UG—130／3.82—M4型锅炉燃烧调整优化

通过对UG－130／3．82－M4型锅炉设备改造及运行优化调整等技术措施，使得锅炉热效率明显提高，排烟温度降低，取得了运行优化调整所产生的节能降耗效果。     

锅筒压力19.7MPa自然循环锅炉水循环系统的研究

介绍了亚临界压力自然循环锅炉为提高运行压力所进行的试验研究，计算分析，并在此基础上提出了一系列优化措施，以及该型产品的实炉试验结果。试验结果证实，亚临界压力自然循环锅炉采用优化措施后不但在技术上先进，而且运行安全可靠。     

白马600MW超临界CFB锅炉燃烧均匀性分析及优化

通过分析白马600MW超临界循环流化床锅炉的设计和运行特性,提出应根据锅炉外循环回路的非均匀特性合理配置锅炉给煤量分布的运行优化措施。实炉验证表明:提高燃烧均匀性的运行优化措施可以显著降低锅炉飞灰含碳量。     

提高135MW CFB锅炉运行经济性试验研究

通过对连州发电厂135MW CFB锅炉的优化调整试验,对存在的问题进行了分析并提出了解决、改善措施,对优化调整前后锅炉运行的情况进行技术经济浅析,可为提高类似炉型CFB锅炉。     

提高油田燃油(气)锅炉运行效率的措施

文章介绍了油田锅炉运行现状，针对油田锅炉普遍存在的问题，提出了采取燃烧调节、运行参数调节和加强运行管理等措施，提高锅炉运行效率。     

670t/h锅炉排烟温度偏高的原因分析及对策

针对某电厂670t／h锅炉排烟温度偏高问题，进行了详细分析，并提出相应的技术措施。通过对燃烧设备治理，优化运行调整，改造受热面吹灰器，使排烟温度下降25℃左右，机组运行的经济性提高。     

电站锅炉飞灰含碳量的优化控制

利用人工神经网络对锅炉飞灰含碳量进行建模，并采用混合遗传算法与复合形法进行运行工况寻优，获得当前最佳的锅炉燃烧调整方式，这种方法同时解决了锅炉变工况下运行参数基准值的问题。应用该模型对某台300MW四角切圆燃煤电站锅炉的飞灰含碳量进行优化控制研究，其结果可指导运行人员进行参数优化调整，降低锅炉飞灰含碳量，提高燃烧经济性。     

亚临界压力自然循环锅炉超压运行可能性的试验研究

该文介绍了为提高亚临界压力自然循环锅炉运行压力所进行的试验研究分析及设计中的优化，并通过实炉试验，证实亚临界压力自然循环锅炉经优化后，可以提高运行压力。     

循环流化床锅炉运行节能技术的实践

总结了宁波光耀热电厂循环流化床锅炉生产运行中遇到的问题,对解决堵煤、点火及合理控制调整运行等一系列循环流化床锅炉运行中的常见问题进行了详细分析,经过探索和实践。提出优化运行和设备改造方案。通过实施有效的节能措施,提高了循环流化床的效率,达到了节能降耗的效果。     

工业锅炉能效监测方法的研究进展

锅炉能效监测可明确锅炉的运行情况,对能效数据的准确测试可衡量节能技术的效果.阐述了五项监测指标的测试方法,归纳了锅炉热效率测试方法,分析比较了氧量法和常规法在应用中存在的优缺点.通过对能效测试方法的分析明确了锅炉能效的影响因素,可根据影响因素采取优化锅炉运行的措施提高锅炉能效,达到节能降耗的目的.     

藏北高原典型草甸下垫面与HEIFE沙漠区辐射平衡气候学特征对比分析

利用中日合作“全球能量与水分平衡试验一青藏高原季风试验(GAME—Tibet)”和中日合作“黑河地区地一气相互作用野外观测实验研究(HEIFE)”IOP、FOP资料,计算分析了藏北高原典型草甸下垫面安多站和HEIFE沙漠站的辐射平衡各相关特征量时频变化的气候学特征。结果表明：无论是高原安多站还是黑河沙漠站,夏季均出现超太阳常数现象(只是安多更为明显);总辐射、大气逆辐射、地表长波辐射、地表有效辐射和地表辐射平衡等的日变化(晴天)无论是安多站还是沙漠站均表现为早晚出现最小值而正午附近(地方时)达到最大值,而地表反照率的日变化(晴天)相反表现为早晚大而正午附近小的规律;上述各分量均表现有程度不等的季节变化规律：总辐射、大气逆辐射、地表长波辐射和地表辐射平衡均表现为夏半年增大达到最大值百而冬半年降低量出现最小值;另外,大气长波辐射、地表有效辐射和地表反照率在沙漠站的年际变化的振幅较安多站更为显著和有规律。     

Exploration of the land potential for the production of biomass for energy in the Netherlands

The energy potential for energy crops and biomass residues in the Netherlands is assessed. The analysis explores the possible use of land for biomass production in the future. Various government memorandums and analyses of the expected future land use in various sectors have served as the basis for the assessment of the supply of and the demand for land in the future. In this study the potential supply of agricultural land is based on expected productivity increments in agriculture and assumptions with respect to the future demand for agricultural products. Various future claims for infrastructure, forestry, urban areas and nature are subtracted from the expected supply. The net projected supply of land ranges from zero to 52 000 ha in 2000 to 110 000-250 000 ha in 2015. The supply of agricultural land depends however on a number of supra-national factors, such as the European agricultural policy, world market developments and the agricultural production in the countries in Eastern Europe. Uncertainties remain, therefore, and the projected supply of agricultural land should be considered as a possible scenario based on current trends. If the calculated land potential is used for energy crops like miscanthus and short rotation coppice, this land could contribute 0-10 PJ in 2000 and 27-59 PJ in 2015. Secondary biomass yields, such as those from forestry, agricultural residues, wood from prunings, etc., could contribute a further 34 PJ in 2000, decreasing to approximately 28 PJ in 2015. Taken together these potentials could satisfy 1-1.5% of the energy requirements of the Netherlands in 2000 and 1.5-2.5% in 2015, provided that energy farming is an economically feasible activity for farmers.     

葡萄糖在超(近)临界水/甲醇中的稳定性研究

在超(近)临界水/甲醇中分别试验考察了温度、压力、停留时间等参数对葡萄糖稳定性的影响.结果表明:无论在水中还是在甲醇中,温度越高,葡萄糖的稳定性越低,降解速率越高;降解产物5-羟甲基糠醛(HMF)和5-甲基(甲氧基)糠醛(MMF)的选择性随温度的变化存在着最大值.压力对葡萄糖在临界水中转化率的影响不明显,但在超临界甲醇中,葡萄糖的转化率随压力升高而增大,当达到临界压力以后基本不变.HMF和MMF的最大收率都出现在临界压力附近.停留时间越长,葡萄糖在超临界水和甲醇中的转化率越高,HMF的收率和选择性越低,而MMF的最大收率和最高选择性却存在着一个适宜的停留时间.     

氯对连续重整反应的影响

中国石油长庆石化公司60×10^4t／a连续重整装置采用法国AXENS公司连续重整工艺技术．催化剂采用中国石化石油化工科学研究院PS-Ⅵ型连续重整催化剂。装置在运行16个月后,出现重整反应温降逐渐减小,重整生成油辛烷值和芳烃含量下降,苯、液化气和氢产量降低,以及催化剂积炭升高等现象。引起这些现象的原因主要有重整原料性质变化,催化剂硫、氮中毒和催化剂活性下降等。经分析探讨,认为再生催化剂氯含量偏低是造成装置生产和产品质量异常的原因。对重整注氯系统进行检查后,发现再生系统注氯分配器堵塞。无法正常注氯。对再生系统注氯线进行疏通后,操作恢复正常,产品质量好转。在日常生产过程中,可通过加强DCS操作监控力度、提高氧氯化区氧含量和烧焦温度、严格控制催化剂中的氯含量和水含量等措施,保证装置平稳运行。     

A review on deposit formation in the injector of diesel engines running on biodiesel

For the short-term use of diesel engines, biodiesel can provide a comparable engine performance to that of using fossil diesel fuel. However, some arising problems including the reduction of the engine performance, the increase in lacquer deposits, and excessive carbon blacks in the combustion chamber and in the injectors resulting in an increase in the emissions and the damage to the engine have been indicated. Deposits formed inside or outside the injector may have an adverse influence on the engine performance and the fuel injection system. In this study, a review of the formed deposits in the injector of diesel engines fueled with biodiesel was conducted. The physicochemical mechanism of the deposit formation in the injector including injector nozzles, injector holes, and injector tips was mentioned. Moreover, the test-cycles for determining the deposit formation level in the injector were also introduced. Especially, the effects of the key factors such as biodiesel components, temperature, and injector configurations on the formation level of deposits were reviewed, and the utilization of the cativation mechanism in the controlling strategy of the deposits was presented. Besides, the impacts of deposits in the injector on the spray characteristics, combustion, and diesel engine operation process were also referred.     

Hydrogen in China: Policy,program and progress

The paper introduces the role of energy in China economy context, criteria for sustainable development in energy sector, China's hydrogen vision, the role of hydrogen in China's R&D plan, recently launched national programs, and progresses and achievements in research, development and demonstration. The paper concludes that with fast economy development in the new era in China, the energy sector has been confronted with severe challenges in terms of supply security, environment pollution and greenhouse gas emission, and China has attached significant priority on research and development in hydrogen and fuel cell areas, as one of effective counter-measures to address these challenges. Transition to the hydrogen economy in China, a long-term, non-carbon energy solution, is believed to play a significant role, complementary to electricity, in the future sustainable energy system. It is recommended that more priority be attached for R&D in secondary industry, especially the utilization of hydrogen and fuel cell in stationary power generation from coal gasification.     

Prospects and problems for geothermal use in agriculture in Europe

The agricultural uses of geothermal energy were the centre of attention during the initial stages of geothermal direct applications in Europe, e.g. in Hungary, Macedonia, Bulgaria, Serbia. The focus now seems to be on district heating systems, integrated systems, large balneological/tourist centres, etc. This paper analyses the problems involved in the development of agricultural uses in different regions of Europe and how this sector can be promoted. An analysis of the situation in Europe and in Hungary, Macedonia and Greece, in particular, has revealed different requirements and potentials, different combinations of influencing factors, and the need for different development strategies. It is, however, clear from this analysis that the agricultural uses of geothermal energy are not in collision with modern trends in direct geothermal developments in Europe. On the contrary, they can improve the economic aspects of any district heating or integrated system by offering excellent possibilities for cascade use of the geothermal water and combinations of users with different day/night and seasonal heat requirements.     

中国光伏产业2020年回顾与2021年展望

受新冠肺炎疫情的影响,2020年全球经济倒退,然而在此形势下,我国光伏产业却逆流而上,取得了令人瞩目的成就,保持并延续了多项世界第一.首先,从应用市场实现恢复性增长、产业规模持续扩大、光伏产品出口稳中有增、技术创新活跃,以及光伏发电中标电价与光伏发电成本持续下降等方面对2020年我国光伏产业的发展形势进行了回顾;其次,...     

页岩气开发现状及成功开发页岩气的关键因素

介绍页岩气的性质、特点、全球分布情况以及国内外勘探开发现状,世界范围内,泥、页岩约占全部沉积岩的60%,页岩气资源前景巨大。全球页岩气资源量为456.24×1012m3,主要分布在北美、中亚和中国、拉美、中东、北非以及前苏联地区等。我国页岩气可采资源量约为26×1012m3,与美国大致相当。在目前的经济技术条件下,页岩气是天然气工业化勘探的重要领域和目标。北美油气生产商把页岩气藏作为重要天然气开发目标,并且取得了巨大成功。通过对北美页岩气藏的深入研究并系统总结其勘探开发历史与成功经验,认为其有效勘探开发的关键在于有政策引导和水平井、水力压裂等先进钻、完井技术的成功应用。我国页岩气资源潜力很大,但我国对页岩气的研究与勘探开发尚处于探索阶段。从勘探技术、钻井技术、开发技术和政策支持四方面论述了页岩气开发的难点和技术对策,提出了国内页岩气成功开发的工作思路,对国内开展相关技术的研究有一定的指导意义。