低聚壳聚糖制备及其生理活性进展

由壳聚糖降解制备的低聚壳聚糖具有许多独特的生理活性.本文在介绍低聚壳聚糖的生理活性的基础上,重点评述了酸降解法、氧化降解法、酶降解法以及组合降解工艺等各种制备方法的研究进展.     

低聚壳聚糖的制备及应用研究进展

从壳聚糖降解得到的低聚壳聚糖具有特殊的生理活性而日益受到人们的关注。综述了近年来壳聚糖降解制备低聚壳聚糖的方法,包括化学降解法、酶降解法、物理作用帮助下的降解法以及复合降解法。重点介绍了这些方法的降解机理、影响因素和对产品质量的影响以及低分子质量壳聚糖在化妆品、食品、医药、农业、抗菌等方面的应用。     

壳聚糖降解探索

本文着重讨论了壳聚糖的主要降解方法及使用氧化降解法制备低聚壳聚糖的方法,采用正交设计,探讨降解条件对产物脱乙酰度、特性粘度等的影响。     

纤维素酶降解结合膜法制备低聚壳聚糖

研究纤维素酶降解结合膜法制备低聚壳聚糖。采用正交设计优选酶降解的最佳工艺条件及分析超滤产品的平均相对分子质量和收率。纤维素酶对壳聚糖降解的最佳条件为:温度50℃,酶糖质量比为0.1,pH=4.6。纤维素酶催化降解结合膜法制备低聚壳聚糖。在5 h内即可获得收率超过75%,平均相对分子质量在5000左右的优质低聚壳聚糖产品。该工艺简单可行,运行时间短,产品相对平均分子质量小而且分布窄,收率较高。     

利用纤维素酶催化水解壳聚糖的研究

利用纤维素酶催化降解壳聚糖，分别研究了pH值、温度、酶／糖及反应时间等因素对壳聚糖相对分子质量的影响，得到的最佳反应条件为：pH为5．6、n（酶）／n（糖）为0．1／1．0、反应温度为50℃、反应时间为6h。用纤维素酶催化降解壳聚糖只能得到最低平均相对分子质量为18000的低聚壳聚糖。为了得到更低相对分子质量的壳聚糖，在壳聚糖酶降解后加入一定量双氧水继续降解。研究了双氯水加入量及加入时间的影响，最终可得到平均相对分子质量为1500的低聚壳聚糖。     

低聚水溶性壳聚糖的制备方法及研究进展

低聚水溶性壳聚糖的制备是目前非常热门的一个研究课题,本文对壳聚糖降解以制备低聚水溶性壳聚糖的各种方法及目前的研究进展情况进行了综述。     

两种壳聚糖降解工艺的比较研究

比较了NaNO2/HAc与H2O2/HAc两种体系降解壳聚糖工艺,探讨了反应时间、NaNO2及H2O2用量、醋酸质量分数、壳聚糖浓度等因素在不同体系下对降解速度及壳聚糖分子量的影响.结果表明,NaNO2/HAc体系最佳降解条件为:降解温度30℃、醋酸质量分数5%、壳聚糖浓度0.02 g·mL-1、NaNO2体积0.20 mL、降解时间45 min,降解所得到的低聚壳聚糖平均分子量约为1.7×104.H2O2/HAc体系最佳降解条件为:降解时间4 h、降解温度60℃、醋酸质量分数5%、壳聚糖浓度0.02 g·mL-1、30%H2O2体积0.50 mL,降解所得到的低聚壳聚糖平均分子量约为2.1×104.     

低分子量双胍基苯甲酰壳聚糖的制备及表征

在简单均相体系下,研究了壳聚糖及双胍基苯甲酰壳聚糖在双氧水中的降解特性。采用高效凝胶渗透色谱法测量了降解过程中壳聚糖及双胍基苯甲酰壳聚糖的分子量变化,讨论了该体系下双胍基苯甲酰低聚壳聚糖及双胍基苯甲酰壳聚糖的胍基化取代度的变化,通过红外光谱分析了低分子量双胍基苯甲酰壳聚糖结构。结果表明,在降解反应温度为65℃、H2O2质量百分浓度为3.0%、盐酸浓度为1.0%时,反应时间的延长会导致低聚壳聚糖或对双胍基苯甲酰壳聚糖低分子化产物相对分子量的逐渐降低,胍基化取代度也随之降低;红外光谱表明,采用该降解体系制备的降解产物主链结构基本没有发生变化。     

γ射线辐照降解壳聚糖的工艺和机理研究

采用γ射线辐照降解壳聚糖,对反应的工艺和壳聚糖辐照降解的机理进行了研究。结果表明:固态辐照200 kGy后得到相对分子质量为4×104壳聚糖,液态辐照110 kGy后得到相对分子质量为5×103的低聚壳聚糖,但辐照降解加工效率低。采用固态加液态的辐照降解方法,辐照处理效率提高。壳聚糖辐照降解符合无规降解动力学规律。     

Mn(Ⅱ)对壳聚糖降解制备低聚壳聚糖的影响

将壳聚糖进行液态均相配合反应制得壳聚糖锰配合物，IR、元素分析及热分析等检测证实了壳聚糖锰配合物中配位键的存在，且显示壳聚糖锰配合物存在有利于壳聚糖高分子链断裂的弱势结构。以H2O2对壳聚糖．Mn(Ⅱ)配合物及壳聚糖进行氧化降解，考察降解过程中粘度的变化及降解产物分子量分布，在相同的降解条件下，壳聚糖锰配合物的降解速度明显高于壳聚糖，且降解产物分子量分布较壳聚糖直接降解窄。对壳聚糖锰配合物降解反应动力学研究表明壳聚糖锰配合物对H2O2分解不存在催化作用，其降解反应与壳聚糖的差异只与其结构有关。对降解产物进行脱金属处理，所得低聚壳聚糖含锰量为0。     

Occurrence,abundance and origin of minerals in coals and coal ashes

The mineralogy of coal and coal ash samples from a wide variety of deposits worldwide has been studied by X-ray diffractometry, light microscopy, SEM, TEM, and DTA-TGA methods. The common major minerals identified in the crystalline matter of coals are quartz, kaolinite, illite, calcite, pyrite, plagioclase, K-feldspar and gypsum, and occasionally dolomite, ankerite, siderite, Fe oxyhydroxides and sulphates. A number of minor and especially accessory minerals are also present. The modes of occurrence and some genetic peculiarities of the minerals found are described and summarized. Minerals and phases of probable detrital origin include mainly silicates, volcanic glass, oxyhydroxides and phosphates. Authigenic minerals of syngenetic origin may be sulphides, clay minerals, carbonates and rarely sulphates and phosphates. Epigenetic minerals, formed by the infiltration of low-temperature hydrothermal solutions, may include sulphides, carbonates, sulphates, clay minerals, quartz, chlorides, and probably alkaline-earth hydroxides and zeolites. The alteration products of detrital and authigenic minerals may be Fe and Al oxyhydroxides, sulphates, kaolinite, illite, chlorite, muscovite, zeolites and calcite. The behaviour of these minerals and phases during low- and high-temperature ashing is also discussed.     

Petrography and geochemistry of the Middle Devonian coal from Luquan, Yunnan Province, China

Coals from Luquan, Yunnan Province, China, have high contents of cutinite and microsporinite, with an average of 55 and 33.5 vol%, respectively, (on a mineral-free basis). The coals are classified as cutinitic liptobiolith, sporinite-rich durain, cutinite-rich durain, and sporinitic liptobiolith. These four liptinite-rich coals are often interlayered within the coal bed section and vary transversely within the coal bed. The vitrinite content varies from as low as 1.6-20.5% (mineral-free basis), and it is dominated by collodetrinite, collotelinite, and corpogelinite. The maceral composition may be attributed to the type of the peat-forming plant communities. Moreover, the Luquan coals are characterized by high contents of volatile matter, hydrogen, and oxygen, and the high values of the atomic hydrogen to carbon ratio as a result of the maceral composition. As compared with the common Chinese coals and the upper continental crust, the Luquan coals are enriched in Li, B, Cu, Ga, Se, Rb, Mo, Ba, Pb, Bi, and U, with averages of 99.9, 250, 111, 24.4, 4.55, 130, 58.8, 1276, 162, 3.85, and 34.1 μg/g, respectively. The SEM-EDX results show that V, Cr, Ga, and Rb occur mainly in clay minerals, and Cu and Pb are associated with clay minerals and pyrite, and Mo and U are mainly in clay minerals and organic matter. Barite and clay minerals are the main carrier of barium. The high B and U contents are probably resulted from deep seawater influence during coal formation.     

Using Exogenous Melatonin,Glutathione, Proline,and Glycine Betaine Treatments to Combat Abiotic Stresses in Crops

Abiotic stresses, such as drought, salinity, heat, cold, and heavy metals, are associated with global climate change and hamper plant growth and development, affecting crop yields and quality. However, the negative effects of abiotic stresses can be mitigated through exogenous treatments using small biomolecules. For example, the foliar application of melatonin provides the following: it protects the photosynthetic apparatus; it increases the antioxidant defenses, osmoprotectant, and soluble sugar levels; it prevents tissue damage and reduces electrolyte leakage; it improves reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging; and it increases biomass, maintains the redox and ion homeostasis, and improves gaseous exchange. Glutathione spray upregulates the glyoxalase system, reduces methylglyoxal (MG) toxicity and oxidative stress, decreases hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde accumulation, improves the defense mechanisms, tissue repairs, and nitrogen fixation, and upregulates the phytochelatins. The exogenous application of proline enhances growth and other physiological characteristics, upregulates osmoprotection, protects the integrity of the plasma lemma, reduces lipid peroxidation, increases photosynthetic pigments, phenolic acids, flavonoids, and amino acids, and enhances stress tolerance, carbon fixation, and leaf nitrogen content. The foliar application of glycine betaine improves growth, upregulates osmoprotection and osmoregulation, increases relative water content, net photosynthetic rate, and catalase activity, decreases photorespiration, ion leakage, and lipid peroxidation, protects the oxygen-evolving complex, and prevents chlorosis. Chemical priming has various important advantages over transgenic technology as it is typically more affordable for farmers and safe for plants, people, and animals, while being considered environmentally acceptable. Chemical priming helps to improve the quality and quantity of the yield. This review summarizes and discusses how exogenous melatonin, glutathione, proline, and glycine betaine can help crops combat abiotic stresses.     

我国橡胶防老剂和促进剂的进出口情况

介绍近年来我国橡胶防老剂和促进剂进出口情况。2013年,我国防老剂和促进剂进口量分别为19046.61 t和14984.44 t,同比分别增长16.12%和11.64%;进口金额分别为6202.02万美元和7391.97万美元,同比分别增长14.76%和1.39%;出口量分别为29070.40 t和89942.59 t,同比分别增长62.68%和45.72%;出口金额分别为6794.43万美元和27885.34万美元,同比分别增长60.45%和50.17%。我国进口防老剂主要来自中国大陆(以国货复进口形式进口)、美国、韩国以及中国台湾省等,进口促进剂主要来自中国台湾省、美国、韩国、日本以及德国等,防老剂主要出口日本、泰国、印度尼西亚和韩国等,促进剂主要出口美国、韩国、巴西、泰国和日本等。     

Properties of poly(alkylene oxide) elastomers

The catalyst comprised of triisobutylaluminum, zinc acetylacetonate, and water was used to prepare homopolymer of epichlorohydrin; copolymers of epichlorohydrin with propylene oxide, ethylene oxide, and allyl glycidyl ether; and terpolymers of epichlorohydrin, propylene oxide, and allyl glycidyl ether and of epichlorohydrin, ethylene oxide, and allyl glycidyl ether. The vulcanizates of these rubbers provide variations of stressstrain and dynamic properties, freeze point, hardness, and solvent resistance depending on the type and amount of comonomer. In general, these rubbers have excellent heat, ozone, and oxidation resistance as well as oil and solvent resistance.     

Clay and non-clay minerals in the pharmaceutical industry: Part I. Excipients and medical applications

Minerals are widely used in the pharmaceutical industry as lubricants, desiccants, disintegrants, diluents, binders, pigments and opacifiers, as well as emulsifying, thickening, isotonic agents, and anticaking agents, and flavour correctors and carriers of active ingredients.A variety of minerals are used as excipients in pharmaceutical preparations because they have certain desirable physical and physico-chemical properties, such as high adsorption capacity, specific surface area, swelling capacity, and reactivity to acids. Other important properties are water solubility and dispersivity, hygroscopicity, unctuosity, thixotropy, slightly alkaline reaction (pH), plasticity, opacity, and colour. Clearly such minerals must not be toxic to humans. The following minerals are commonly used as excipients: oxides (rutile, zincite, periclase, hematite, maghemite, magnetite), hydroxides (goethite), carbonates (calcite, magnesite), sulfates (gypsum, anhydrite), chlorides (halite, sylvite), phosphates (hydroxyapatite), and phyllosilicates (palygorskite, sepiolite, kaolinite, talc, montmorillonite, saponite and hectorite). More recently, some tectosilicates (zeolites) also feature in pharmaceutical preparations.Minerals also enjoy the following medical/health applications: a) contrast diagnostic techniques, b) production of dental cements and dental molds in odontology, c) immobilization of limbs and fractures or dental and craniofacial surgical procedures in traumatology, d) bone grafts or construction of orbital implants, and e) spas and aesthetic centers. Examples of such minerals are oxides (zincite, magnetite and maghemite), sulphates (gypsum and barite), phosphates (hydroxyapatite) and phyllosilicates (clay minerals).     

Recent advances in synthesis, physical properties and applications of conducting polymer nanotubes and nanofibers

This article summarizes and reviews the various preparation methods, physical properties, and potential applications of one-dimensional nanostructures of conjugated polyaniline (PANI), polypyrrole (PPY) and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT). The synthesis approaches include hard physical template method, soft chemical template method, electrospinning, and lithography techniques. Particularly, the electronic transport (e.g., electrical conductivity, current-voltage (I-V) characteristics, magnetoresistance, and nanocontact resistance) and mechanical properties of individual nanowires/tubes, and specific heat capacity, magnetic susceptibility, and optical properties of the polymer nanostructures are presented with emphasis on size-dependent behaviors. Several potential applications and corresponding challenges of these nanofibers and nanotubes in chemical, optical and bio-sensors, nano-diodes, field effect transistors, field emission and electrochromic displays, super-capacitors and energy storage, actuators, drug delivery, neural interfaces, and protein purification are also discussed.     

几种杀虫剂对草坪害虫的控制效果

测定了绿僵菌、毒死蜱、辛硫磷等药剂对草坪害虫的控制效果。结果表明绿僵菌、毒死蜱和辛硫磷都是防治草坪地下害虫的有效药剂，毒死蜱和辛硫磷还能有效防治草坪茎叶害虫禾灰翅夜蛾和斜纹夜蛾等。药后45d，绿僵菌对铜绿丽金龟幼虫蛴螬的防效和对地下害虫的总防效分别为91．2％和87．6％。绿僵菌对茎叶害虫的防效较差，药后3、7、10d时，对禾灰翅夜蛾的防效分别为3．7％、9．2％和18．9％；对茎叶害虫的总防效在12．2％以下。辛硫磷和毒死蜱药后3d对禾灰翅夜蛾的防效分别是93．7％和97．6％；对茎叶害虫的总防效分别是92．0％和93．6％。当高效氯氰菊酯分别和辛硫磷、毒死蜱混用防治斜纹夜蛾时，防效更高、速效性更好。     

松香基表面活性剂研究进展

松香是一类产量丰富、价格低廉的可再生林产资源,被广泛地应用于食品、农业、橡胶、油墨、涂料等领域。松香的三环二萜结构具有超强的疏水性,通过催化异构、Diels-Alder加成等手段引入亲水基团可制备高附加值、易生物降解的绿色表面活性剂。本文从阴离子、阳离子、非离子和两性离子表面活性剂4个大类对松香基表面活性剂应用的文献及专利进行综述,重点分析了羧酸盐、磺酸盐、硫酸盐和磷酸盐4种阴离子型表面活性剂和季铵盐阳离子型表面活性剂,多元醇型和聚氧乙烯型非离子表面活性剂,以及甜菜碱型和氧化胺型两性离子表面活性剂。剖析松香基表面活性剂产业化开发的新技术及新产品概况,提出松香基表面活性剂替代传统表面活性剂的潜在应用领域。同时,对松香基表面活性剂的研究发展与产业化发展进行了评价与展望。     

1993—1994年国外塑料工业进展

介绍1993～1994年国外塑料工业进展.提供了美国、日本、原联邦德国、原苏联、法国、意大利、英国、韩国等生产国及亚洲、西欧(包括共同市场国家和奥地利、芬兰、挪威、瑞士和瑞典)、东欧、北美、中南美、非洲和大洋洲等地域的塑料材料产量.按通用热塑性树脂(包括聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、ABS和聚氯乙烯)、工程塑料(包括尼龙、聚碳酸酯、热塑性聚酯、聚甲醛和改性PPO/PPE)、热固性树脂(包括酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯和环氧树脂)、特种工程塑料(包括聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚砜、聚醚醚酮和聚芳酯)和硅树脂、丙烯酸树脂等.对塑料材料产量和消费、合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种延伸等进展作了详尽介绍.