黏土海床管道局部冲刷的模拟研究

基于黏土的流变特性,将黏土视为一种流体,用Herschel-Bulkley模型模拟,采用计算流体力学(CFD)软件Fluent建立二维管道冲刷模型,结合SST k-ω 湍流模型以及VOF两相流模型对黏土海床上管道局部冲刷进行数值模拟研究.研究分析表明:海底管道的存在增加了海流对海床的剪切应力,随悬空高度增大,海床剪应力...     

水流掺气分期导流工程全流场三维数值模拟分析

文章综合漂移通量模型、卷气模型和紊流模型,三维数值模拟了某实际导流工程下泄水流局部掺气的影响。针对复杂地形条件的导流工程采用CATIA软件建立三维几何模型。然后对溢洪道水流局部掺气条件下的导流工程整体流场利用Tru VOF水流自由表面追踪法、卷气模块及RNG k-ε紊流模型进行了计算,从而揭示了水力参数压强、水位和流态的分布规律,通过对比分析数值模拟结果和物理模型试验验证了模型的可靠性。研究表明:数值模拟能够较为准确的计算上游围堰设计高程,在导流工程流场计算中具有较强的科学性和有效性;在三维流场中引入卷气模块较好的揭示了掺气范围、水流掺气浓度、压强及流速分布特征,可为其他类似工程的计算模拟提供一定参考价值。     

深层隧道进流式泵站前池流态及整流措施研究

为改善深层隧道进流式泵站前池内的旋流、偏流等不良流态,基于RNG k-ε 湍流模型对前池流态进行数值模拟,研究适用于此类城市排涝泵站的整流措施。数值计算结果表明:泵站前池、进水池内存在局部立面旋滚、螺旋流、斜向流、流速分布上高下低等不良水力现象,致使泵站进水流道水力条件不佳;采用双层环形板和两组导流墩的组合式整流措施可抑制前池、进水池中的立面旋滚、螺旋流和斜向流流态,从而有效改善流道的进水条件,提高进水流道进口处流速分布均匀度,使泵进水状况变好,提高泵站运行的可靠性。     

新型固-液旋流分离过程的建模与仿真研究

针对新型固-液旋流分离器实际工作环境．设计了一种新型导流式高效旋流分离器,利用流体力学基本原理。结合T．D哈帝冈柱形旋流分离器模型．建立了新型导流式固液旋流分离器的数学及仿真模型,通过仿真实验获取了新型旋流分离器流场稳定时的进料口速度。运用FLUENT软件．结合欧拉多相流分析法和RNGk—ε湍流模型对其进行数值模拟,得到了流场的压力分布、速度分布、粒子轨迹分布等可视化结果。结果表明,在新型旋流分离器中设计的导流板这一特殊结构能够有效改善循环流,并提高该旋流分离器的分离效率．为旋流分离器取得较好分离效果的工作参数设定提供了技术指导和理论依据。     

稳定流态下海底管线局部冲刷有限元数值模型

为了获得海底管线局部冲刷发展过程中不同时刻的床面形态,建立了一个有限元数值模型来模拟稳定水流下海底管线的局部冲刷。采用非定常雷诺平均N-S方程和标准k-ε湍流模型模拟水流流动,通过求解Exner方程计算床面变化,利用动网格技术展现床面变化历程,分别采用特征线法和有限元法对方程进行时间和空间离散。通过二维方形钝体绕流和Mao的清水冲刷试验对模型进行了验证。结果表明,模拟结果与试验数据吻合较好,所建模型可用于模拟海底管线局部冲刷。     

曝气池中气液两相流速度场分布的实验研究与数值模拟

气液两相流广泛存在于水利工程、废水处理等领域,其在气液装置中的流型流态及速度场分布可直接影响装置运行效能。本文采用实验研究与数值模拟相结合的方法,对圆柱形气液装置进行PIV实验,获得了准确的气液两相流气相速度场分布;在充分考虑湍流、曳力、升力、湍流分散力等作用下,采用欧拉-欧拉双流体模型和气泡群平衡模型对气液两相流流场进行了数值模拟,并将模拟结果与实验结果进行验证,所得结果误差控制在10%左右。结果表明,本文提出的模拟方法在气液两相流模拟中能够得到较准确的两相流动规律和速度场分布情况。     

三种湍流模型在阶梯溢流坝数值模拟中的比较

采用standard k-ε、RNG k-ε、Realizable k-ε3种不同的湍流模型并结合VOF法,对阶梯溢流坝气液两相流动进行了数值模拟,将不同湍流模型所模拟的水面线、台阶速度场分布及台阶壁面压力分布与物理模型试验实测结果进行了对比分析。结果表明:RNG k-ε湍流模型能够较好地模拟阶梯溢流坝的水流特性。     

基于FLUENT的导流隧洞水力特性模拟

针对传统的二维导流隧洞水力学计算,采用CFD方法对导流隧洞的水力特性进行了三维数值模拟,通过导流隧洞各典型断面总水头与传统公式、模型试验计算结果的比较,验证了三维数值模拟的准确性,进而可通过数值模拟对导流隧洞的三维流场进行分析研究。文中对导流隧洞各典型断面及整体进行了流态分析和出口负压分析,结果显示导流隧洞满足设计要求。可见,流体力学计算方法能够有效地模拟导流隧洞水流的流态,可应用于导流隧洞的设计与优化工作。     

基于Flow-3D的陡坡弯道水流三维数值模拟

弯道急流有其独特的冲击波现象,流态极其复杂,为研究弯道对急流的影响和提出改善措施增添了困难。采用RNG k-ε双方程紊流模型和VOF法,以某工程溢洪道为依托,利用Flow-3D软件,对陡坡弯道段的急流进行了三维数值模拟,通过物理模型试验数据的验证,显示数值模拟结果的正确性。通过计算结果,分析了陡坡弯道对急流流态的影响,提出了导流墙法的弯道急流优化方案,通过物理模型进一步证明,采用导流墙法可有效改善急流弯道水流流态,表明借助Flow-3D软件对弯道水流进行三维数值模拟是可行的。     

导流隧洞出口段负压研究

基于某大型水电站导流隧洞,对出口段负压问题进行了模型试验和数值模拟研究,试验结果表明长距离导流隧洞存在大范围负压。通过对长距离导流隧洞建立了三维数值模型,采用CFD方法对其三维流场进行了仿真计算,数值模拟结果和物理模型试验吻合较好,验证了数值模拟的合理性。据此进一步模拟了不同特征流量下导流隧洞出口段的负压情况,模拟结果表明导流隧洞在各流量工况下负压范围和最大负压值均大于有压泄水隧洞自由泄流情况下的负压范围和最大负压值,最大负压出现位置也存在一定差异。对此模拟了几种典型压坡方式以及出口段轴线偏转对出口段负压的影响,提出了改善导流隧洞大范围负压的合理措施,同时分析了各压坡方式以及出口体型对导流隧洞泄流能力的影响,为类似工程优化设计提供科学依据。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

浅谈天湖水电站水轮机运行故障及处理措施

简述天湖水电站投运以来各种故障的表现形式，分析其原因，提出了相应的处理方法及措施，并对合理利用国内外设备提出建议。