A new analytical solution for the displacement of fully grouted rock bolt in rock joints and experimental and numerical verifications

This study proposes a new analytical solution to predict displacement of a fully grouted rock bolt intersected by single rock joint. The main characteristics of the analytical model, consider the bolt profile and joint movement under pull test condition. The anchorage capacity of fully grouted bolts has been studied for many years; however, the bolt profile and its effect on bolt shear resistance are poorly understood. Investigations of load transfer between the bolt and grout indicate that the bolt profile shape and spacing play an important role in improving the shear strength between the bolt and the surrounding strata. Rock displacement is a sum of elastic part and a jump part due to the presence of joints planes. The performance of the proposed analytical model is validated by experimental method and comparison with numerical modeling. The results showed that there is a promising agreement between analytical and numerical methods. Studies indicate that the displacement rate between the bolt and the rock declines exponentially. Which is dependent on the bolt characteristics such as: rib height, rib spacing, rib width and thickness grout, material and joint properties.     

加锚节理面抗剪性能研究

本文通过室内模拟试验和理论分析,着重探讨了锚杆对节理面抗剪性能的影响,以及杆体阻止节理面发生相对错动的“销钉”作用机制,提出改进了的估算加锚节理面抗剪强度公式。试验结果表明:加锚节理面的抗剪强度随剪切位移的增加而增大。试验和理论分析都表明,即使不大的剪切位移就已使杆体的抗剪作用得到充分发挥。试验研究还充分显示出锚杆倾角对加锚节理面抗剪强度的重大影响。 本文在给出了用于描述加锚节理面抗剪性能的分析模型和理论分析方法的基础上,导出了计算锚杆最佳安装角的公式。用此算式求得的最佳安装角与实验结果十分吻合。本文还分析了当前在有限元分析中经常使用的一些锚杆单元模型的不足之处,并指出了改进的方向。     

预应力锚杆作用机制研究

针对预应力锚杆作用机制研究方面存在的问题，根据弹性理论轴对称问题的基本理论和方法，在引入锚杆影响范围内岩体平均轴向应力（平均轴向应变）假设的条件下，推导锚杆在完全黏结条件下界面剪应力分布公式；以此为基础，在考虑界面本构关系情况下，研究界面脱黏段的剪应力分布及脱黏段长度，阐述预应力锚杆的荷载传递特性，从而为预应力锚杆设计提供理论依据。     

An analytical model to predict axial load in grouted rock bolt for soft rock tunnelling

An analytical model is proposed to predict the axial force of grouted rock bolt in the tunnelling design. The interaction mechanism of the rock bolt and the soft rock mass has been described according to their consistent displacement. Coupling and decoupling behaviors of the rock bolt around a circular tunnel have been analyzed. According to case studies, the theoretical prediction of the axial force agrees well with the in situ measured results. The installing time and the length of the rock bolt, and the deformation modulus of the rock mass are taken as study parameters to analyze the supporting behavior of the rock bolt. According to the results of the theoretical analysis, there are some conclusions as followings: (1) a lower axial force is resulted because of the delay of installing rock bolt and its supporting effect may be reduced; (2) the larger displacement is caused by the lower deformation modulus of the rock mass, and a higher axial force is resulted in the rock bolt. If the shear strength of the rock mass is not enough, the decoupling behavior will take place interior the rock mass, and the performance of rock bolt may be reduced; (3) the position of a neutral point is related with the radius of tunnel, the physical properties of the rock bolt and the rock mass. It is found that the position of the neutral point and the maximum axial force of the rock bolt installed in the soft rock may tend to be constant when its length is long enough, which means that the supporting effect of the rock bolt can not be improved significantly only by increasing the length of the rock bolt. By using this model, a way is supplied to analyze the supporting behavior of the rock bolt, and a method is provided for the quantitative evaluation of its supporting effect in NATM tunnelling.     

锚固质量的无损检测技术

基于锚固体系的锚杆动力学及应力波运动学理论,研究了锚固体系的振动特征和锚固体系中声频应力波传播的能量衰减规律,进而提出快速普查检测锚杆锚固状态的声频应力波法：介绍了依据拉拔曲线转折段两边割线的交点法确定锚杆锚固力的无损拉拔检测技术原理,并实际应用于潘集第一煤矿巷道锚杆支护施工质量的检测。     

新型玻璃纤维增强塑料砂浆锚杆的黏结性能试验研究

锚杆广泛应用于隧道、边坡、地下硐室开挖及支护工程中。通过锚杆的支护加固，岩土体的强度和稳定性能够得到显著的改善和提高。传统的钢锚杆在不良地质条件下存在锈蚀严重的缺点，给支护结构的安全性和耐久性带来严重威胁。玻璃纤维增强塑料具有轻质、高强、耐腐蚀等优良特性，是代替钢筋制作锚杆的理想材料之一。在经典拉伸试验模型的基础上，结合锚杆本身的受力特性，建立一种改进的拉伸试验模型，并且根据此试验模型，对直径分别为10，13，16mm的表面经过喷砂和缠绕纤维束处理的玻璃纤维增强塑料锚杆，以及直径为25mm的螺纹钢进行拉伸试验，试样的总数量为24组。试验采用强度等级为C60的混凝土模拟岩体，并采用强度等级分别为41．5，55．5MPa的砂浆作为锚固剂。在试验结果基础上，对玻璃纤维增强塑料锚杆的拉拔破坏模式、临界黏结长度、拉拔承载力、平均黏结强度以及与钢锚杆拉拔性能的比较进行研究讨论，对砂浆锚固玻璃纤维增强塑料锚杆的黏结性能进行系统全面的分析评价，为推广玻璃纤维增强塑料锚杆的工程应用、相关规范的制定，以及进一步研究工作提供一定数据储备和理论支持。     

宜兴抽水蓄能电站地下厂房锚杆承载力现场试验研究与计算方法

简要介绍了一次大型洞室锚杆支护设计现场拉拔试验的研究成果，内容包括所采用的拉拔试验方法和主要试验结果。给出了锚杆体轴应变测试方法及其测试结果、岩体层面夹角对锚杆受力状态的影响、岩体表面及杆端位移特征、锚杆注浆体与孔壁之间的粘结力等试验结果，并根据试验结果提出了锚杆承载力峰值剪应力计算方法。与传统方法相比，所提出的方法建立在现场试验测试结果基础上，计算中考虑了锚杆体上剪应力不均匀分布的特点，锚杆长度按张拉段与锚固段之和计算，锚杆承载能力按杆体上的峰值剪应力计算，计算结果可较好地反映锚杆的实际受力状态。     

Laboratory investigation into effect of bolt profiles on shear behaviors of bolt-grout interface under constant normal stiffness (CNS) conditions

Rock bolts have been widely used for stabilizing rock mass in geotechnical engineering. It is acknowledged that the bolt profiles have a sound influence on the support effect of the rock bolting system. Previous studies have proposed some optimal rib parameters (e.g. rib spacing); unfortunately, the interface shear behaviors are generally ignored. Therefore, determination of radial stress and radial displacement on the bolt-grout interface using traditional pull-out tests is not possible. The load-bearing capacity and deformation capacity vary as bolt profiles differ, suggesting that the support effect of the bolting system can be enhanced by optimizing bolt profiles. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of bolt profiles (with/without ribs, rib spacing, and rib height) on the shear behaviors between the rock bolt and grout material using direct shear tests. Thereby, systematic interfacial shear tests with different bolt profiles were performed under both constant normal load (CNL) and constant normal stiffness (CNS) boundary conditions. The results suggested that rib spacing has a more marked influence on the interface shear behavior than rib height does, in particular at the post-yield stage. The results could facilitate our understanding of bolt-grout interface shear behavior under CNS conditions, and optimize selection of rock bolts under in situ rock conditions.     

Effect of grout properties on the pull-out load capacity of fully grouted rock bolt

This paper represents the result of a project conducted with developing a safe, practical and economical support system for engineering workings. In rock engineering, untensioned, fully cement-grouted rock bolts have been used for many years. However, there is only limited information about the action and the pull-out load capacity of rock bolts, and the relationship between bolt–grout or grout–rock and the influence of the grout properties on the pull-out load capacity of a rock bolt. The effect of grout properties on the ultimate bolt load capacity in a pull-out test has been investigated in order to evaluate the support effect of rock bolts. Approximately 80 laboratory rock bolt pull-out tests in basalt blocks have been carried out in order to explain and develop the relations between the grouting materials and untensioned, fully grouted rock bolts. The effects of the mechanical properties of grouting materials on the pull-out load capacity of a fully grouted bolt have been qualified and a number of empirical formulae have been developed for the calculating of the pull-out load capacity of the fully cement-grouted bolts on the basis of the shear strength, the uniaxial compressive strength of the grouting material, the bolt length, the bolt diameter, the bonding area and the curing time of the grouting material.     

拉压耦合大变形锚杆作用机理及其试验研究

在高应力作用下,围岩发生大变形破坏的现象非常普遍,硬岩常常产生严重的岩爆灾害,软岩则会表现出挤压大变形问题,严重影响深部工程安全。在这种条件下采用的支护体系不仅要具有较高的承载力,而且要能够适应较大的围岩变形而本身不发生破坏。提出了一种拉压耦合大变形锚杆,并详细介绍了它与围岩之间的相互作用机理。新型锚杆通过改善锚固结构,优化锚杆受力状态,提高了锚固结构的极限承载力,使锚杆杆体的变形性能得到充分的发挥,避免了传统锚杆因杆体不均匀变形导致的破坏问题。因而,高应力大变形条件下新型锚杆的锚固性能更优,更有利于保持围岩稳定。室内实验研究证实,在同等条件下拉压耦合锚杆的极限承载力明显大于传统锚杆,并且具有良好的大变形特性。针对矿山深部开采中遇到的软岩大变形和硬岩岩爆等灾害,新型锚杆将实现更优的加固效应。     

考虑时效特性的锚固岩质边坡变形可靠度分析

 提出基于非侵入式随机有限元法的岩质边坡变形可靠度分析方法。建立考虑腐蚀效应的锚杆锚固力随服役时间变化模型。给出边坡变形可靠度分析非侵入式随机有限元法的计算步骤。研究锚固边坡变形失效概率与最大允许变形值之间的关系,并基于参数敏感性分析提出边坡最大允许变形取值方法。以锚固岩质边坡为例,证明所提方法的有效性。结果表明：非侵入式随机有限元方法为考虑时效特性的边坡变形可靠度分析提供一条有效的途径。随着锚杆服役时间增加,锚杆腐蚀作用对锚固边坡变形可靠度的影响越明显。考虑时效特性的边坡变形失效概率常用对数 与边坡最大允许变形值间存在近似线性关系,而且随着边坡可靠度水平增加,该线性关系表现得越明显。     

硬岩层爆及锚杆锚固机制试验研究

针对巷(隧)道岩爆破裂演化及锚杆锚固机制研究的不足,利用自制的真三轴加卸载试验系统开展具有岩爆倾向性的无锚固和树脂锚杆锚固长方体硬岩试样在单面约束情况下的双轴压缩对比试验研究,分析和探讨硬岩层爆、层级破裂演化及锚杆锚固机制。结果表明,在无锚固的情况下,硬岩呈现明显层爆现象,从临空面到深部,爆裂破断面的分形维数主要集中在1.3~1.8范围,随层序由于破断面摩擦作用的增强导致其分形维数随之降低,断裂形态随层序逐渐由张拉断裂为主导向剪切断裂为主导过渡,同时各层面均或多或少伴有次生层断裂;锚杆锚固明显降低了爆裂层数及范围,限制了硬岩逐层爆裂;理论分析得出临空面附近硬岩层爆层数的计算公式;视硬岩层爆部分为层状岩层,提出层爆控制的锚杆组合梁理论;临空面附近以劈裂为主的层爆是受压致拉的结果,通过锚杆锚固显著提高了完整岩体的抗拉强度,使层爆层数及范围大为降低甚至不发生层爆。     

回采巷道锚杆动载响应的数值分析

采用二维快速拉格朗日程序FLAC，对回采巷道锚杆支护(端锚和全锚)进行地震动载模拟分析，得出锚杆轴力随动载作用时间的变化规律，同时发现锚杆安装角对轴力的动载响应有很大影响。在给定的模拟条件下，锚杆一般不会因为地震动载而失效，但锚杆需保留有一定的抗拉强度潜能．端锚和全锚对动载的响应不同，端锚支护巷道受动载的破坏较全锚小，表明动载巷道锚杆支护应采用端锚(或加长端锚)方式。     

端锚式锚杆-围岩耦合流变模型研究

针对端锚式锚杆-围岩结构体在长时条件下支护作用的演化机制,建立了端锚式锚杆-隧洞围岩耦合作用的结构模型。进行了结构模型的基本假设：①圆形隧洞;②深埋;③各向等压原岩应力;④均质且各向同性黏弹性围岩模型;⑤一维黏弹性锚杆模型;⑥锚杆对围岩作用力整体为面力。基于基本假设建立了端锚式锚杆-围岩耦合流变理论模型。假设围岩和锚杆均为Maxwell模型时,求解了圆形隧洞围岩应力和位移的径向分布随时间变化的解析解,获得了锚杆轴力随时间演变的理论公式。基于锚杆（索）流变模型,进行了FLAC^3D数值模拟软件的二次开发;并通过数值模拟与理论计算的对比分析验证了理论模型的合理性,分析了端锚式锚杆-围岩耦合流变规律及其影响因素。该模型对于研究地下隧洞的流变力学行为,分析锚固支护结构的长期稳定性,指导工程支护设计具有重要的基础理论价值。     

淋涌水碎裂煤岩顶板煤巷破坏特征及控制对策研究

 针对淋涌水碎裂煤岩顶板煤巷支护过程中出现的围岩剧烈破坏难题,综合现场调研、煤岩试验、数值模拟、理论分析及井下试验与实测等方法,对其变形破坏机制、工字钢与锚杆(索)支护位移场的分布及煤巷动态破坏特征、顶板钻孔淋水量分区、新型防水锚固剂的锚杆(索)锚固力测试及淋涌水碎裂顶板控制对策进行系统化研究,主要研究内容及结论如下：(1) 淋涌水碎裂煤岩顶板的破坏主要是支护结构体的非整体性承载、锚杆(索)支护受钻孔淋水持续弱化失效以及顶板复合煤岩结构刚强度差异大而导致的离层综合作用的结果;(2) 研究新型防水树脂锚固剂,并通过井下淋涌水顶板锚杆(索)拉拔试验及支护后期锚索监测结果,检验防水锚固剂稳定性能;(3) 提出控制淋涌水碎裂顶板的“四位一体”控制对策,分析具体支护措施力学效应及保持顶板稳定性方面的作用;(4) 详细介绍井下运用“四位一体”综合控制系统的一典型淋涌水型碎裂煤岩顶板煤巷成功实例。研究成果可在霍州矿区进行推广应用,对类似条件巷道支护技术具有一定的理论和实用价值。     

单轴压缩条件下锚杆影响脆性岩体破裂的细观机制

锚杆支护系统是控制深部脆性围岩动力灾害的重要措施,但锚固理论研究仍滞后,锚杆支护下的脆性岩体破坏问题困扰着深部岩体工程实践。根据实际工程中锚杆支护下脆性围岩的浅表局部破坏特点,通过室内相似模型试验研究单轴压缩条件下锚杆杆径影响完整脆性岩体的破坏特性,试验表明,锚杆杆径对脆性岩体弹性模量和强度的提升存在最优匹配的特点,一味强调增大锚杆直径并不能达到理想的围岩控制效果;锚杆改变了脆性岩体单轴压缩破坏模式,宏观上由劈裂破坏转为剪切破坏,杆径对试样剪切破坏的程度有所影响。从细观角度,建立了含两条固有主裂纹的裂纹扩展分析模型,加锚试样单轴压缩破裂模式的改变,可以归结为锚杆锚固止裂效应对试样内部裂纹扩展的抑制作用,使翼裂纹与主裂纹长度比η变小。根据最易开裂角度ζ的计算结果,翼裂纹较长时,翼裂纹朝外载作用方向扩展,产生劈裂破坏,翼裂纹较短时,翼裂纹偏离外载作用方向扩展,产生剪切破坏。从细观上很好地解释了锚杆改变脆性岩体破裂模式的作用机制。     

锚杆承载力的灰色系统预测法

声波测试技术应用于锚固工程的无损检测中 ,其基本原理是采用动力瞬态激振使锚杆引起弹性振动 ,通过测定锚杆的振动响应来估计和推断锚杆的承载力。通过锚杆质量动测法的试验 ,就锚杆承载力的灰色系统预测方法进行了讨论 ,并与锚杆抗拔检测结果进行了对比。运用灰色系统的锚杆质量检测可取得良好的效果。     

单锚锚杆加固碎裂结构岩体模型试验研究

针对锚杆加固后的碎裂结构岩体进行了室内模型试验。根据多种锚固方案试件的试验结果 ,研究了锚杆锚固碎裂结构岩体模型的强度变形特征。通过试验中不同布锚方式的单锚对模型试件强度变形的不同影响 ,研究了各种模型试件中所体现出的锚固效应 ,得出了有益的结论     

锚杆与围岩共同作用的围岩特性曲线修正分析

基于收敛约束法原理,推导了考虑锚杆与围岩共同作用的圆形隧道围岩特性曲线弹性响应函数。并与数值模拟方法获得的不同锚杆布置情况下的围岩特性曲线进行比较,验证了解析方法的合理性。考虑锚杆支护与围岩共同作用后的围岩收敛特性曲线与原始围岩有较大区别,并与原始围岩刚度以及锚杆布置密度密切相关。根据解析结果与数值计算结果的进一步对比分析,对推导的解析函数进行了修正。修正后的解析公式,能反映锚杆布置密度对围岩特性曲线的影响。特别对于软岩隧道(V级围岩),在不同锚杆支护密度范围内,等效围岩刚度能够大致提高15%~35%,考虑锚杆与围岩共同作用对围岩刚度的影响不可忽略。本文提出的修正收敛特征曲线对指导隧道设计施工有一定的理论与工程意义。