Conductance behavior of lithium soaps in aqueous methanol

Conductance behavior of lithium soaps (abietate, oleate, and myristate) has been used to evaluate the true dissociation constant, limiting molar conductance, and thermodynamic parameters (viz., enthalpy, free energy, and entropy changes) for dissociation. The soaps behave as week electrolytes in mixtures, and the Debye-Huckel-Onsagar equation is not applicable for these soap solutions.     

Comparative value of fatty acids and resin acids of tall oil in soaps

Summary A study has been made of the detergency and foaming power of soaps made from a typical acid-refined American tall oil. Sodium soap of tall oil, straight tall oil fatty-acid soap, and straight tall oil resin-acid soap were evaluated. The effect of fatty acid-resin acid ratio was determined by using mixtures of those soaps. Sodium rosinate, sodium oleate, and mixtures of these soaps were used as comparison standards. Curves plotted show wash-test data and foaming values as functions of the ratio of fatty soap to resin soap. The data indicate in terms of detergency: a) tall oil soap has a higher value than sodium rosinate; b) sodium oleate is better than tall oil fatty-acid soap, but the latter is approximately equivalent to soaps from various unsaturated vegetable oils; c) both tall oil resin-acid soap and rosin soap have low detergency on cotton; d) the detergency of most mixtures of tall oil fatty-acid and resin-acid soaps at lower concentrations is greater than would be predicted from the individual soaps, indicating a synergistic effect. As a rough approximation, tall oil soap without unsaponifiables is equivalent to a corresponding mixture of sodium oleate and sodium rosinate. The presence of unsaponifiables lowers both detergency and foaming. Tall oil soap is somewhat less sensitive to hard water than sodium oleate. Significant differences between detergencies of soaps, and especially between soap mixtures, are obscured when launderometer tests are run at moderate soap concentrations. These differences are readily detected at lower concentrations. Presented at 113th meeting of the American Chemical Society, Chicago, Ill., April 14–23, 1948.     

The solubility of sodium and potassium soaps and the phase diagrams of aqueous potassium soaps

Summary Solubility data are provided and collected for the pure sodium and potassium soaps. Hydrolysis obscures the temperatures of solution but is obviated by the presence of a small excess of alkali. Each sodium soap has a large range of temperature between fair and high solubility, whereas the potassium soaps go abruptly into solution, at almost the same temperature and concentration of each soap. The only soaps that are even moderately soluble at room temperature are potassium laurate, myristate, and oleate, the potassium salt of acids from coconut oil, and the sodium oleate. The other sodium and potassium soaps of the saturated fatty acids require elevated temperatures for solution. Phase diagrams for the five commonest potassium soaps are developed and recorded. This work was the basis of a thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science, Stanford University, 1947.     

Detergent action of rosin soaps and fatty acid — Rosin soaps

Summary A method for evaluating the detergent action of soaps has been described and applied to a series of soap solutions. The detergent action of rosin soaps, the effect of compounds present in soap or used with soap on the detergent action of a rosin soap, and the effect of rosin soap on the detergent action of tallow soap have been tested. The effect of temperature on the detergent action of some of the detergent solutions has also been determined. The results of these detergent tests on rosin, fatty acid and fatty acid-rosin soaps indicated the following: (1) Rosin soaps made from different gum rosins, produced from longleaf and slash pine gums, have equal detergent action; (2) The presence of soaps of oxidized rosin acids has no effect on detergent action of the rosin soap; (3) The detergent action of soaps made from pyroabietic acid, abietic acid and hydrogenated rosin parallels their ability to lower the surface tension of water and the amount of hydrogen present in the rosin acids; (4) The addition of builders that increase the alkalinity of the rosin soap solution improves the detergent action of the solution; (5) The blending of rosin soap with tallow soap improves the detergent action of the tallow soap in solutions having a soap concentration of 0.25 percent or more; (6) Temperature affects the detergent action of rosin and coconut oil soaps more than tallow soap.     

9,10,12,13-四羟基硬脂酸钠在低温硬质水及中性pH条件下的特异性能

以天然亚油酸为原料,经氧化水解制备得到9,10,12,13-四羟基硬脂酸(THSA),采用FTIR、ESI-MS和1HNMR表征了THSA的结构。测定了THSA的钠皂9,10,12,13-四羟基硬脂酸钠(STHS)的克拉夫特点、钙离子稳定性、钙皂分散剂消耗量、表面张力、临界胶束浓度和泡沫性能,并与对照物亚油酸、油酸及硬脂酸的钠皂进行比较。结果表明,STHS具有其他脂肪酸钠皂不具备的优秀钙皂分散性能和钙离子稳定性,并在低温和中性条件下显示出更好的水溶性。STHS不仅克服了普通脂肪酸钠皂不耐硬水和中性条件下溶解性差两大共同缺陷,也克服了饱和脂肪酸钠皂低温溶解性差以及不饱和脂肪酸钠皂易氧化酸败的缺点,因此,STHS具有在中性皂、低温皂和抗硬水皂配方中用作新皂基表面活性剂的潜质。     

Phase boundaries in ternary systems of sodium oleate,compared with other soaps

Summary 1. The boundaries of isotropic solutions of sodium oleate containing salt have been determined over a series of temperatures. Prolonged heating in glass tubes alters sodium oleate solutions, rendering the soap less soluble. 2. It is found that when sodium silicate replaces sodium chloride in the same percentage by weight the sodium oleate is not salted out, but tends on cooling to set to a clear jelly. 3. The phase boundaries for soap solutions containing chloride have been assembled and recalculated to the same units for comparison with each other and with the results for soaps made from a few single commercial oils and fats. In spite of its solubility in water, sodium oleate is readily salted out by electrolytes. 4. The effect of small amounts of salt such as are retained in commercial soap systems upon the boundaries of the strict binary phase diagram have been determined.     

Mixtures of soap and a commercial alkyl aryl sulfonate

Summary This middle ground between the soaps and synthetics has not been actively exploited in spite of the intense current interest in the straight products. It has been a no man's land where the manufacturers of synthetic detergents have carefully avoided soap, which they regard as outside of their field, while many manufacturers of soap have been indifferent to the effect of the synthetic detergents. In spite of this general indifference work has been done on both sides of the fence with a continually increasing use of the mixtures. Where mixtures have been ready-made, the soap manufacturers have been largely responsible for their manufacture. Commercial mixtures of soaps and synthetics have been sold where synthetic detergents have been found to improve soap for specific uses. This trend is certain to expand. The present success should encourage further research and development commensurate with the increasing commercial importance of the products. Presented at the annual fall meeting, American Oil Chemists' Society, Oct. 31, Nov. 1–3, 1949, Chicago, Ill.     

Determination of Critical Micelle Concentration of copper soaps in non-aqueous solvents

The critical micelle concentration (C.M.C.) for copper soaps has been determined from studies of density, viscosity and surface tension of non-aqueous solutions of copper soaps. The C.M.C. values depend on the nature of the solvent and the values are higher in alcohols than in hydrocarbons. The plots of density, viscosity, specific viscosity and surface tension against the soap concentration are characterised by an intersection of two straight lines at a definite soap concentration which corresponds to the C.M.C. of the soaps.     

Some problems involved in the water wash of neutralized vegetable oils

Summary An investigation of the removal of soap from neutralized vegetable oils by washing with water has shown that some oils are obtained practically soap-free after only one water wash whereas the soap in other oils cannot be removed even by repeated washing. Coconut, palm, and olive oils are easily washed whereas linseed and rapeseed oils are not. Peanut, sunflowerseed, soybean, and cottonseed oils are sometimes washable and sometimes not. With unwashable oils different methods for soap determination give inconsistent results because calcium and magnesium soaps, or other naturally-occurring compounds of these metals, are not determined to the same extent by these methods. Calcium and magnesium in the crude oils are probably combined with phosphatides or other lipids and remain to some extent in this state after neutralization. Calcium and magnesium present as soaps or as any other compound may be detected easily in crude, neutralized, and washed oils by the titration method of Wolff. Washability of neutralized oils may be improved in a number of ways; the most efficient is pre-treatment with concentrated phosphoric acid or re-refining with a mixture of sodium hydroxide and sodium carbonate. Either of these treatments can be applied in batch or continuous refining processes. To prevent contamination of washable oils with calcium and magnesium, soft water should be used for washing and in preparation of refining solutions.     

The separation of solid fatty acids from liquid fatty acids by the formation of acid soaps. I. Tallow soaps

The formation of acid soaps has been used successfully for the separation of a mixture of fatty acids into high and low iodine value fractions. The acid soaps of saturated acid can be made to crystallize from water leaving their unsaturated counter parts in solution. Acid soaps of saturated fatty acids are well characterized compounds with the formula R-COOM.R-COOH, where R is a straight alkyl chain, and M is sodium, potassium or ammonium. Optimum crystallization conditions involve a soap concentration of 2–5%, pH adjustment to between 7.0 and 8.0, an initial crystallization temperature not below 25C, and a crystallization period of at least 4 hr during which time cooling to a final temperature of 5–10C must be gradual, and agitation gentle.     

Solubility of cobalt complex soaps using Co58 as radiotracer

The solubility of cobalt dichloro tetrammine soaps in aqueous and non-aqueous solvents has been determined by using Co⁵⁸ as a tracer. The soaps have been found to be relatively more soluble when compared with simple cobalt soaps and cobalt hexammine soaps. The results are interpreted in terms of weaker polar interactions between the ionic groups of soaps. The solubility data in benzene, toluene and m-xylene has also been used to calculate the critical solution temperature and critical micelle concentration values of the soaps. It has been found that the higher the solubility of the soap, the lower is its critical solution temperature and the higher is its critical micelle concentration in a solvent.     

Foaming properties of rosin soap and their comparison with those of fatty acid soaps

Summary The foam production of soaps made from rosin, modified rosins, and rosin acids were evaluated. The foam production of rosin soaps was compared with soaps made from the individual fatty acids. There was no difference in the foaming properties of soaps made from longleaf and slash pine rosin. Oxidation of the unstable rosin acids in rosin caused the foaming properties of the rosin soap to become more nearly proportional to the concentration. The more hydrogen present in the rosin acid molecule the greater were the foaming properties of the rosin soap. At temperatures between 200° C. and 275° C., the lower the temperature employed for producing pyroabietic acid catalytically, the greater were the foaming properties of the pyroabietic acid soap. There was a difference in the foaming properties of commercial stabilized rosins. In foaming properties the soaps made from rosins, modified rosins, and rosin acids were more like sodium laurate than the other individual fatty acid soaps tested. The author wishes to express his indebtedness to to Dr. G. S. Jamieson and W. G. Rose of the Agricultural Chemical Research Division for the pure lauric, myristic, palmitic and stearic acid used in this study.     

Wirksamkeit von Kalkseifendispergatoren in Stückseifen

Efficacy of Lime Soap Dispersion Agents in Bar Soaps The efficacy of surfactant-like lime soap dispersing agents was determined by means of the scattering light method (forward scattering). According to this, the stabilization of colloidal lime soap dispersions is measurd, i. e., the delay of agglomeration in the μm-range and of flocculation of lime soaps by lime soap dispersing agents. The scattering light intensity versus time behaviour of lime soap dispersions correlates with gradings from visual judgements usually made in application tests for bar soaps. The efficacy of lime soap dispersing agents of different chemical constitution as well as the influence of functional groups on the efficacy have been investigated.     

Direct determination of sodium in soybean oil by flame photometry

The correlation of sodium content of alkalirefined soybean oil with the soap content of the oil has been widely accepted by oil processors. We have found that this sodium content can be determined by aspiration of an oil solvent solution directly into a flame emission spectrophotometer. The intensity of the sodium flame emission produced from the oil solution was compared with that from oil standards containing known amounts of sodium soaps. To prepare standards, sodium oleate was dissolved in ethylene glycol followed by the addition of a solvent and soybean oil containing low sodium of known amount; this solution aspirated at a rapid, constant rate. The method is capable of determining sodium at a lower limit of 0.1 ppm with accuracy comparable to that of neutron activation analysis. Presented at the AOCS Meeting in Minneapolis, October 5, 1969.     

The hydrolysis of soap solutions. III. Values of pH and the absence of fatty acid as free liquid or solid

Summary The pH of the laurates, myristates, palmitates, and stearates of sodium and potassium at 25° and 50°C. was determined by use of a glass electrode. pH:concentration curves were constructed, and hydroxyl ion activity was calculated. In general, the concentration of hydroxyl ion ranges from 0.001 to 0.0001 N; for the less dilute solutions of the higher soaps, the upper limit is exceeded by several fold, and in the more dilute solutions the concentration may fall beneath the lower value. Solubilized hexane reduced the pH of potassium and sodium laurate but very slightly. Potassium or sodium chloride reduced the pH of soap solutions over a certain range but caused a slight increase in a narrow intermediate range. Using the pH values obtained, the actual concentration of fatty acid in the soap solutions was calculated, and was found to beless than the saturation concentrations obtained by conductivity measurements through the entire range investigated. Free fatty acid therefore never separates as such from pure soap solutions unless acted upon by excess of acid such as carbon dioxide. Percentage hydrolysis was calculated and curves were constructed. In general, the potassium soaps are hydrolyzed more than the corresponding sodium soaps; the difference is slight for the laurates but is considerably greater for the myristates, palmitates, and stearates in higher concentrations at 25°C. The difference is appreciably smaller at 50° than at 25°. Percentage hydrolysis for the laurates is very much less than for the higher soaps.     

Automatische Seifenverpackung mit dekorativer Dehnfolie

Automatic Packaging of Soap in Decorative Elastic Foils Industrial production of luxury soaps requires a packaging which is befitting to the value of the product. A prerequisite for this is that the soap pieces must be handled carefully during packaging. For this purpose a fully automatic machine has been developed, which can be used in conjunction with elastic foils that are suitable for packaging the sensitive soaps with complex forms. The packaging machine can be adapted to various types of soap pieces and have an hourly capacity of up to 1500 pieces. The machine can also be equipped with accessories, such as labelling device and automatic transport. Only a single person is needed to operate the machine. Thus, considerable saving of personnel cost is possible.     

无毒金属皂间协同热稳定效果的研究

通过静态刚果红法、热烘法来研究锌皂与各种不同金属皂间的协同热稳定效果。研究结果表明：初期型锌皂与其它长期型金属皂复合能显著改善初期热烘变色,表现良好协同稳定作用;新型锌的热稳定时间是硬脂酸锌的两倍,采用新型锌的复合皂的热稳定性能均比采用硬脂酯锌的复合皂明显提高,其中新型锌与硬脂酸钙的复合皂热稳定性能最好。     

表面活性剂复配体系的分析

介绍了一种使用经典的分析技术定量测定液体皂、皂胶、洗衣皂及香皂中存在的皂类、脂肪酸、非离子表面活性剂及除肥皂以外的阴离子表面活性剂和两性表面活性剂混合物的分析方法。这种方法克服了分析混合表面活性剂系统时常常会碰到的问题。     

C-21 dicarboxylic acids in soap and detergent applications

A unique polycarboxylic acid, 5(6)-carboxy-4-hexyl-2-cyclohexene-1-octanoic acid, has been available commercially for over 15 years. A new high-purity (>97%), light-color version of the C-21 dicarboxylic acid has been developed recently. Soaps of the C-21 dicarboxylic acid can be used as hydrotropes to increase the solubility of nonionic surfactants in aqueous solutions containing builders and/or anionic surfactants. Since these soaps are anionic fatty acid derivatives, they reduce the surface tensions of formulations, thus improving detergency. The nontoxic and biodegradable nature of this dicarboxylic acid makes it an attractive formulation component. This paper outlines application evaluations of the soaps prepared from the C-21 dicarboxylic acids. These evaluations demonstrate how the soaps interact with nonionic surfactants or pine oil to provide clear formulations, how they wet cotton skeins in neutral to highly alkaline solutions, and how they inhibit gel formation when preparing high-solids fatty acid soap solutions. Furthermore, the preparation and characterization of the soaps of the C-21 dicarboxylic acid products are discussed. Mass-balance equations describe the preparation of aqueous soap solutions at any given concentration. Characterization of the resulting soap solutions includes acid number, pH, color, color stability, foam stability, surface tension as a function of concentration, and hard-water compatibility.     

皂基在洗涤剂中的应用

皂基是一种最常用的表面活性剂,常在洗涤行业中被用作洗涤剂的活性组分,同时也是一种常用的控泡剂。通过在洗涤剂中添加几种不同的皂来研究皂的加入是否对体系的使用性能产生影响。结果表明,不同皂的抑制泡沫的性能大不相同,并且在洗涤剂中加入皂能显著减少洗衣后的漂洗次数,极大地节省了水资源。