UG—130／3.82—M4型锅炉燃烧调整优化

通过对UG－130／3．82－M4型锅炉设备改造及运行优化调整等技术措施，使得锅炉热效率明显提高，排烟温度降低，取得了运行优化调整所产生的节能降耗效果。     

锅筒压力19.7MPa自然循环锅炉水循环系统的研究

介绍了亚临界压力自然循环锅炉为提高运行压力所进行的试验研究，计算分析，并在此基础上提出了一系列优化措施，以及该型产品的实炉试验结果。试验结果证实，亚临界压力自然循环锅炉采用优化措施后不但在技术上先进，而且运行安全可靠。     

白马600MW超临界CFB锅炉燃烧均匀性分析及优化

通过分析白马600MW超临界循环流化床锅炉的设计和运行特性,提出应根据锅炉外循环回路的非均匀特性合理配置锅炉给煤量分布的运行优化措施。实炉验证表明:提高燃烧均匀性的运行优化措施可以显著降低锅炉飞灰含碳量。     

提高135MW CFB锅炉运行经济性试验研究

通过对连州发电厂135MW CFB锅炉的优化调整试验,对存在的问题进行了分析并提出了解决、改善措施,对优化调整前后锅炉运行的情况进行技术经济浅析,可为提高类似炉型CFB锅炉。     

提高油田燃油(气)锅炉运行效率的措施

文章介绍了油田锅炉运行现状，针对油田锅炉普遍存在的问题，提出了采取燃烧调节、运行参数调节和加强运行管理等措施，提高锅炉运行效率。     

670t/h锅炉排烟温度偏高的原因分析及对策

针对某电厂670t／h锅炉排烟温度偏高问题，进行了详细分析，并提出相应的技术措施。通过对燃烧设备治理，优化运行调整，改造受热面吹灰器，使排烟温度下降25℃左右，机组运行的经济性提高。     

电站锅炉飞灰含碳量的优化控制

利用人工神经网络对锅炉飞灰含碳量进行建模，并采用混合遗传算法与复合形法进行运行工况寻优，获得当前最佳的锅炉燃烧调整方式，这种方法同时解决了锅炉变工况下运行参数基准值的问题。应用该模型对某台300MW四角切圆燃煤电站锅炉的飞灰含碳量进行优化控制研究，其结果可指导运行人员进行参数优化调整，降低锅炉飞灰含碳量，提高燃烧经济性。     

亚临界压力自然循环锅炉超压运行可能性的试验研究

该文介绍了为提高亚临界压力自然循环锅炉运行压力所进行的试验研究分析及设计中的优化，并通过实炉试验，证实亚临界压力自然循环锅炉经优化后，可以提高运行压力。     

电站煤粉锅炉火焰监测与燃烧诊断优化控制研究

为保证锅炉安全运行，必须进行切实有效的火焰监测和燃烧诊断措施。基于火焰图像处理技术的电站锅炉火焰监测和燃烧诊断优化控制系统，能够实时在线地监视火焰图像，对火焰图像特征进行分析，对炉内温度场进行重建，同时进行燃烧稳定性、经济性和清洁性的判断，提出运行建议，并利用炉内辐射能信号响应灵敏、迅速的特点将其作为负荷控制的前馈信号，接入DCS控制逻辑中以提高锅炉的负荷响应能力和抗干扰能力。     

循环流化床锅炉运行节能技术的实践

总结了宁波光耀热电厂循环流化床锅炉生产运行中遇到的问题,对解决堵煤、点火及合理控制调整运行等一系列循环流化床锅炉运行中的常见问题进行了详细分析,经过探索和实践。提出优化运行和设备改造方案。通过实施有效的节能措施,提高了循环流化床的效率,达到了节能降耗的效果。     

A review on deposit formation in the injector of diesel engines running on biodiesel

For the short-term use of diesel engines, biodiesel can provide a comparable engine performance to that of using fossil diesel fuel. However, some arising problems including the reduction of the engine performance, the increase in lacquer deposits, and excessive carbon blacks in the combustion chamber and in the injectors resulting in an increase in the emissions and the damage to the engine have been indicated. Deposits formed inside or outside the injector may have an adverse influence on the engine performance and the fuel injection system. In this study, a review of the formed deposits in the injector of diesel engines fueled with biodiesel was conducted. The physicochemical mechanism of the deposit formation in the injector including injector nozzles, injector holes, and injector tips was mentioned. Moreover, the test-cycles for determining the deposit formation level in the injector were also introduced. Especially, the effects of the key factors such as biodiesel components, temperature, and injector configurations on the formation level of deposits were reviewed, and the utilization of the cativation mechanism in the controlling strategy of the deposits was presented. Besides, the impacts of deposits in the injector on the spray characteristics, combustion, and diesel engine operation process were also referred.     

藏北高原典型草甸下垫面与HEIFE沙漠区辐射平衡气候学特征对比分析

利用中日合作“全球能量与水分平衡试验一青藏高原季风试验(GAME—Tibet)”和中日合作“黑河地区地一气相互作用野外观测实验研究(HEIFE)”IOP、FOP资料,计算分析了藏北高原典型草甸下垫面安多站和HEIFE沙漠站的辐射平衡各相关特征量时频变化的气候学特征。结果表明：无论是高原安多站还是黑河沙漠站,夏季均出现超太阳常数现象(只是安多更为明显);总辐射、大气逆辐射、地表长波辐射、地表有效辐射和地表辐射平衡等的日变化(晴天)无论是安多站还是沙漠站均表现为早晚出现最小值而正午附近(地方时)达到最大值,而地表反照率的日变化(晴天)相反表现为早晚大而正午附近小的规律;上述各分量均表现有程度不等的季节变化规律：总辐射、大气逆辐射、地表长波辐射和地表辐射平衡均表现为夏半年增大达到最大值百而冬半年降低量出现最小值;另外,大气长波辐射、地表有效辐射和地表反照率在沙漠站的年际变化的振幅较安多站更为显著和有规律。     

王官屯油田官142地区中生界地层特征

王官屯油田地处河北省沧县王官屯乡境内,区域构造位置为黄骅坳陷南区孔店构造带的西南端,处于孔东断裂带两侧。根据钻录井特征、地球物理响应特征,结合区域地层对比,将王官屯油田官142地区中生界地层划分为中下三叠统、中下侏罗统、上侏罗统-下白垩统三套旋回。通过对该区地层特征的分析,认为中下三叠统以棕红、紫红色粉细砂岩和泥岩互层为主;中下侏罗统下部主要为暗色泥岩夹砂岩,上部为一套巨厚砂砾岩,并作为中生界油藏主要储集层;上侏罗统-下白垩统发育紫红色砂岩及安山岩。通过分析各时期的构造运动特征,认为印支运动以整体抬升为主,发育了三叠系地层;燕山早期以走滑和挤压为主,盆地规模较小,发育中下侏罗统的河湖相沉积;燕山中期火山活动强烈,发育火山物质为主的晚侏罗世-早白垩世地层;燕山晚期该区整体抬升遭受剥蚀,缺失上白垩统地层。而喜山时期的升降运动对中生界油气成藏具有重要意义。     

储运油泥热解机理研究

利用管式炉,通入氯气和二氧化碳两种不同气氛,研究储运油泥的热解特性.分析油泥的气、液、渣的不同特性,探讨两种气氛下的不同热解特点.二氧化碳气氛下油泥热解的最佳温度为450℃,而氮气气氛下为500℃2.二氧化碳气氛下的渣是致密性渣,氮气气氛下是薄壁型渣.冷凝液中的低烷烃类、单环芳烃,二氧化碳气氛下比氮气气氛下高.而气体成分中甲烷和氢气含量氮气气氛比二氧化碳下高.得出同温度下,氮气的热解程度大于二氧化碳,而且二氧化碳参与了热解反应.     

Modeling of the absorption phase of a cycle with solar absorption using the couple NH3–H2O for in-sight energy storage

In this work, the emphasis is laid on the study of energy storage and the estimate of the energy density stored for use in the absorption machine in its simplest configuration. As a matter of fact, a simulation program is used to calculate the solution densities and the dynamic system storage in an absorption cycle phase. In times of discharge, the evaporator and the absorber are the only devices in the cycle to operate either in energy or in the upgrading refrigeration. Such a study allows us to select the cooling phase with three storage tanks. At the entrance of the evaporator and the absorber, both reservoirs contain the pure refrigerant and the weak solution already stored in the generation phase during an operating day (charging phase). At the output of the third absorber, the tank is empty. An amount of the refrigerant evaporated at low temperature in the evaporator, receiving an amount of heat Q_E, and is absorbed by the weak solution with the release of an amount of heat Q_A at an intermediate temperature. The rich solution is, then, stored in the third tank. At the end of cooling, when both tanks are empty, the third will be full in order to be used in the generating phase.     

中国光伏产业2020年回顾与2021年展望

受新冠肺炎疫情的影响,2020年全球经济倒退,然而在此形势下,我国光伏产业却逆流而上,取得了令人瞩目的成就,保持并延续了多项世界第一。首先,从应用市场实现恢复性增长、产业规模持续扩大、光伏产品出口稳中有增、技术创新活跃,以及光伏发电中标电价与光伏发电成本持续下降等方面对2020年我国光伏产业的发展形势进行了回顾;其次,从全社会关注度暴涨、产业集中度进一步提升、融资环境改善、产业链供给矛盾突出等方面对2020年我国光伏产业的发展特点进行了分析;最后,从光伏将占据可再生能源增量市场半壁江山,我国光伏市场将进入快速发展新阶段,大尺寸、高功率光伏产品将快速放量,对供应链的把控能力将成为企业竞争制胜的关键,以及光伏将助力多个领域清洁低碳发展等方面对2021年我国光伏产业的发展进行了展望。     

Simulation of bacterial locomotion and attachment in the interspaces of packed bed reactors

Biofilm plays a significant role in biological hydrogen production. Locomotion and attachment of bacteria are the initial processes in the formation of biofilm. In the present study, bacterial locomotion and attachment in the interspace of packed bed reactor is simulated. The model comprehensively combines flagellar propulsion, Brownian motion, running and tumbling. According to the simulation results, compared with other stacking forms, faster bacterial attachment takes place in the tetrahedron stacking, which can lead to faster biofilm formation. Simulation of bacteria distribution in two-dimensional interspace reveals more bacteria accumulate in the central region of the interspace, while less in the corners. Further study shows that smaller packing or bacteria with smaller cell body in the suspension can lead to faster bacterial attachment in the packed bed reactor. In addition, the suspension viscosity has a tiny effect on the attachment of bacteria. The results can be used as a guideline for the design and operation of packed bed reactors with immobilized biofilm.     

Comparative study on evaporator heat transfer characteristics of revolving heat pipes filled with R134a, R22 and R410A

Heat pipes are used extensively in various applications including the heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. The high thermal conductivity of the device, attributed from the two-phase heat transfer processes within the heat pipe, made them superior heat exchanger devices. Heat pipes had been widely used in HVAC applications in energy conservation, dehumidification enhancement, heat dissipation, etc. A number of researches have been conducted to expand the applicability of heat pipes in HVAC in Malaysia, especially in air-to-air heat recovery using stationary heat pipes. However, the potential usage of rotating heat pipe in heat recovery in tropical countries like Malaysia was yet to be explored. Hence, the potential of rotating heat pipe in the HVAC systems used in tropics was explored through a parametric study that incorporates rotational speeds, off-axis displacements and varied refrigerants. The rotating heat pipes charged with R134a, R22 and R410A were tested with varied radial displacement from the rotational axis. The straight and leveled heat pipe with the furthest radial displacement yields the most significant heat transfer, which was attributed to the magnitude of the generated centrifugal force, and effective distribution of liquid in the evaporator.     

CFD modeling and experimental study of combustion and nitric oxide emissions in hydrogen-fueled spark-ignition engine operating in a very wide range of EGR rates

In the current work, the variation of EGR rates is investigated in a hydrogen-fueled, spark-ignition engine. This technique is followed in order to control the engine load and decrease the exhaust nitrogen oxides emissions. The external EGR is varied in the very wide range of 12% up to 47% (by mass), where in each test case the in-cylinder mixture is stoichiometric, diluted with the appropriate EGR rate. The operation of this engine is explored using measured data with the aid of a validated CFD code. Moreover, a new residual gas term existing in the expression of the hydrogen laminar flame speed, which has been derived from a one-dimensional chemical kinetics code, is tested in a real application for appraising its capabilities. The investigation conducted provides insight on the performance and indicated efficiency of the engine, the combustion processes, and the emissions of nitrogen oxides. More precisely, an experimental study has been deployed with the aim to identify the characteristics of such a technique, using very high EGR rates, focusing on the combustion phenomena. At the same time, the CFD results are compared with the corresponding measured ones, in order to evaluate the CFD code under such non-conventional operating conditions and to test a recent expression for the residual gas term included in the hydrogen laminar flame speed expression. It is revealed that the combustion takes place in few degrees of crank angle, especially at high engine loads (low EGR rates), whereas the exhaust nitrogen oxides emissions are significantly decreased in comparison to the use of lean mixtures for controlling the engine load. Additionally, the recent expression of the residual gas term, which has been tested and incorporated in the CFD code, seems to be adequate for the calculation of combustion phenomena in highly diluted, with EGR, hydrogen-fueled spark-ignition engines, as for every EGR rate tested (even for the higher ones) the computational results are compared in good terms with the measured data.     

Exploration of the land potential for the production of biomass for energy in the Netherlands

The energy potential for energy crops and biomass residues in the Netherlands is assessed. The analysis explores the possible use of land for biomass production in the future. Various government memorandums and analyses of the expected future land use in various sectors have served as the basis for the assessment of the supply of and the demand for land in the future. In this study the potential supply of agricultural land is based on expected productivity increments in agriculture and assumptions with respect to the future demand for agricultural products. Various future claims for infrastructure, forestry, urban areas and nature are subtracted from the expected supply. The net projected supply of land ranges from zero to 52 000 ha in 2000 to 110 000-250 000 ha in 2015. The supply of agricultural land depends however on a number of supra-national factors, such as the European agricultural policy, world market developments and the agricultural production in the countries in Eastern Europe. Uncertainties remain, therefore, and the projected supply of agricultural land should be considered as a possible scenario based on current trends. If the calculated land potential is used for energy crops like miscanthus and short rotation coppice, this land could contribute 0-10 PJ in 2000 and 27-59 PJ in 2015. Secondary biomass yields, such as those from forestry, agricultural residues, wood from prunings, etc., could contribute a further 34 PJ in 2000, decreasing to approximately 28 PJ in 2015. Taken together these potentials could satisfy 1-1.5% of the energy requirements of the Netherlands in 2000 and 1.5-2.5% in 2015, provided that energy farming is an economically feasible activity for farmers.