低渗透突出煤的瓦斯渗流规律研究

 为了解低渗透突出煤体的瓦斯渗流规律,利用自行研制的煤岩体三轴渗透仪,在不同轴压和围压条件下,对以南桐矿区矿井低渗透突出煤层的原煤而制备的试样采用稳态渗流法进行瓦斯渗流试验;比较传统的渗透率计算方法与考虑瓦斯渗流的Klinkenberg效应的渗透率拟合方法在低渗透煤体渗流试验数据处理中的差异。研究结果表明：(1) 低渗透煤体中的瓦斯渗流具有显著的Klinkenberg效应;(2) 对于低渗透煤体,Klinkenberg系数b值与煤体的绝对渗透率呈显著的幂函数关系,而煤体的绝对渗透率与体积应力呈显著的二次多项式函数关系;(3) Klinkenberg系数b值随着煤体绝对渗透率的降低而逐渐增大,煤体的绝对渗透率随着煤体体积应力的增大而逐渐降低;(4) 采用考虑瓦斯渗流的Klinkenberg效应的渗透率拟合方法处理试验数据所得到的结果更为合理;(5) 试验得到的煤体渗透率表达式反映了瓦斯压力和应力对瓦斯渗流的共同作用,能很好地模拟低渗透煤层的瓦斯渗流。     

应力-损伤-渗流耦合模型及在深部煤层瓦斯卸压实践中的应用

根据瓦斯渗流与煤体变形的基本理论,引入煤体变形过程中应力、损伤与透气性演化的耦合作用方程,建立了含瓦斯煤岩破裂过程固气耦合作用模型。应用该模型模拟分析了深部采动影响下瓦斯抽放过程中煤层透气性的演化和抽放孔周围瓦斯压力的变化规律,认清了开采卸压瓦斯瞬态渗流的力学机制。模拟结果表明,采动影响使得处于其上部67m的煤层卸压,透气系数增大了2000多倍,卸压范围70m左右,同现场实际观测结果比较吻合。这对于进一步深入理解开采过程远程卸压瓦斯渗透性的演化、瓦斯抽放渗流的机制具有重要的理论和实践意义。     

煤体双重孔隙瓦斯双渗流模型及无因次解算

 考虑瓦斯在煤层中的解吸、放散与渗流,利用达西定律分别描述煤基质与裂隙内的瓦斯运移,以煤基质与裂隙之间的传质通量为桥梁,发展煤体双重孔隙瓦斯双渗流模型,推导无因次模型,并运用有限差分法进行编程解算。结果表明：瓦斯压力、含量在裂隙内的下降速度要远大于煤基质;基质空间内瓦斯压力及含量的分布具有非均匀性及非稳态性;增大裂隙渗透性或煤层瓦斯压力,或减小煤壁表面瓦斯压力,均能导致瓦斯涌出速度的增大;煤体游离瓦斯含量对瓦斯涌出速度影响较小。结合潘一矿煤层瓦斯参数,对比模拟结果和实测数据,验证了煤体双重孔隙瓦斯双渗流模型的正确性。     

Numerical investigation of coal and gas outbursts in underground collieries

Coal and gas outbursts are a complex catastrophic unstable phenomenon that involve the ejection of large volumes of coal, and are often accompanied by gas, such as methane, carbon dioxide or a mixture of the two. Coal and gas outbursts are prevalent in deep and gassy mines where face advance rates are rapid, and where gas drainage is either poor or absent. The occurrence of progressively larger coal and gas outbursts, and the potential for the catastrophic collapse of coal pillars, is of increasing importance as mining is extended deeper in seams rich in methane and other hydrocarbons. A unique coupled gas flow and solid deformation numerical model, viz., RFPA^2D-GasFlow, has been developed and is applied to simulate the evolutionary process of such catastrophic coal failures in underground collieries. The finite element model, which incorporates the physics of gas flow in the coal seam, the physics of coal deformation and instantaneous failure, and the cross-couplings between them, is proposed. The model also incorporates small-scale variability in deformation modulus and strength of the coal and surrounding rock. The variability in modulus and strength is distributed via a fine-scale resolution model according to the Weibull distribution, where the distribution parameter determines the level of heterogeneity. This numerical model is applied to simulate the whole process of coal and gas outbursts, including stress concentration, coal fracturing, gas pressure-driven expansion, and outburst. The instantaneous outburst process and associated stress fields, gas pressure gradients and displacement vectors are presented step by step. The numerical simulations indicate that the instantaneous outburst is a complex phenomenon involving interactions between gas pressure, stress and the physico-mechanical properties of the coal, and it can occur under a variety of conditions. Successful numerical simulation of the whole coal and gas outburst process provides the basis for identifying the outburst mechanisms, parameterizing the causative processes, and to defining potential precursors of failure.     

煤层气越流固-气耦合模型及可视化模拟研究

应用煤岩体变形与煤层气（瓦斯）越流相互作用的新观点，研究了双层系统煤层气越流运移的机理。在地球物理场作用下，双层系统煤层气越流实质上是可压缩性气体在各向异性且非均质的孔隙与裂隙双重可变形介质中的渗透与扩散的混合非稳定流动过程。依据这一新认识，建立了双层系统煤层气越流与煤岩弹性变形的固-气耦合数学模型，并应用该耦合模型于邻近层煤层气涌出的可视化数值模拟实例中。经实测结果验证，该固．气耦合模型是符合实际的；同时，应用三维数值场计算机模拟技术，直观地再现了煤层气越流场与煤岩体变形场耦合效应的宏观变化特征，为地下煤层气越流场中邻近层煤层气涌出的预测和控制提供了可行的新方法。     

A fully coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical model for simulating multiphase flow,deformation and heat transfer in buffer material and rock masses

This paper presents a numerical method for modeling coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical processes of geomaterials with multiphase fluid flow. A FEM code has been developed and validated for modeling the behavior of porous geological media, and is equally applicable for modeling coupled THM processes in rocks. The governing equations are based on the theory of mixtures applied to the multiphysics of porous media, considering solid phase deformation, multiphase fluid flow, and heat transport. New numerical techniques have been developed for more efficient FEM formulation and equation solution for modeling saturated or partially saturated water flow, gas flow and heat transfer in deformable porous media, as are commonly encountered in performance and safety assessment of underground radioactive repositories. The code has been validated against an experimental benchmark test, which involves bentonite under laboratory conditions, with good results. Several critical outstanding issues for modeling coupled processes of geomaterials are discussed in depth.     

Prediction of coal mine goaf self-heating with fluid dynamics in porous media

Coal mine goaf self-heating due to exothermic coal oxidation has been recognized as a major threat to coal mine safety. To evaluate the risk of the coal mine goaf self-heating hazard, both gas distribution characteristics in goaf and heat transfer mechanisms in porous media must be studied. However, due to the difficulty of determining goaf permeability and the complexity of the overlaying strata caving characteristics, it is a considerable challenge to determine the thermal-fluid field coupling. Based on the volumetric average method in porous media, this work develops three numerical models for solving fluid dynamics and heat transfer in both longwall face and goaf. The Brinkman-Forchheimer-extended Darcy model is introduced to describe inertia and frictional forces in fluid phase exerted by solid phase. Temperature profile is highly dependent on and affects coal oxidation rate; therefore, governing equations for energy and oxygen mass equilibrium must be coupled. A two-dimensional goaf permeability distribution model is established based on different caving conditions in goafs. Three scenarios are simulated and validated by field and experimental data, and it is observed that these models are capable of predicting gas flow pattern and temperature distribution.     

基于LBM方法的裂隙煤岩应力–应变过程中渗流特性研究

为了研究受载裂隙煤岩的渗流特性,利用工业CT扫描和图像处理技术,重建可用于LBM数值模拟的三维裂隙场,开展受载煤岩在不同加载阶段的CT扫描与渗流实验。试验测试和数值模拟研究的结果表明:LBM模拟结果的平均误差为18.72%,与渗流实验结果具有良好的一致性,表明LBM模拟方法具有较好的准确性和有效性;LBM模拟结果的准确性与煤岩内部裂隙发育程度有关,裂隙愈发育、连通性愈好,LBM模拟结果愈准确;裂隙煤岩的渗透性与其内部裂隙场的压缩和扩展密切相关;煤岩渗透性在压密阶段和弹性变形阶段不断降低,在弹性变形后期和屈服变形阶段增大,峰值强度后的卸压破坏阶段达到最大。研究结果验证了LBM数值模拟在描述裂隙煤岩渗透性的可行性,为今后受载裂隙煤体内部瓦斯流动机制、流动规律和煤层瓦斯抽采过程的可视化研究提供了可靠途径。     

紫坪铺水利枢纽工程左岸坝前堆积体 变形破坏机制研究

 基于介质骨架、固体颗粒以及水是可压缩的这一假设，推导出饱和的渗流应力耦合控制方程组。采用加权残值法对耦合方程组进行有限元离散，并推导相应的弹塑性矩阵。对耦合计算中的渗透系数分形模型展开讨论，综述采用分形维描述多孔介质和裂隙介质渗透系数方面研究的进展。最后，在给出的固结算例中采用一个较为实用的分形渗透系数模型，该模型可模拟渗透系数随介质变形而变化。数值计算的结果显示出良好的规律性，可以提高对耦合试验观测现象的理解。     

分形介质饱和渗流应力耦合数值模拟研究

基于介质骨架、固体颗粒以及水是可压缩的这一假设,推导出饱和的渗流应力耦合控制方程组。采用加权残值法对耦合方程组进行有限元离散,并推导相应的弹塑性矩阵。对耦合计算中的渗透系数分形模型展开讨论,综述采用分形维描述多孔介质和裂隙介质渗透系数方面研究的进展。最后,在给出的固结算例中采用一个较为实用的分形渗透系数模型,该模型可模拟渗透系数随介质变形而变化。数值计算的结果显示出良好的规律性,可以提高对耦合试验观测现象的理解。     

煤体吸附瓦斯膨胀变形效应的试验研究

为了探讨煤体吸附瓦斯产生膨胀变形效应这一特有的力学行为,利用自行研发的含瓦斯煤岩细观力学试验系统,进行不同瓦斯压力下的吸附膨胀变形试验。试验结果表明:(1)同一煤样在不同瓦斯压力下随时间的变形曲线具有相同的变化规律,煤样的应变变化率随时间逐渐减小,直至一个相对稳定值;(2)煤样的吸附膨胀变形呈各向异性,垂直于层理方向和平行于层理方向的应变整体变化趋势呈现一致性,但由于煤体内部裂隙分布差异,垂直层理方向的变形值明显大于平行层理方向;(3)煤体瓦斯吸附量与体应变量呈现较好的线性关系,以此建立考虑温度、水分、灰分和各向异性等因素的吸附膨胀变形计算方程;(4)利用吸附变形应力与制约吸附变形量的线性关系,以及吸附变形量与瓦斯压力的关系得出吸附膨胀应力计算方法;(5)煤体的吸附膨胀变形具有不可逆性,且吸附气体压力越大,其残余变形值也越大。煤体的膨胀变形效应具有重要的工程应用价值,可作为煤层突出危险性测定的辅助指标,以及应用于煤层透气性的研究。     

采动条件下被保护层瓦斯卸压增透机理研究

保护层开采作为一种典型的煤与瓦斯安全开采形式在煤矿生产中具有重要的意义。通过由半无限开采积分模型求解得到的岩体内部位移场表达式并与相似模拟被保护层沉降曲线对比,研究发现理论模型可以较好地反映煤层实际变形。建立了“两带”裂隙分布模型及其简化力学模型,通过正交设计的全应力应变渗透试验发现,瓦斯渗透主要分为3个过程,发现瓦斯渗透急剧变化在体积应变达到0.015处,对比理论体积应变分布曲线,得出体积应变沿沉降范围总体上呈对称分布,在中心区域存在一个体积应变大于0.015的范围,可见其正处于渗透率急剧增加阶段,其卸压增透效果最好。研究结果为被保护层瓦斯卸压增透计算提供了参考。     

不同含水饱和度低渗透岩石气体滑脱效应研究

低渗透岩石气体滑脱效应的研究是油气开采与存储领域十分重要的内容,但目前关于低渗透岩石气体滑脱效应的研究大多是在气体单相流下进行的,对于气–液两相流时,液体对气体滑脱效应的影响,所做的研究不足。因此,利用研发的低渗透岩石惰性气体渗透性测试系统,对含水饱和度为0~70%的低渗透砂岩,进行了不同含水饱和度的低渗透岩石气体滑脱效应及有效渗透率变化规律的研究,试验结果表明:(1)二次公式k_g=k_∞(1+b/q-a/p~2)可以较为准确的解释低渗透岩石的气体滑脱效应,准确性明显高于Klinkenberg公式。(2)含水饱和度对低渗透岩石的气体滑脱效应有明显影响,气体滑脱效应随着含水饱和度增大而减少,在含水饱和度超过50%时,气体滑脱效应几乎完全被限制。(3)由于水的作用,含水的低渗透岩石随着围压增大,气体滑脱效应减少,这与克氏理论的结论相反。(4)含水饱和度对低渗透岩石的有效渗透率影响显著,随含水饱和度的增大有效渗透率减少,且围压越大,低渗透岩石的有效渗透率对含水饱和度变化越敏感。(5)低渗透岩石的有效渗透率与含水饱和度符合幂函数关系,即k_∞=k_0(1-S_w)~c。     

功率超声影响的煤中甲烷气促解规律实验研究

 功率超声激励促解煤层甲烷气是一种不受储层地质条件和气源特性限制,具有普遍应用价值的增采技术。通过CT观测实验,对超声波作用下煤样不同尺度裂隙发展规律进行深入分析,从微观上揭示功率超声促解机制。在对比促解实验测定结果的基础上,研究功率超声作用煤样解吸量变化规律。研究结果表明：CT观测实验很好地证明了超声的机械震碎作用;在功率超声激励作用下,煤样裂隙条数显著增多,贯通裂隙增多且单条裂纹最大宽度显著增大;超声波作用后煤中甲烷气的解吸量有显著提高,建立超声声强参数影响的煤中甲烷气解吸量随解吸时间变化的修正公式。由修正公式拟合结果可知：煤中甲烷气饱和吸附后的解吸量 和 均随孔隙压力的增加而增大,相同孔隙压力下的甲烷气饱和吸附解吸量 大于无超声作用时的解吸量 ,其原因在于在功率超声的声场强度影响下,煤质点的动能和位能增加,煤表面甚至基质内部吸附的甲烷更容易脱附变成游离态,从而达到煤层甲烷气促解作用。     

Multi-scale modelling of gas flow in nanoscale pore space with fractures

In this work,a multi-scale pore network with fractures is developed against experimental data in a wide range of degrees of water saturation.The pore network is constructed based on the measured microstructure information at several length scales.The gas transport is predicted by different gas transport equations(e.g.Javadpour,dusty gas model(DGM),Civan and Klinkenberg),which can consider the fundamental physics mechanisms in tight porous media,such as Knudsen diffusion and viscous flow.Then,the model is applied to simulating the gas permeability of the Callovo-Oxfordian(COx) claystone.The predicted gas permeability is basically in good agreement with the experimental data under different degrees of water saturation.Then the effects of micro-fissures are studied.The results suggest that this model can predict the gas flow in other tight porous media as well and can be applied to other fields such as carbon capture and storage.     

含瓦斯煤岩固气耦合动态模型与数值模拟研究

首先在多孔介质的有效应力原理中引入瓦斯吸附的膨胀应力,推导出了适用于含瓦斯煤岩的有效应力计算公式。通过分析含瓦斯煤岩的孔隙度和渗透率在不同变形阶段的变化特点,在前人的研究成果基础上,建立了含瓦斯煤岩的孔隙度和渗透率的动态模型。假设含瓦斯煤岩是一种各向同性的弹塑性材料,同时考虑瓦斯吸附的影响,得出了含瓦斯煤岩的应力场方程和渗流场方程,建立了能描述固气耦合情况下煤岩骨架可变形性和瓦斯气体可压缩性的含瓦斯煤岩的固气耦合模型。最后通过给定模型的定解条件和相关参数,利用有限元方法建立了相关的数值计算模型,并得出了含瓦斯煤岩固气耦合模型的数值解。研究成果对进一步充实和完善含瓦斯煤岩固气耦合理论有一定意义。     

煤微观结构三维表征及其孔–渗时空演化模式数值分析

 探讨煤岩微观孔隙结构统计意义上的等效构建方法,并于孔隙尺度下模拟流体运移行为的时空演化过程。首先,结合煤岩孔隙结构的各向异性及非线性特征,采用修正的四参数随机生长(QSGS)算法构建煤岩多孔介质模型。随后,采用格子Boltzmann方法(LBM)模拟孔隙中气体单相流的运移过程,并基于数值试验结果,分析煤岩介质中影响渗透率的主要因素及流体运移达到平衡态前的演化模式。分析结果表明：(1) 多孔介质的渗透性能受控于少量、连通性好的大孔所形成的通道,而小孔及微孔中气体的行为基本属于浓度扩散过程;(2) 孔隙属性空间变异条件相同情况下,孔隙度同渗透率之间满足乘幂关系,但幂率系数随孔隙属性变异因子的降低而增加;(3) 渗透率随时间呈减少趋势,自运移开始达到动态平衡的耗时量同孔隙度之间是一种负相关的幂率关系。     

Research on anisotropic permeability and porosity of columnar jointed rock masses during cyclic loading and unloading based on physical model experiments

In this paper, the permeability and porosity of self-prepared artificial columnar jointed rock masses (CJRM) with different columnar dip angles under different pore pressures during cyclic loading-unloading of confining pressure were measured. The experimental results indicate that the gas permeability of the artificial CJRM gradually decreases with the rise of pore pressure due to the existence of Klinkenberg effect, and Klinkenberg effect gradually decreases with the rise of columnar dip angle. The existence of it improves significantly the intrinsic permeability. Besides, the intrinsic permeability and porosity of artificial CJRM are more sensitive to the first loading than that of the intact cement mortar specimen. The permanent deformation of pores in the specimens mainly appears in the first cycle, and the subsequent cycles have smaller effects on the intrinsic permeability and porosity. The permanent deformation results in the intrinsic permeability, and porosity in the loading process is always higher than those in the unloading process. The intrinsic permeability gradually increases with the growth of columnar dip angle, exhibiting obvious permeability anisotropy. Under high confining pressure, the permeability anisotropy of artificial CJRM is less than that under low confining pressure. Meanwhile, under the same confining pressure, during the repeated loading-unloading cycles, the permeability anisotropy decreases gradually. The existence of a representative element volume (REV) for CJRM is verified; thus, the equivalent continuum media model can be utilized to analyse the seepage characteristics of CJRM.

     

页岩气藏流固耦合渗流模型及有限元求解

 页岩气渗流模型是页岩气藏动态分析和数值模拟的基础。将裂缝性页岩气藏视为基质孔隙–裂缝双重介质,同时考虑岩石骨架变形对气体渗流场的影响,建立页岩气藏流固耦合渗流模型。模型假设基质孔隙内作克努森流动,裂缝中作达西渗流,综合考虑页岩气壁面滑脱流动与孔内扩散作用、吸附与脱附、应力敏感性等渗流机制。采用有限元法离散控制方程及全隐式耦合求解方法,编制计算机程序。考虑真实页岩参数取值,利用该模型进行算例分析。结果表明,页岩气藏压力下降速率小于常规裂缝性气藏压力下降速率;裂缝渗透率是影响裂缝渗流压力衰减的主要因素,需考虑页岩裂缝导流能力与基质产气速率的匹配关系;原始地层压力越小,裂缝渗流压力衰减越慢。所建模型可为页岩气藏模拟器开发及动态分析提供理论基础。     

岩石渗流应力耦合特性研究

综合起来,已有岩石渗流应力耦合特性的研究方法有3种:(1)直接通过渗流应力耦合试验得到渗透系数与应力、应变关系的经验公式;(2)根据已有的耦合试验研究的成果设定耦合特性关系式的函数形式,采用力学方法推导函数式中变量的表达式,确定耦合特性关系式;(3)以各类模拟渗透现象的物理模型为基础,利用力学工具建立耦合关系式。根据这3种研究方法对研究成果进行划分,作了较系统的归纳和介绍,对各类成果的合理性及应用情况进行了评述。最后展望了岩石渗流应力耦合特性方面的研究前景和发展方向。