Detection and classification of power quality disturbances using S-transform and modular neural network

This paper presents an S-transform based modular neural network (NN) classifier for recognition of power quality disturbances. The excellent time—frequency resolution characteristics of the S-transform makes it an attractive candidate for the analysis of power quality (PQ) disturbances under noisy condition and has the ability to detect the disturbance correctly. On the other hand, the performance of wavelet transform (WT) degrades while detecting and localizing the disturbances in the presence of noise. Features extracted by using the S-transform are applied to a modular NN for automatic classification of the PQ disturbances that solves a relatively complex problem by decomposing it into simpler subtasks. Modularity of neural network provides better classification, model complexity reduction and better learning capability, etc. Eleven types of PQ disturbances are considered for the classification. The simulation results show that the combination of the S-transform and a modular NN can effectively detect and classify different power quality disturbances.     

基于S变换和扩张神经网络的电能质量扰动分类

提出了一种基于S变换和扩张神经网络的电能质量扰动分类方法。首先使用S变换对扰动信号进行时频分析,研究了在有多种扰动同时发生的情况下,从S变换的结果中提取扰动特征量的方法,得到了由基频特征矢量、高频特征矢量、相位特征矢量组成的特征矢量组。最后,将提取出来的扰动特征矢量组送入由扩张神经网络构建的分类器中,完成对扰动的分类。扩张神经网络以扩张距离代替欧氏距离来衡量测试数据与聚类中心的相似度,分类正确率高、结构简单、训练快速。仿真结果表明,该方法能准确地对扰动进行分类,对噪声不敏感。     

Detection and classification of single and combined power quality disturbances using fuzzy systems oriented by particle swarm optimization algorithm

In this paper, a new approach for the detection and classification of single and combined power quality (PQ) disturbances is proposed using fuzzy logic and a particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. In the proposed method, suitable features of the waveform of the PQ disturbance are first extracted. These features are extracted from parameters derived from the Fourier and wavelet transforms of the signal. Then, the proposed fuzzy system classifies the type of PQ disturbances based on these features. The PSO algorithm is used to accurately determine the membership function parameters for the fuzzy systems. To test the proposed approach, the waveforms of the PQ disturbances were assumed to be in the sampled form. The impulse, interruption, swell, sag, notch, transient, harmonic, and flicker are considered as single disturbances for the voltage signal. In addition, eight possible combinations of single disturbances are considered as the PQ combined types. The capability of the proposed approach to identify these PQ disturbances is also investigated, when white Gaussian noise, with various signal to noise ratio (SNR) values, is added to the waveforms. The simulation results show that the average rate of correct identification is about 96% for different single and combined PQ disturbances under noisy conditions.     

基于小波和神经网络的电能质量辨识方法

本文提出一种新的基于小波和神经网络技术的电能质量辨识方法。对各种电能质量信号进行时域、频域和幅值分析,并从小波变换结果中提取与信号时域、频域和幅值量相关的几个特征量来表征不同电能质量信号。将这些特征量作为神经网络的输入可以实现电能质量的辨识。计算结果表明该方法的有效性和准确性。     

Wavelet-based feature extraction and selection for classification of power system disturbances using support vector machines

This paper presents a new approach for the classification of the power system disturbances using support vector machines (SVMs). The proposed approach is carried out at three serial stages. Firstly, the features to be form the SVM classifier are obtained by using the wavelet transform and a few different feature extraction techniques. Secondly, the features exposing the best classification accuracy of these features are selected by a feature selection technique called as sequential forward selection. Thirdly, the best appropriate input vector for SVM classifier is rummaged. The input vector is started with the first best feature and incrementally added the chosen features. After the addition of each feature, the performance of the SVM is evaluated. The kernel and penalty parameters of the SVM are determined by cross-validation. The parameter set that gives the smallest misclassification error is retained. Finally, both the noisy and noiseless signals are applied to the classifier given above stages. Experimental results indicate that the proposed classifier is robust and has more high classification accuracy with regard to the other approaches in the literature for this problem.     

Novel power quality indices based on wavelet packet transform for non-stationary sinusoidal and non-sinusoidal disturbances

High power quality (PQ) level represents one of the main objectives towards smart grid. The currently used PQIs that are a measure of the PQ level are defined under the umbrella of the Fourier foundation that produces unrealistic results in case of non-stationary PQ disturbances. In order to accurately measure those indices, wavelet packet transform (WPT) is used in this paper to reformulate the recommended PQIs and hence benefiting from the WPT capabilities in accurately analyzing non-stationary waveforms and providing a uniform time–frequency sub-bands leading to reduced size of the data to be processed which is a necessity to facilitate the implementation of smart grid. Numerical examples’ results considering non-stationary waveforms prove the suitability of the WPT for PQIs measurement; also the results indicate that Daubechies 10 could be the best candidate wavelet basis function that could provide acceptable accuracy while requiring less number of wavelet coefficients and hence reducing the data size. Moreover, a new time–frequency overall and node crest factors are introduced in this paper. The new node crest factor is able to determine the node or the sub-band that is responsible for the largest impact which could not be achieved using traditional approaches.     

Study of a new method for power system transients classification based on wavelet entropy and neural network

The detection and classification of transient signals are widely applied in many fields of power system. The study of transient signal detection and classification is a sustaining focus of researchers as well as a difficult issue. There are still many problems needed to be solved in this area. Based on the wavelet transform (WT), the idea of entropy and weight coefficient is introduced, and the wavelet energy entropy (WEE) and wavelet entropy weight (WEW) are defined in this paper. The distribution picture of WEE and WEW along with scales are presented for the first time. PSCAD/EMTDC models for six types of transients, namely breaker switching, capacitor switching, short circuit fault, primary arc, lightning disturbance and lightning strike fault, are constructed. With WEE and WEW, the eigenvectors for the six transients are established and a model which uses the eigenvectors as the input of the BP (back-propagation) neural network is set up to realize the classification of these transients. The simulation has been executed based on a 500 kV transmission line model in China and the results show that feature extraction based on WEE and WEW can effectively discover the useful local features. With the help of neural network classifier, it has effective classifying result. This method is applicable in the power system.     

基于改进多层前馈神经网络的电能质量扰动分类

电能质量扰动分类是电能质量控制的重要工作之一,主要工作包括信号特征提取和分类器构造两个阶段。采用S变换与改进的多层前馈神经网络相结合,提出一种新的电能质量扰动分类方法。首先利用S变换对原始数据进行处理,提取具有代表性的4类典型特征以表征不同种类的扰动类型的特性,之后使用拟牛顿法和自适应因子改进传统的多层前馈神经网络,将特征作为改进的多层前馈神经网络的输入向量,实现自动的分类识别。实验表明,新方法减少了噪声对分类准确率的影响,学习能力强,能够有效的识别电压暂降、电压瞬升、电压中断、暂态震荡、谐波等5种电能扰动。     

基于小波变换和神经网络的暂态电能质量扰动自动识别

针对短时电能质量变化和暂态扰动现象的不同特点,提出了一种暂态电能质量分类的新方法。先提取基波频段所在的小波系数将电压凹陷、电压凸起和电压中断分别检测出来;然后将小波包分解结果中的最佳子空间的熵值作为特征量,结合人工神经网络区分暂态脉冲和振荡。该方法利用小波和小波包各自的时频分解特点,实现了暂态电能质量扰动的自动检测和分类。经仿真分析,验证了此方法的准确性和高效性。     

Detection and Classification of Voltage Disturbances in Electrical Power Systems using a Modified Euclidean ARTMAP Neural Network with Continuous Training

This article presents a method to detect and classify voltage disturbances in electric power distribution systems using a modified Euclidean ARTMAP neural network with continuous training. This decision-making tool accelerates the procedures to restore the normal operation conditions providing security, reliability, and profits to utilities. Furthermore, it allows the diagnosis system to adapt to changes from the constant evolution of the electric system. The voltage signals features or signatures are extracted using discrete wavelet transform, multiresolution analysis, and the energy concept. Results show that the proposed methodology is robust and efficient, providing a fast diagnosis process. The data set used to validate the proposal is obtained by simulations in a real distribution system using ATP software.     

基于小波和神经网络的电能质量扰动信号数据压缩

在小波变换数据压缩方法和神经网络数据压缩技术的基础上,提出了将小波和神经网络应用于电能质量扰动信号数据压缩的方法。利用小波时域和频域的双重分辨率和神经网络的非线性函数逼近能力,以压缩比、均方误差为压缩效果的评价指标,对实际扰动信号进行数据压缩。采用样条小波和径向基神经网络数据压缩方法,以一个实例,给出了电能质量扰动信号的压缩仿真过程,给出了各类(电压凹陷、突起、尖峰、闪变及瞬态振荡)电能质量扰动信号的仿真分析结果。结果表明,该电能质量扰动信号数据压缩方法,压缩后得到的均方误差为-16.1397 dB,压缩效果良好。     

A novel wavelet transform based voltage sag/swell detection algorithm

This paper proposes a novel sag/swell detection algorithm based on wavelet transform (WT) operating even in the presence of flicker and harmonics in source voltage. The developed algorithm is the hybrid of Daubechies wavelets of order 2 (db2) and order 8 (db8) to detect voltage sag/swell with and without positive/negative phase jumps. The hybrid detection algorithm can detect the start and end times of voltage sag/swell with and without phase jumps within 0.5 ms and 1.15 ms, respectively. The performance of the proposed voltage sag/swell detection method is compared with the results of dq-transformation, Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and Enhanced Phase Locked Loop (EPLL) based voltage sag/swell detection methods. The good robustness and faster processing time to detect balanced and unbalanced voltage sag/swell are provided using proposed method. With the proposed hybrid detection algorithm consisting of db2 and db8 wavelet functions, a robust sag/swell detection is achieved which can give precise and quick response. The performance of proposed hybrid algorithm is validated and confirmed through simulation studies using the PSCAD/EMTDC analysis program.     

基于GAF与卷积神经网络的电能质量扰动分类

针对在设计电能质量扰动(Power Quality Disturbance, PQD)分类器时人工选取特征过程繁琐并且不够精确的问题,提出一种基于格拉姆角场(Gramian Angular Field, GAF)和卷积神经网络(Convolutional Neural Network, CNN)的PQD分类方法。首先将一维PQD信号映射为二维图像,接着在已有的神经网络基础上构造适用于PQD分类的网络框架。最后将二维图像作为输入,CNN将自动从海量的扰动样本中提取特征并加以分类。仿真结果表明该方法在噪声数据中具有良好的分类性能,是一种行之有效的PQD分类方法。     

基于卷积-长短期记忆网络的电能质量扰动分类

为了提高电能质量扰动分类准确率,针对扰动信号时序性的特点,采用了基于卷积-长短期记忆网络的电能质量扰动分类方法。首先,将扰动信号进行采样作为输入。然后,通过卷积神经网络(CNN)提取特征数据,再对提取到的特征数据以序列的形式作为长短期记忆网络(LSTM)的输入,对特征数据进行筛选更新。最后,再对输出的特征数据进行学习分类。仿真结果显示,该方法对电能质量扰动信号的平均分类准确率为99.6%,优于单一的CNN法和单一的LSTM法。     

采用小波变换检测和定位电能质量扰动

从小波变换能够突出信号局部特征的特性出发,探讨了多尺度小波变换模极大值与信号突变点之间的关系,分析了对电网电压跌落及周期脉冲等典型电能质量扰动进行检测与定位的方法。为验证方法的有效性,进行了相应的仿真研究。结果证实了小波变换能更精确地检测和定位电能质量扰动。     

基于BP神经网络群的中压配电网电压降落估算

对影响农村中压电网电压降落的因素进行了分析,利用神经网络具有自学习、联想记忆功能以及逼近任意非线性映射的能力,提出了基于BP神经网络群的中压电网电压降落估算方法。为解决由于样本多、分类空间复杂而易导致网络不容易收敛的问题,采用分层的BP网络群结构,将样本分类,由各BP子网进行单类样本训练,完成对样本的并行训练及测试。该方法依据电压降落影响因素及实际电网结构参数,确定神经网络输入输出特征量;按照线路负荷分布类型将样本分类,减小了BP网络训练复杂度;根据样本误差和误差变化调整学习率和冲量因子,提高了BP网络学习效率。实际算例结果验证了所提出方法的有效性和可行性。     

基于时域、小波变换和FFT的电能质量扰动识别

利用时域均方根值电压变动特性、小波变换及FFT变换对多种电能质量扰动信号进行分层次辨识。首先根据扰动信号均方根值分布特性将扰动初步分类,随后对扰动信号多尺度小波分析,确定具体的扰动类型。对陷波和谐波应用其频谱特性进行区分。仿真试验结果表明了该方法的可行性、有效性和较强的抗噪性。     

电力系统谐波的检测分析方法的发展

介绍了电力系统目前已有的谐波检测方法,叙述了傅立叶变换、小波变换、瞬时无功功率理论和神经网络等谐波检测新方法的发展现状,讲述了目前已有的谐波检测实现技术,分析了谐波检测方法与实现技术的发展趋势。     

A real-time classification method of power quality disturbances

This paper describes a real-time classification method of power quality (PQ) disturbances. With an acceptable computation burden, both the elementary parameters of the power signal and the types of the disturbances in the power signal are obtained easily. The proposed method addresses the selection of discriminative features for detection and classification of PQ disturbances. Five distinguished time-frequency statistical features of PQ disturbances are extracted using RMS (root-mean-square) method and discrete Fourier transform (DFT). Using a rule-based decision tree (RBDT), the nine types of PQ disturbances can be recognized easily and there is no need to use other complicated classifiers. Finally, the proposed method is tested using the simulated waveforms. And some preliminary experimental results of the accuracy characterization of an initial development instrument are reported. The simulation and application results validate the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed method.