was estimated using the factors of 2034 MJ/cow, 2182 MJ/sow and 0.002797 MJ/bird. The greenhouse gases emissions for each animal species and energy source were estimated using emission factor of each greenhouse gas according to fuel type as proposed by the IPCC 2006 guidelines and for electricity according to national verified data from the Electricity Authority of Cyprus. Livestock breeding in Cyprus consumes electricity, diesel oil and LPG. The results obtained, show that the emissions from energy use in livestock breeding contribute 16% to the total agricultural energy emissions. Agricultural energy emissions contribute 0.7% to the total energy greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions. The three species of animal considered contribute 3% to their total livestock breeding emissions when compared with enteric fermentation and manure management, of which 2.6% is CO₂. These results agree with the findings in available literature. The contribution of direct energy use in the greenhouse gases emissions of livestock breeding could be further examined with the influence of anaerobic digestion to the emissions.     

世界气候变暖形势严峻 二氧化碳减排工作势在必行

温室气体大量排放而引起的全球气候变暖问题日趋严峻,由此导致的空气污染和温室效应正在严重地威胁着人类赖以生存的环境。为减缓气候变化,就要减少温室气体排放和增加温室气体的吸收,各个国家相继采取积极有效措施。地质埋存CO2是避免气候变化的有效途径,结合气候变暖存在问题,中国政府批准国家973项目——开展温室气体提高石油采收率的资源化利用及地下埋存研究,提出二氧化碳减排发展对策,必将为全球资源和环境的高水平、高效益开发和可持续发展提供理论及实践依据。     

流化床燃烧中N2O的排放控制研究进展

随着温室效应问题的日益严重,人类活动造成过量温室气体的排放受到普遍关注。本文阐述了流化床燃烧中N₂O的来源、生成和分解机理、影响N₂O生成量的各种因素以及减少N₂O排放量的技术措施。对国内外关于N₂O最新研究进展进行了综述,指出了未来研究的方向并为节能减排提供理论依据。     

Sustainability of energy production and use in Iran

The issue of oil and gas policies in Iran is rather complex. In the present investigation, it is aimed to formulate plans for increasing the capacity of the country's energy production. Analysis of energy consumption pattern over last decades is indicative of inefficient usage. The low energy prices in Iran do not reflect economic costs. Further distortions exist in the tariff structures of most energy sources and in their relative prices. It is recognized that price reform is a key policy element for promotion of energy conservation and fuel substitution with renewable energies. Mitigation policies in the energy sector are crucial to Iran's overall policies. Emission of greenhouse gases can be reduced from 752,156 to 560,791 Gg CO₂ equivalents in 2010 by implementing the policies proposed for the energy sub-sectors. Enhancing energy efficiency, including combined cycle power generation, has proved to be the most economic option for greenhouse gases reduction in energy sector. Iran's energy consumption pattern is unsustainable and consumption oriented.     

欧盟碳排放贸易体系现状与分析

碳排放权贸易是通过建立合法的温室气体排放权利和总量控制目标,并允许这种权利像商品一样买入和卖出来进行排放控制。《京都议定书》规定附件1国家之间可以通过排放贸易帮助其实现量化减排承诺。欧盟、新西兰等附件1国家还建立了区域或国家层面的排放贸易体系,作为履行京都目标的主要政策措施。其中欧盟首次建立了跨国碳排放体系,取得了一定成果,成为近年来气候变化领域的政策和市场热点。     

A comparative study on the energy policies in Japan and Malaysia in fulfilling their nations’ obligations towards the Kyoto Protocol

Global warming and the associated changes in the world climate pattern have been accepted world wide as the gravest threat to humanity in the 20th century. To mitigate the impacts of global warming, the Kyoto Protocol was established in 1997 with the objective of reducing global greenhouse gases (GHGs) emission, in particular carbon dioxide (CO₂), by 5.2% below 1990 levels. Developed nations that ratified the Protocol are committed to GHG reduction targets while developing nations are encouraged to reduce GHG emissions on a voluntary basis. Since most of the GHGs emissions come from the energy sector, energy policy plays an important role in fulfilling the Kyoto Protocol obligations. This year marks the beginning of the commitment period for the 2012 Kyoto Protocol. In this case, it would be worthwhile to compare the energy policies in Malaysia and Japan as these nations move towards fulfilling their obligations towards the Kyoto Protocol; bearing in mind that both countries ratified the Protocol, but that Japan commits a reduction target of 6% while Malaysia bears no obligation. Based on the comparison, recommendations were made on how a developing nation like Malaysia could adopt the policies implemented in Japan to suit local conditions and contribute significantly to GHG reduction.