无溶剂体系酶催化合成富含1,3-二硬脂酸-2-油酸甘油酯的研究

研究了无溶剂体系中固定化1,3-特异性脂肪酶催化硬脂酸与高油酸植物油合成富含1,3-二硬脂酸-2-油酸甘油酯(SOS)的主要影响因素。考察了酶用量、底物摩尔比、反应时间、反应温度对SOS、1,2-二硬脂酸-3-油酸甘油酯(SSO)和三硬脂酸甘油酯(SSS)含量的影响。以SSO和SSS含量较低而SOS含量较高为优,确定理想的工艺条件为:酶用量10%,底物摩尔比4∶1,反应时间3 h,反应温度65℃。在该条件下反应产物中SOS含量为39.58%,SSO含量为1.18%,SSS含量为0.28%。     

酶法催化制备1-十八烷氧基-2-DHA-3-油酸烷氧基甘油二酯

研究了两步酶法催化制备1-十八烷氧基-2-DHA-3-油酸烷氧基甘油二酯工艺。首先利用脂肪酶Lipozyme 435催化1-十八烷氧基甘油和DHA乙酯合成1-十八烷氧基-2,3-二DHA烷氧基甘油二酯(DEAG1),然后利用脂肪酶Lipozyme RM IM催化油酸乙酯和DEAG1进行酯交换反应制备1-十八烷氧基-2-DHA-3-油酸烷氧基甘油二酯。通过单因素实验研究了反应温度、反应时间、底物摩尔比和加酶量对酯交换反应的影响,得到了最佳工艺条件。结果表明:在反应时间48 h、DHA乙酯与1-十八烷氧基甘油摩尔比2∶1、加酶量为底物总质量的10%、反应温度50℃条件下,合成的DEAG1含量最高,为75.41%;在反应时间12 h、油酸乙酯与DEAG1摩尔比3∶1、加酶量为底物总质量的7%、反应温度60℃条件下,Sn-3位油酸结合率为30.23%,烷氧基甘油二酯总含量为80.49%。     

酶法合成1，2-甘油二酯的工艺研究

以固定化脂肪酶Lipozyme 435为催化剂,在无溶剂体系下催化高油酸葵花籽油与无水乙醇发生醇解反应合成1,2-甘油二酯。通过单因素试验确定的最优反应条件为:高油酸葵花籽油与无水乙醇摩尔比1∶50,加酶量6%(占底物总质量),反应温度50℃,反应时间1 h。在最优反应条件下,1,2-甘油二酯得率可达88%。粗产物经两步结晶法提纯后,可获得纯度为100%的1,2-甘油二酯。     

酶法催化生产1,3-二油酸-2-棕榈酸甘油三酯

1,3-二油酸-2-棕榈酸甘油三酯(OPO)是母乳脂肪中甘油三酯的重要组成成分,可有效改善和保证棕榈酸在婴幼儿体内的吸收和利用。本文对其脂肪酶催化生产进行了简单探索,以三棕榈酸甘油酯(PPP)和油酸(OA)为底物,通过1,3-特异性脂肪酶RMIM催化的酸解反应成功制备了1,3-二油酸-2-棕榈酸甘油三酯。经单因素优化后最佳反应条件为:PPP与油酸摩尔比1:6,加酶量8%,反应温度50℃,反应时间6 h,反应产物中脂肪酸组成为:油酸54.86%,sn-2位棕榈酸含量为87.64%。     

无溶剂体系脂肪酶催化合成1,3-丙二醇单酯

在无溶剂体系中,用脂肪酶Novozyme 435催化1,3-丙二醇和油酸合成1,3-丙二醇单酯,同时确立酯化产物及油酸含量的HPLC-RID检测方法。以1,3-丙二醇单酯最大生成量为目的,初步确定反应最优条件为:1,3-丙二醇和油酸摩尔比6∶1,反应温度60℃,摇床转速180 r/min,加酶量1%(以1,3-丙二醇和油酸的总质量为基准),反应时间8 h。该条件下产物中的1,3-丙二醇单酯含量达到48.21%。     

高油酸花生油酶促酯交换合成类可可脂工艺优化

为促进高油酸花生油的高值化利用,在无溶剂体系中以高油酸花生油为原料,棕榈酸乙酯、硬脂酸乙酯为酰基供体,酶促酯交换合成类可可脂。以目标甘三酯1,3-二棕榈酸-2-油酸(POP)、1-棕榈酸-2-油酸-3-硬脂酸(POS)、1,3-二硬脂酸-2-油酸(SOS)含量,硬脂酸指数和酰基位移率为评价指标,在单因素实验的基础上采用响应面法对酶促酯交换合成类可可脂的工艺条件进行优化。结果表明：酶促酯交换合成类可可脂的最佳工艺条件为硬脂酸乙酯与棕榈酸乙酯物质的量比1.3∶1、酰基供体与高油酸花生油物质的量比12∶1、加酶量2.7%(以底物质量计)、反应温度60℃、反应时间7 h,在该条件下产物甘三酯中POP、POS、SOS的含量分别为14.55%、48.87%、25.17%,硬脂酸指数为0.56,酰基位移率为7.35%。产物的目标甘三酯组成和脂肪酸组成与可可脂相近,可作为可可脂替代品应用。     

酸解巴沙鲶鱼油制备富含OPO的人乳替代脂

以巴沙鲶鱼油为原料、高油酸葵花籽油来源的游离脂肪酸为酰基供体,采用Lipozyme RM IM脂肪酶为催化剂催化酸解反应制备富含OPO的人乳替代脂。并采用液质联用对巴沙鲶鱼油、酸解巴沙鲶鱼油、市售Betapol~(TM)的sn-OPO含量进行分析。结果表明,最佳制备条件为:底物摩尔比1∶6,酶用量12%,反应温度60℃,水分含量3.5%(基于酶质量),反应时间3 h。在最佳条件下,酸解产物中sn-2棕榈酸分布和sn-1,3油酸含量分别为73.18%和71.11%。酸解产物中sn-OPO含量从23.35%提高到34.28%,高于市售Betapol~(TM)的33.24%。     

无溶剂体系中酶催化合成结构脂质条件初探

以菜籽油和辛酸为原料,在无溶剂体系中用脂肪酶催化酸解合成结构脂质。对6种不同来源的脂肪酶进行筛选,结果表明Lipozyme RMIM催化活性高、Sn-1,3位特异性强。以Lipozyme RMIM为催化用酶,考察了反应时间、反应温度、底物比(菜籽油与辛酸摩尔比)、加酶量、体系水分含量对酸解反应的影响。结果表明,在反应时间15 h,反应温度50℃,底物比1∶4,加酶量10%条件下,辛酸合成率达40%。     

响应面优化酶促油酸甘油酯化制备甘三酯工艺的研究

采用响应面法对脂肪酶Novozym 435在无溶剂体系中催化甘油和油酸酯化反应合成甘三酯的反应条件进行了研究。结果表明:底物摩尔比、反应时间、反应温度和加酶量都对甘三酯的含量有影响(p<0.05),其中底物摩尔比影响最为显著(p=0.0104)。经过响应面优化得到的最佳反应条件为:底物摩尔比(油酸∶甘油)2.92∶1,反应时间12 h,反应温度98℃,加酶量(以占油酸和甘油总质量的百分比计)2.96%。在最优条件下,甘三酯含量可达到90.88%±1.56%,酯化度达到93.09%±1.42%。      

高油酸花生油酶促酯交换制备1,3-二棕榈酸-2-油酸甘油三酯

旨在为可可脂生产提供新的基料油,同时为高油酸花生油的高值化利用提供研究基础,以高油酸花生油和棕榈酸乙酯为原料,脂肪酶NS40086为催化剂,在无溶剂体系下酶法合成1,3-二棕榈酸-2-油酸甘油三酯(POP)。采用单因素实验研究反应条件对POP含量、酰基位移、sn-2位油酸相对含量的影响,并采用响应面法进行优化。结果表明：高油酸花生油酶促酯交换制备POP的最佳反应条件为反应时间3 h、底物(棕榈酸乙酯与高油酸花生油)物质的量比11∶1、酶添加量(以底物总质量计)3%、反应温度50℃,在此条件下POP含量为86.48%,酰基位移为3.25%,sn-2位油酸相对含量为72.88%。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the