超临界CO2法萃取树莓籽油的成分分析

采用超临界CO_2技术萃取树莓籽油,利用GC法测定脂肪酸组成,GC-MS联用法测定甾醇组成,HPLC测定生育酚含量,紫外可见分光光度计测定多酚含量。结果表明:超临界CO_2萃取树莓籽油的平均出油率为17.90%±0.3%;共检测到10种脂肪酸,其中亚油酸相对含量(57.44%)最高,其次是α-亚麻酸(26.58%)、油酸(11.94%)和棕榈酸(2.10%);脂肪伴随物中,共检测出7种甾醇,总甾醇含量为861.85 mg/100 g;γ-生育酚、α-生育酚和δ-生育酚含量分别达到799.248、602.996 mg/kg及13.371 mg/kg;多酚平均含量为(341.19±8.94)mg GAE/kg。此研究为树莓籽油及其他蔷薇科植物油的进一步开发利用奠定了基础。     

美藤果仁含水量对美藤果油氧化稳定性的影响

油料的含水量会影响油脂的氧化稳定性,美藤果油富含不饱和脂肪酸和内源性抗氧化物,高水分的美藤果仁更易导致美藤果油变质。通过60℃加速氧化试验,测定氧化前后美藤果油的共轭烯烃、微量组分和脂肪酸含量,研究不同含水量(4%, 6%, 8%和10%)的美藤果仁对美藤果油氧化稳定性的影响。结果表明,美藤果仁的含水量越低,加速氧化30 d后的油脂共轭烯烃和羰基化合物含量越少,且上升速率越缓慢;而甾醇、维生素E损失率越低,说明美藤果仁含水量越低能较好保持美藤果油氧化稳定性。含水量8%时,美藤果油在氧化过程中多不饱和脂肪酸损失率最低,为6.09%。因此,实际生产中美藤果仁的含水量应控制在8%以内,美藤果油稳定性更好。     

美藤果油的营养组成分析与评价

目的分析美藤果油中的主要营养成分(脂肪酸、植物甾醇和维生素E)并与常见食用植物油(大豆油、花生油、菜籽油、芝麻油、橄榄油)的营养成分进行比较。方法基于国家标准与文献报道的方法对植物油中的脂肪酸、植物甾醇和维生素E进行检测。结果美藤果油的亚麻酸含量(43.62%)高于常见食用植物油,不饱和程度高,脂肪酸组成合理。植物甾醇含量为265.61 mg/100 g,高于花生油和橄榄油,且豆甾醇、维生素E含量都明显高于其他常见食用植物油。维生素E总含量为122.73 mg/100 g,其中δ-生育酚含量最高(59.69 mg/100 g)。结论美藤果油不饱和脂肪酸含量高,富含亚麻酸、植物甾醇和维生素E。与常见食用植物油相比,美藤果油在一定程度上具有更好的营养保健价值,是一种优质的植物油。     

超临界CO2萃取燕麦油工艺研究

以燕麦切粒为原料,进行超临界CO_2萃取燕麦油工艺研究及燕麦油品质分析。首先,通过单因素试验探讨各因素对燕麦油萃取率的影响;其次,采用响应面法优化超临界CO_2萃取燕麦油的工艺参数;最后用GC-MS分析燕麦油的脂肪酸组成并进行品质分析。结果表明:超临界CO_2萃取燕麦油的最佳工艺参数为装料量50 g、静态萃取时间74 min、动态萃取时间160 min、萃取压力45MPa、萃取温度50℃,在此工艺条件下燕麦油萃取率可达56.99%;超临界CO_2萃取的燕麦油澄清透明,呈金黄色,具有特殊的麦香味,不饱和脂肪酸含量为87.49%。     

山桐子油的超临界CO2萃取工艺优化及脂肪酸组成分析

为了充分利用山桐子资源,采用单因素试验和Box-Behnken试验设计优化山桐子油的超临界CO_2萃取工艺,运用气相色谱—质谱(GC—MS)分析山桐子油的脂肪酸组成。结果表明:超临界CO_2萃取山桐子油的优化工艺条件为萃取时间147min,萃取温度53℃,萃取压力24 MPa;在该条件下,山桐子油得率为(38.25±0.41)%。山桐子油得率和影响因素间的回归模型极显著(P=0.000 9)。GC—MS结果表明,山桐子油主要由不饱和脂肪酸组成,不饱和脂肪酸含量为81.33%,亚油酸含量为71.43%。山桐子油是一种优质的食用油资源,超临界CO_2可以高效萃取山桐子油。     

超临界CO2萃取对油茶饼中油脂品质及茶皂素理化特性影响的研究

以油茶饼为原料,采用超临界CO_2萃取法进行脱油和茶皂素的提取,通过单因素实验和响应面分析对提取工艺进行优化,同时对油茶籽油的理化性质、营养品质及茶皂素特性进行分析。结果表明:最佳萃取工艺条件为萃取温度45℃、萃取压力30 MPa、萃取时间3.5 h、夹带剂(乙醇)体积分数75%,此条件下茶皂素提取率为89.21%。超临界CO_2萃取油茶籽油的酸价、过氧化值和皂化值低于有机溶剂提取的,油中α-生育酚、角鲨烯、β-谷甾醇含量高于有机溶剂提取的。超临界CO_2萃取茶皂素的表面张力和接触角较小,发泡能力和乳化性较好。     

榛子油3种提取方法的对比及超临界CO2萃取工艺优化

采用冷榨法、有机溶剂浸出法和超临界CO_2萃取法提取榛子油,并对榛子油的品质及提油率进行比较。采用单因素实验和响应面实验对超临界CO_2萃取榛子油的工艺进行优化。结果发现,超临界CO_2萃取法的油脂品质较好,且提油率较高。超临界CO_2萃取榛子油最优工艺条件为:萃取压力27 MPa,萃取温度50℃,CO_2流量20 L/h。在最优工艺条件下榛子的提油率为93.32%。榛子油中不饱和脂肪酸含量超过95%,主要为油酸和亚油酸。     

超临界及亚临界萃取澳洲薄荷挥发性成分的对比

以澳洲薄荷为原料,采用超临界CO_2、亚临界丁烷萃取技术萃取澳洲薄荷的挥发性成分,并通过GC—MS对其成分进行分析。结果表明,超临界CO_2萃取的得率为2.5%,亚临界丁烷萃取得率为1.4%;超临界CO_2的GC—MS分析出萃取挥发性成分为21种,薄荷醇的相对含量为70.33%;亚临界丁烷萃取物的挥发性成分为11种,薄荷醇的相对含量为60.83%。澳洲薄荷挥发性成分的超临界CO_2萃取优于亚临界丁烷萃取。     

不同方法制备的栀子果油的理化性质比较

本实验利用正己烷萃取技术、超临界CO2萃取技术和亚临界低温萃取技术三种方法制备得到了三种栀子果油,并对其主要理化指标、脂肪酸组成、植物甾醇含量、谷维素含量、维生素E含量及氧化酸败时间进行比较分析,以研究不同萃取方法对栀子果油品质的影响。结果表明三种栀子果油的过氧化值为9.38~17.30 mmol/kg,酸值为4.06~14.28 mg KOH/g,皂化值为186.07~198.91 mg KOH/g,碘值为116.43?10-2~130.16?10-2 g I2/g。气相色谱法测定其脂肪酸组成以油酸和亚油酸等不饱和脂肪酸为主,相对含量占76.04~78.00%。栀子果油中植物甾醇和维生素E的含量分别是0.85~3.48%和17.06?10-2~29.80?10-2 mg/g,谷维素含量极少。其中超临界栀子果油的色泽最好,溶剂残留量最少,但酸价最高;正己烷栀子果油中甾醇含量最高,氧化稳定性相对较好;亚临界栀子果油的酸值最低,维生素E含量最高。本文为栀子果油制备方法的选择和精炼提供了理论依据,具有一定的应用意义。     

超临界CO2萃取二级分离火麻仁油中生育酚及主要甘油三酯组成分析

以脱壳火麻仁为原料,采用超临界CO2萃取二级分离火麻仁油,通过控制分离参数,分离釜Ⅰ及分离釜Ⅱ分别收集火麻仁油,应用超高效液相色谱-高分辨质谱联用及国标方法分别分析比较其甘油三酯及生育酚组成。结果表明:分离釜Ⅰ及分离釜Ⅱ得到的火麻仁油甘油三酯及生育酚组成和含量存在一定差异,分离釜Ⅰ火麻仁油的甘油三酯组成主要包括三亚油酸甘油三酯、二亚油酸亚麻酸甘油三酯及油酸二亚油酸甘油三酯,含量分别为32.1%、29.8%及19.6%;分离釜Ⅱ火麻仁油的甘油三酯组成主要包括二亚油酸亚麻酸甘油三酯、三亚油酸甘油三酯及油酸二亚油酸甘油三酯,含量分别为33.9%、27.6%及26.4%。火麻仁油生育酚以γ-生育酚为主,其次为α-生育酚,δ-生育酚最少,分离釜Ⅱ中火麻仁油生育酚含量高于分离釜Ⅰ中火麻仁油生育酚含量。采用超临界CO2萃取二级分离火麻仁油,可以初步实现甘油三酯及生育酚组分的选择性分离。     

Chemical Properties and Oxidative Stability of Perilla Oils Obtained From Roasted Perilla Seeds As Affected by Extraction Methods

Abstract: The chemical properties and oxidative stability of perilla oils obtained from roasted perilla seeds as affected by extraction methods (supercritical carbon dioxide [SC‐CO₂], mechanical press, and solvent extraction) were studied. The SC‐CO₂ extraction at 420 bar and 50 °C and hexane extraction showed significantly higher oil yield than mechanical press extraction (P < 0.05). The fatty acid compositions in the oils were virtually identical regardless of the extraction methods. The contents of tocopherol, sterol, policosanol, and phosphorus in the perilla oils greatly varied with the extraction methods. The SC‐CO₂‐extracted perilla oils contained significantly higher contents of tocopherols, sterols, and policosanols than the mechanical press‐extracted and hexane‐extracted oils (P < 0.05). The SC‐CO₂‐extracted oil showed the greatly lower oxidative stability than press‐extracted and hexane‐extracted oils during the storage in the oven under dark at 60 °C. However, the photooxidative stabilities of the oils were not considerably different with extraction methods.     

28种功能性食用油脂肪酸组成研究

目的研究28种功能性食用油脂的脂肪酸组成,包括8种国家新食品原料(新资源食品)目录油脂。方法采用气相色谱-氢火焰离子化检测器(gas chromatography-flame ionization detection,GC-FID)方法对28种油脂的脂肪酸组成进行研究。在GC-FID图谱基础上,得出了所测的28种植物油脂中37种脂肪酸的指纹图谱。根据脂肪酸的保留时间和峰面积进行定性和相对定量,进而分析饱和脂肪酸(saturated fatty acid,SFA)、不饱和脂肪酸(unsaturated fatty acid,UFA)、多不饱和脂肪酸(polyunsaturated fatty acid,PUFA)、单不饱和脂肪酸(monounsaturated fatty acid,MUFA)组成,从而分析样品的脂肪酸组成。结果在28种功能性油脂中,芍药籽油、芥花油、美藤果油、文冠果油、星油藤种子、翅果油等10种油脂UFA含量都在90%以上;MUFA含量最高为澳洲坚果油80.3%,其中,PUFA含量以美藤果油最多,达到82.0%,星油藤种子油次之,为81.1%,二者亚油酸(C18:2)和亚麻酸(C18:3)均含量高达40%;漆树种仁油、毗黎勒油、秋葵籽油、油瓜油的SFA含量均超过30%。结论该研究对探讨利用脂肪酸指标评价新型功能性油脂的营养价值及其开发利用具有指导意义。     

美藤果及美藤果油的理化性质和油脂的脂肪酸组成分析

对美藤果及美藤果油的理化性质和油脂的脂肪酸组成进行了分析。结果表明：美藤果粗蛋白质、粗纤维素、总糖及淀粉含量分别为28.87%、24.92%、6.33%和4.15%;美藤果油相对密度(d²⁰₂₀)为0.928 6,折光指数(n²⁰_d)为1.482 2,酸值(KOH)为0.46 mg/g,皂化值(KOH)为191.4 mg/g,碘值(I)为191 g/100 g,过氧化值为2.45 mmol/kg;美藤果油中共检出7种脂肪酸,主要为棕榈酸(3.83%)、硬脂酸(3.09%)、油酸(8.39%)、亚油酸(38.11%)、亚麻酸(45.62%),其中不饱和脂肪酸含量高达92.46%。     

苹果籽营养成分测定

苹果籽经皮仁分离,已醚提取,对其出仁率、粗脂肪含量、脂肪酸组成、蛋白质含量和淀粉含量进行了测定。结果表明,苹果籽出仁率为69.36%,籽仁含油率为28.9%,其中主要脂肪酸油酸和亚油酸的含量分别为33.6%和55.5%。籽仁中含蛋白质和淀粉分别为48.72%和5.01%。甲醇提取物含量为10.4%,定性试验表明其中很可能含有酚性的还原物质和糖甙等物质。     

栀子果油的生物活性成分及抗氧化活性评价

以正己烷、乙酸乙酯、乙醇3种溶剂并结合超声辅助提取栀子果油,对所获得的3种粗油和乙醇提取的副产物的得率、油脂组成、生物活性成分以及自由基清除能力进行分析。在固液比(1:8)、温度(40℃)、时间(20 min)、超声强度(200 W)的条件下,乙醇提取得油率为13.26%,略低于正己烷14.86%和乙酸乙酯13.84%,副产物乙醇胶体相是乙醇提油后4℃静置分层得到的,得率为9.68%。乙醇提取栀子果油相中总生育酚含量为1.62μg/mg,是正己烷提取粗油的1.27倍;总甾醇含量为22.63μg/mg,是乙酸乙酯提取粗油的1.29倍。挥发性香草酸、丁香酸、丁香醇为乙醇提取粗油中的主要芳香成分。副产物醇溶性胶体相中检出了γ-亚麻酸(1.50%)和反式亚油酸(1.14%),而在粗油中并未检出;醇溶性胶体相DPPH、ABTS清除率的IC50值分别为0.61mg/m L和0.40 mg/mL,极显著小于粗油中的检验结果(7.60~10.3 mg/mL);通过UPLC-Triple-TOF/MS在醇溶性胶体相中初步鉴定出西红花酸及8种带糖衍生物。实验证明,用乙醇提取栀子果油气味芳香,Omega-6型油脂种类及含量丰富,生育酚、甾醇等活性物质含量更高,此外副产物中的西红花及其衍生物有很强的自由基清除能力,因此具有更高的经济价值。     

Supercritical CO2 extraction of fatty oil from flaxseed and comparison with screw press expression and solvent extraction processes

Flax oil is commonly used in food due to high percentage of omega-3-fatty acid and omega-6-fatty acid. In the present work the flax seed was extracted using green solvent viz. supercritical CO₂ and compared with soxhlet and mechanical screw press methods. The chemical compositions of the oils were determined by CHNS analyser, GC-FID, GC/MS and ¹H NMR. The supercritical CO₂ process selectively extracted the fatty oils with high percentage of omega-3-fatty acid and omega-6-fatty acids. The chemical composition of screw press oil is close to that of supercritical CO₂ extracted oil, whereas the yield is nearly 27% less in comparison to the supercritical CO₂ method.     

燕麦油理化性质及成分分析

采用溶剂浸提法提取燕麦油,并将其精制。测定燕麦粗油VE和磷脂的含量,以及精制前后燕麦油的理化性质及脂肪酸组成,探讨精制对燕麦油理化性质及成分的影响。结果表明：燕麦粗油中VE含量为 142.8mg/kg,磷脂含量为14.159mg/g。燕麦油具有燕麦香味,折射率n20约为1.47,比重约为0.92,碘值约为100g I2/100g,皂化值接近190mg KOH/g,不皂化物含量约为1%。精制后的燕麦油品质得到改善,各项指标均达到了食用植物油的质量要求。精制后,不饱和脂肪酸的含量增加了1.96%。燕麦油可作为一种富含不饱和脂肪酸的功能性植物油。     

Supercritical CO2 extraction optimization of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) seed oil using response surface methodology

This study examined extraction of pomegranate seed oil by using supercritical carbon dioxide. Response surface methodology was used to evaluate the effects of the process parameters, namely extraction pressure, temperature and CO₂ flow rate on the yield of pomegranate seed oil. The extraction parameters were optimized with a central composite design experiment. The linear term of pressure, followed by the linear term of CO₂ flow rate, the quadratic terms of pressure, temperature and CO₂ flow rate and the interactions between pressure and temperature, as well as CO₂ flow rate and temperature, had significant effects on the oil yield (p < 0.05). Maximum yield of pomegranate seed oil from the mathematical model was predicted to be 156.3 g/kg dry basis under the condition of pressure 37.9 MPa and temperature 47.0 °C with CO₂ flow rate of 21.3 L/h. The fatty acid composition and the tocopherols' content of pomegranate seed oil extracted using supercritical CO₂ were compared with those obtained by Soxhlet method. Minor difference was found in the fatty acid composition of the oils extracted by the two methods. The content of total tocopherols was about 14% higher in the oil extracted with supercritical CO₂ than that obtained by Soxhlet extraction.     

Physicochemical properties of Kalahari melon seed oil following extractions using solvent and aqueous enzymatic methods

The physico‐chemical properties of oil from Kalahari melon seed were determined following extraction with petroleum ether and aqueous‐enzymatic methods. Two different enzymes Flavourzyme 1000 L and Neutrase 0.8 L were separately used during aqueous‐enzymatic method. The free fatty acid, peroxide, iodine and the saponification values of the oils extracted using the methods were found to be significantly (P < 0.05) different. The melting point of the oils extracted was in the range of ?18.7 °C to ?17.5 °C and no significant (P > 0.05) difference between the oil obtained from solvent and aqueous‐enzymatic extractions was observed. Enzyme‐extracted oil tended to be light‐coloured and more yellow in colour compared with solvent‐extracted oil. The predominant fatty acids in the extracted oils were linoleic acid (62.2–63.1%), with some oleic (16.8–17.1%), palmitic (11.4–12.4%), stearic (7.5–8.1%), linolenic (0.7–1.2%) and eicosenoic (0.3%). Phenolic acids in enzyme‐extracted oils were comparable to the solvent‐extracted oil. The oils extracted with these two methods were differed in the composition of their phytosterol and tocopherol contents, but no significant (P > 0.05) difference between the two enzyme‐extracted oils was observed.