带并联电抗器输电线路永久性故障判别的研究

以瞬时性故障模型为参考模型,根据已知量求取并联电抗器故障相电流,利用该求取电流与并联电抗器故障相实际测量电流之差同中性点小电抗器电流幅值比来实现永久性故障的判别.通过利用 ATP 仿真验证和西北电网 330kV 系统的故障数据验证,结果表明该方法可准确判别瞬时和永久性故障.     

带并联电抗器输电线路永久性故障识别新方法

针对带并联电抗器的超高压输电线路,提出一种单相自适应重合闸永久性故障识别的新方法。该方法以瞬时性故障为参考模型,求取并联电抗器故障相电流,采用该求取电流与并联电抗器故障相实际测量电流之差同中性点小电抗器电流幅值比来实现永久性故障的判别。发生瞬时性故障时,故障模型正确,差电流幅值比接近零;发生永久性故障时,故障模型不正确,差电流幅值比远大于零。ATP仿真结果表明,该方法能够准确区分瞬时性故障和永久性故障,判别原理有效,能够可靠地实现超高压输电线路的单相自适应重合闸。     

基于电流差动的双端带并联电抗器输电线路三相重合闸永久性故障判别

提出一种基于分相电流差动原理的双端带并联电抗器输电线路三相重合闸永久性故障判别方法。该方法以并联电抗器电流为已知量,利用时域方法补偿电容电流。输电线路发生故障且两侧断路器跳开后,利用电流差动原理对两端并联并联电抗器各相电流进行比较。瞬时性故障时,两侧各相并联电抗器电流之差为0;永久性故障时,两侧故障相并联电抗器电流之差远大于0。据此实现永久性故障识别。大量EMTP仿真表明,该判别方法能够有效识别永久性故障和瞬时性故障,能够可靠实现两端带并联电抗器输电线路的三相自适应重合闸。     

基于模型识别的三相重合闸永久性故障判别

提出一种基于模型识别的带并联电抗器输电线路三相重合闸永久性故障判别方法.该方法以选相结果为基础,以瞬时性故障π形模型为识别模型,将并联电抗器电流作为已知量,求取本端及对端线模电压和电容电流的线模分量,进而求解两端并联电抗器电流和电容电流线模分量之和.瞬时性故障时,故障模型与识别模型一致,求解值等于0;永久性故障时,故障模型与识别模型不一致,求解值不等于0.据此可以判别是否为永久性故障.电磁暂态分析程序(EMTP)仿真表明,该方法能够有效识别永久性故障,可靠实现带并联电抗器输电线路的三相自适应重合闸.     

两端带并联电抗器的同杆双回线路故障性质判别方法研究

提出了一种基于分相电流差动原理的两端带并联电抗器同杆并架平行双回线路故障性质判别方法,即以线路两侧并联电抗器电流为已知量,通过6序故障分量法求取并联电抗器电流的同向量和反向量,结合相模交换进行模分量电容电流补偿,比较线路两端并联电抗器补偿后电流以实现故障性质判别,并通过EMTP仿真验证了该方法的正确性。     

利用自由振荡频率识别的三相重合闸永久性故障判别

针对三相重合闸永久性故障判别方法在单相接地故障时灵敏度不足的问题,提出识别并联电抗器零模电流自由振荡频率的永久性故障判别方法.线路故障且两侧断路器跳开后,由于线路电容和并联电抗器的储能,并联电抗器会出现自由振荡电流.利用最小二乘矩阵束算法获取并联电抗器电流的自由振荡频率.瞬时性故障时,线路零模网络与线模网络在电弧熄灭后停止能量交换,该自由振荡频率等于零模网络固有频率主频;永久性故障时,线路零模网络与线模网络通过故障端口进行能量交换,该自由振荡频率等于零模网络和线模网络固有频率主频的算术平均值.因此,通过计算自由振荡频率的数值即可实现永久性故障判别.EMTP仿真表明,该方法能有效识别永久性故障,且不受故障位置、过渡电阻的影响.     

带并联电抗器输电线路永久性故障的时域判别方法

根据瞬时故障恢复电压阶段输电线路的状态建立参考模型,在时域中根据本端电气量求取并联电抗器故障相电流,并以计算电流与实测电流之差的模值作为动作量,以电抗器故障相实测电流的模值作为门槛值,进行永久性故障判别.发生瞬时故障,恢复电压阶段的线路状态与建立的模型吻合,电流计算值和实测值相同,动作量小于制动量;发生永久性故障,线路状态与建立的模型不吻合,电流计算值和实测值不同,动作量大于制动量.仿真验证表明,该方法能够准确地区分瞬时故障和永久性故障,能够用于自适应重合闸.     

带并联电抗器输电线路单相自动重合闸永久故障的识别原理研究

提出了一种基于超高压输电线路并联电抗器故障相电流特性的单相自动重合闸永久故障识别方法。输电线路发生单相故障两端跳闸后,并联电抗器故障相电流流经的回路在瞬时性故障和永久性故障下明显不同,因此利用流过并联电抗器故障相的电流与中性点小电抗器的电流的幅值比就能判别瞬时性和永久性故障,有效地解决了现有自适应重合闸判据在带并联电抗器超高压输电线路上应用难的问题。EMTP 仿真结果和试验系统录波数据都证明该识别方法能准确地区分永久和瞬时故障,有很高的可靠性,可直接应用于目前微机保护装置。     

采用模量参数识别的三相重合闸永久性故障判别原理

提出一种适用于带并联电抗器输电线路的三相重合闸永久性故障判别方法。该方法在故障选相基础上,以瞬时性故障π型等效模型为参考模型建立参数识别方程。对于接地故障,建立零模分量的参数识别方程;对于相间故障,建立线模分量的参数识别方程。以并联电抗器电流作为已知量,并联电抗器电感参数作为待求解参数,利用求解值与实际值的差异来区分永久性故障和瞬时性故障。瞬时性故障时,故障模型与求解模型一致,求解值与实际值差异很小;永久性故障时,故障模型与求解模型不一致,求解值与实际值差异明显。EMTP仿真结果验证了判别方法的正确性和有效性。     

高压电缆-架空线混合线路重合闸新判据

提出了基于两侧电流信息的新型电抗继电器,以及带并联电抗器线路的瞬时故障识别判据构成的全新的综合判据。新型电抗继电器利用线路两侧电流获得故障点的电流,进而利用故障点的电流作为极化构成的理想零序电抗器,由该电抗器来界定是架空线路段故障还是电缆线路段故障,与传统的基于单侧电流信息的电抗继电器相比更为精确。另外,结合带并联电抗器线路的瞬时故障识别判据,能确保带并联电抗器的混合线路在发生永久性故障时可靠闭锁重合闸,避免了重合于永久性故障对系统带来的冲击。基于上述两种判据的综合判据实现了电缆段故障及永久性故障闭锁重合闸的要求。EMTDC及RTDS实验验证了该综合判据的有效性。     

Improvement of Power System Stability by Using New Switching Technique in Bridge-type Fault Current Limiter

The bridge-type fault current limiter has the capability of controlling the fault current by controlling the DC reactor current. This fault current limiter is mainly composed of a diode bridge rectifier and a DC reactor. To achieve this capability, a resistor parallel with a semiconductor switch has been used in series with a DC reactor. For this fault current limiter, a control scheme is proposed that uses the DC reactor current as a control variable to improve transient stability of the model power system without measuring any parameters of system. In this article, an analytical and simulation study was conducted on a one-machine infinite-bus system including a bridge-type fault current limiter and the proposed control scheme. Simulation results show that by controlling the turn-on and turn-off times of the switch, i.e., the switching technique, the proposed fault current limiter can not only limit the fault current but also absorb the accelerating energy of the generator, thereby improving power system transient stability. The rotor velocity, maximum output power of the generator, and critical fault clearing time are studied in this article to evaluate the effects of the proposed fault current limiter on power system transient stability.     

A Novel Single-Phase Adaptive Reclosure Scheme for Transmission Lines With Shunt Reactors

Single-phase adaptive reclosure (SPAR) schemes applied to transmission lines have been an effective method to improve the stability of power system. Attractive techniques have been proposed for SPAR schemes based on the tripped fault-phase voltage. But for transmission lines with shunt reactors, the voltage is so minor that the error of voltage transformer limits the applications of voltage-based SPAR schemes. To overcome this disadvantage, a new scheme using differential current between the calculated current based on transient fault model and the actual measured current from the fault phase of shunt reactor is proposed in this paper. The calculated current is obtained by using the transient fault model whether there is a transient or permanent fault. In the case of transient fault, the calculated current is close to the measured current due to the actual fault model being close to the calculated model. As for the permanent fault, the calculated current is quite different from the measured current. Therefore, the differential current of the fault phase can be employed to distinguish permanent fault from transient fault. At last, the Alternative Transients Program simulation results show that the developed algorithm can identify the permanent fault correctly and reliably, and is promised to be applied to SPAR for transmission lines with shunt reactors.      

多端直流输电系统中限流电抗器配置研究

多端直流电网的故障暂态发展极快,因此在实际工程中一般需要配置限流电抗器来抑制故障电流的上升。但是,限流电抗器的配置在限制故障电流的同时,也会对非故障的部分产生影响,因此文中对多端直流输电系统中限流电抗器的配置进行了研究。建立了多端直流输电系统的故障计算模型,并给出了包含断路器各动作阶段的系统状态量的计算方法;分析了多端直流输电系统中限流电抗器的配置需要考虑的问题;以四端直流输电系统为例,针对不同的限流电抗器配置情况下的直流系统故障过程进行了仿真计算,并根据计算结果分析了限流电抗器对系统最大故障电流、换流站闭锁情况、直流母线过压情况和过电流衰减时间等问题的影响。     

并联电抗器中性点小电抗的选择及其对单相自适应重合闸的影响

根据单端带并补的输电线路模型,推导了最佳中性点电抗器的取值,以达到对相间电容进行完全补偿并在瞬时性故障时快速熄弧的目的。同时,建立了线路瞬时性故障时的一、二次电弧模型,并在ATP/EMTP中进行了500 kV输电线路瞬时性故障的仿真,仿真包括了输电线路进行导线换位和不换位2种情况,明确了不同中性点电抗器的选择对熄弧时间、潜供电流、恢复电压的影响。由仿真分析发现了传统基于电压幅值、电压畸变的单相自适应重合闸判据的不足。指出自适应重合闸判据应适应线路导线有无换位、有无并补、有无中性点电抗器及中性点电抗器取值大小等情况,从而达到在瞬时性故障时断路器在最佳时间快速重合、永久性故障时不重合的目的。     

带并联电抗器输电线路单相故障性质识别判据

针对带并联电抗器超特高压输电线路,分析了瞬时性故障时低频分量频率基本不受系统阻抗及故障点位置变化的影响,在低频分量频率离线准确计算的前提下,提出采用最小二乘拟合方法快速检测断开相并联电抗器电流低频分量和工频分量幅值实现的单相故障性质识别新判据。瞬时性故障时,低频分量幅值接近或超过工频分量幅值;永久性故障时,低频分量幅值接近0。判别算法仅利用断开相并抗电流,原理简单可靠,且易于实现。大量ATP仿真验证表明,该判据正确有效,能快速实现单相故障性质判别,有望提高单相重合闸动作的成功率。     

基于直流电流有限时域预测算法的换相失败预防策略

针对故障暂态期间直流电流精确预测困难的问题,建立了含平波电抗器的直流线路暂态数学模型。计及暂态期间换相角变化的影响,提出一种直流电流变化量的预测方法,可准确预测暂态期间的直流电流变化。构建了基于换相期间直流电流变化量的换相失败预测判据,以实现首次换相失败的预测判别,并提出一种可有效预防首次换相失败的控制策略。基于PSCAD/EMTDC仿真平台搭建了CIGRE直流标准测试模型,不同故障情况下的仿真结果验证了所提方法及控制策略的有效性。     

LCC-MMC型混合直流送端交流系统故障时直流电流的暂态过程解析

电网换相换流器和模块化多电平换流器(LCC-MMC)型混合直流输电解决了传统直流受端的换相失败问题,目前葛洲坝—上海直流系统正在进行受端柔性直流化改造的方案论证,而焦点在于送端交流系统故障引起直流电流快速下降的故障穿越问题。为此,首先根据送端交流系统故障时的系统等值电路得到其拉氏运算电路,基于回路电流法通过拉氏反变换求得直流电流的暂态过程,并分析了暂态电流的衰减分量及振荡分量。在PSCAD/EMTDC仿真平台上建立了葛洲坝—上海直流的电磁暂态仿真模型,仿真结果验证了分析的正确性。进一步地,忽略暂态电流的振荡分量,得到了直流电流及其过零时间的近似解析表达式。最后,利用解析表达式分析了交流电压跌落程度、平波电抗器和控制策略对直流电流过零时间的影响。所提方法可为LCC-MMC型混合直流输电的送端交流系统保护定值整定及平波电抗器参数的选取提供依据。     

Line fault test of model power system with three-phase superconducting fault current-limiting reactors

A novel three-phase conducting fault current limiting reactor (SCFCLR) is fabricated. The SCFCLR has three superconducting windings with the same number of turns wound on an iron core. The rating of SCFCLR is 200 V, 10 A. Two SCFCLRs are inserted in the sending and the receiving ends of the model power-transmission line. The line fault test of a model power system with two SCFCLRs is undertaken. The fundamental behavior of this reactor is confirmed. In the case of single-line-to-ground fault, the fault current is limited to a very small value by the large zero-phase sequence reactance of the SCFCLR without quench. In the case of a three-phase short circuit, the SCFCLR quenches, and the short-circuit current is limited by the normal conducting resitance of the winding. It is confirmed that the transient stability of the system during line faults is greatly improved by the insertion of SCFCLRs.     

基于参数识别的单相自适应重合闸研究

在分析带并联电抗器输电线路单相故障特点的基础之上,提出一种利用参数识别原理的单相自适应重合闸永久性故障识别方法。该方法以恢复电压阶段的瞬时性故障p型等效模型为参数辨识模型,将并联电抗器电感和中性点小电抗电感参数作为辨识参数,利用电感参数求解值与真实值的差异来区分永久性故障和瞬时性故障。瞬时性故障情况下,故障模型与求解模型一致,电感求解值与实际值差异很小;永久性故障情况下,故障模型与求解模型不一致,电感求解值与实际值差异明显。该方法判别原理简单可靠,仅利用单端电气量,且不需要长数据窗滤波,理论上不受低频振荡分量的影响。大量ATP仿真表明,该文判别方法能够快速识别永久性故障,能够用于带并联电抗器输电线路的快速单相自适应重合闸。