蒸汽CO2复合驱驱油效率和CO2的注入时机

新疆油田稠油储量丰富,现阶段开发方式仍以蒸汽吞吐和蒸汽驱为主,但已进入开发中后期,油汽比、产油量均较低。为了进一步提高稠油采收率,以M区特稠油为研究对象,通过室内实验系统研究了高渗低压油藏下非混相蒸汽-CO_2驱相对于纯蒸汽驱的驱油效率以及不同残余油饱和度下蒸汽-CO_2的驱油效率。研究结果表明:注蒸汽吞吐一段时间后转蒸汽-CO_2驱,相较于纯蒸汽驱,驱油效率可提高34.1%;蒸汽-CO_2驱具有气水交替驱的特征;过早注入CO_2,渗流通道会提前被打开,蒸汽过早地与孔道中大部分原油接触,导致原油乳化,使得部分乳化原油很难被驱扫出来;残余油饱和度为45%时,最终驱油效率可达到87%,是实验中CO_2的最佳注入时机。在实际开发过程中,要通过产水率判断蒸汽通道是否打开来决定CO_2的注入时机。     

克拉玛依油田九_6区稠油油藏蒸汽-CO_2复合驱实验评价

克拉玛依油田九6区齐古组稠油油藏上油层蒸汽驱采出程度达60%,而下油层采出程度仅为32%,存在油藏原油动用程度差异大,部分储集层未被波及等开发问题,需要探索新的开发方式来进一步提高开发效果。通过室内物理模拟实验,研究了九6区蒸汽-CO_2复合驱油效率及其驱油机理,优化了复合驱最佳注入参数。实验结果表明,蒸汽-CO_2复合驱过程中CO_2可为蒸汽驱打开渗流通道,降低注蒸汽压力,还可以抑制蒸汽驱造成的高黏度油包水乳状液的形成,降低了原油黏度;蒸汽冷凝水形成水气交替段塞,减缓了CO_2气窜发生,增大了波及体积,形成了良好的协同作用,蒸汽-CO_2复合驱比蒸汽驱驱油效率提高35%左右,实验优选了最佳注入方式为交替注入,在蒸汽温度为220℃,蒸汽与CO_2注入比为10∶1～25∶1时,最终驱油效率可达80%以上。     

CO_2辅助蒸汽吞吐开发效果实验研究

以蒸汽多轮次吞吐稠油油藏为研究对象,采用物理模拟与数值模拟方法,研究了CO_2-蒸汽混注方式对稠油油藏热采开发效果的改善。实验表明,CO_2在原油中具有较强的溶解能力,通过与蒸汽混注可以使原油物性特征发生较大变化,进一步改善稠油流动特征,蒸汽-CO_2驱方式的驱油效率较纯蒸汽驱提高了约12%,并且含水上升速度也更小。采用数值模拟手段开展了稠油油藏CO_2辅助蒸汽吞吐方式的单因素敏感性分析,结果表明,各参数中油层厚度与原油黏度对开发效果的影响较大,并分析了各注采参数的影响。最优的实施方案为注汽速度200 t/d,气汽比1∶1,蒸汽干度0.7,焖井时间5 d,排液速度140 t/d。     

尿素泡沫辅助蒸汽驱物理模拟实验研究

针对Ⅱ类稠油油藏(具有边底水、埋藏较深、黏度大等)蒸汽吞吐开采基本进入中后期,但目前尚未找到其它有效接替技术的难题,本文利用热采物理模拟技术,开展了尿素泡沫辅助蒸汽驱开采机理及技术可行性研究。在驱替实验中,尿素溶液的质量分数为25%,泡沫剂GFPA-4B溶液和降黏剂DVB-107溶液的质量分数均为0.5%,填砂管模型的水测渗透率1.83~2.16μm~2,驱替流速为3.6 mL/min。结果表明:尿素泡沫辅助蒸汽驱可以大幅度提高驱油效率,热水+尿素驱、热水+尿素+泡沫剂驱、热水+尿素+泡沫剂+降黏剂驱的累积采收率比纯热水驱的分别提高了8.13%、16.67%和21.27%;蒸汽+尿素驱、蒸汽+尿素+泡沫剂驱、蒸汽+尿素+泡沫剂+降黏剂驱的累积采收率比纯蒸汽驱的分别提高了3.49%、5.31%和9.41%。此外对尿素泡沫辅助蒸汽驱的驱油机理进行了探讨。     

提高原油采收率技术——捕集人为排放的CO2进行注CO2提高采收率技术很有潜力，全球工业和能源行业排放的CO2占总排放量的一半以上，非常适用CO2排放控制——专访美国斯坦福大学著名教授Anthony R．Kovscek

对于低渗透油田,如果油藏较浅且注水量不是特别高,建议注蒸汽采油;而深层油藏可使用注CO2采油;膨胀蒸汽驱是提高低渗透油藏采收率的最佳方法。采用水驱开采的油藏,利用聚合物驱可有效改善水油的流度比,提高注入液的波及体积和驱油效率。CO2驱虽然很有潜力,但因为驱流度比大于1,会发生突进现象,故应添加相关的化学用剂以改善流度比和混相程度,从而提高采收率。注蒸汽驱技术和火烧油层技术被广泛用于提高稠油和油砂的采收率,效果较好,但火烧油层技术过程不好控制。     

稠油油藏蒸汽吞吐后转蒸汽驱驱油效率影响因素——以孤岛油田中二北稠油油藏为例

为了研究稠油油藏蒸汽吞吐后转蒸汽驱驱油效果及影响因素,分析蒸汽吞吐后转蒸汽驱提高稠油油藏采收率的潜力及有效开发方式,以胜利油区孤岛油田中二北稠油油藏蒸汽吞吐后密闭取心岩心为实验对象,开展了在原始油水饱和度状态下的驱替实验,对不同驱替介质、不同介质温度及不同驱替方式下的剩余油驱油效率进行了研究.结果表明:驱替介质类型、介质温度及驱替方式是影响转驱效果的主要因素,相同温度下蒸汽驱的驱油效率要好干热水驱,250℃蒸汽驱比同温度热水驱可提高采收率5%以上,驱替介质温度与采收率提高幅度之间存在良好的对数关系,研究区块蒸汽吞吐后直接转蒸汽驱可提高采收率30%左右.     

胜利油区水驱普通稠油油藏注蒸汽提高采收率研究与实践

胜利油区地层条件下原油黏度大于100mPa.s的普通稠油油藏水驱采收率一般低于18%,普通稠油油藏采收率低于25%的储量达到3.75亿t。稠油为非牛顿流体,渗流所需剪切应力大;压力梯度相同,油越稠渗流速度越低;常温驱油效率低,水驱波及系数小,且水驱后原油黏度增加。稠油加热后渗流速度大幅度增加,启动压力梯度减小,油水相对渗透率得到改善,驱油效率大幅增长。因此,注蒸汽热采可以改善稠油渗流特性,降低残余油饱和度,提高驱油效率、波及系数及采收率。为进一步提高水驱后普通稠油油藏的采收率,在优化注蒸汽开发技术政策的基础上,在孤岛油田开展了先导试验,明显提高了采收率。图10表3参23     

低渗透轻质油油藏热采室内模拟实验研究

针对大庆肇源油田低渗透轻质油油藏特征，采用该油藏油层岩心及原油进行了热采室内模拟实验研究。通过实验分析了热水驱、蒸汽驱对驱油效率的影响，并与常规水驱进行对比。实验结果表明，蒸汽驱开采方式优于热水驱，而热水驱又优于常规水驱；热水驱驱油效率随着注水温度的升高而增加；注汽速度过高将影响驱油效率，而蒸汽温度及干度对驱油效率的影响不明显。     

油田稠油区块化学蒸汽驱开发技术探讨

蒸汽驱是蒸汽吞吐后首选的接替方式,是稠油区块提高采收率一种有效手段。文中针对油田深层稠油开展蒸汽驱面临的油层压力高,蒸汽带窄、热水带宽,驱油效率低,非均质强,波及效率低等问题,在工艺上提高注汽质量扩大蒸汽腔、汽驱过程中加入耐高温驱油剂提高波及区的驱油效率、加入高温泡沫体系提高蒸汽波及体积等措施,通过采取高干度注汽、泡沫堵调、驱油剂复合增效的方式(即化学辅助蒸汽驱方式),以蒸汽、泡沫剂、氮气、驱油剂作为驱替介质的化学辅助蒸汽驱技术,实现稠油的有效驱替和大幅度提高采收率,介绍了化学蒸汽驱开发应用的6项关键技术和提升稠油化学蒸汽驱质量的4项措施,并分析了化学蒸汽驱技术应用效果。实践证明,按照"蒸汽驱为基,泡沫剂辅调,驱油剂助驱,热剂协同增效"的化学蒸汽驱工作机理,增加可采储量,降低稠油开采成本,具有良好的推广应用价值。     

新疆石油管理局九区稠油油藏中后期段塞驱技术研究获成功

一种结合九4、九5区稠油特征厦油层物性、采用段塞式注入、在注驱油助剂之前注入弹性堵满剂的新技术。提高了对汽窜通道的封堵和驱油助剂的使用效率，增加了蒸汽驱和驱油助剂的驱替体积。从而提高了稠油的采收率。该项技术通过44井组现场试验。成功率达到100％。累计增油34097t，为九区稠油蒸汽驱开采提供了详细的试验资料和技术储备。这项新技术就是由石油局采研院科研人员研制完成的九区稠油油藏中后期段塞驱技术。     

A laboratory study of hot WAG injection into fractured and conventional sand packs

Gas injection is the second largest enhanced oil recovery process,next only to the thermal method used in heavy oil fields.To increase the extent of the reservoir contacted by the injected gas,the gas is generally injected intermittently with water.This mode of injection is called water-alternating-gas(WAG).This study deals with a new immiscible water alternating gas(IWAG) EOR technique,"hot IWAG" which includes combination of thermal,solvent and sweep techniques.In the proposed method CO2 will be superheated above the reservoir temperature and instead of normal temperature water,hot water will be used.Hot CO2 and hot water will be alternatively injected into the sand packs.A laboratory test was conducted on the fractured and conventional sand packs.Slugs of water and CO2 with a low and constant rate were injected into the sand packs alternatively;slug size was 0.05 PV.Recovery from each sand pack was monitored and after that hot water and hot CO2 were injected alternatively under the same conditions and increased oil recovery from each sand pack and breakthrough were measured.Experimental results showed that the injection of hot WAG could significantly recover residual oil after WAG injection in conventional and fractured sand packs.     

The Experimental Investigation of Nitrogen and Carbon Dioxide Water-alternating-gas Injection in a Carbonate Reservoir

Abstract

Floods were conducted using rock–fluid systems consisting of carbonate cores from Binak reservoir, which is located in southwest of Iran, oil and brine. The coreflood protocol consisted of a series of steps including brine saturation, absolute permeability determination, flooding with oil to initial oil saturation, endpoint oil permeability determination, and, finally, nitrogen and carbon dioxide water-alternating-gas (WAG) injections. The effect of slug size on oil recovery was investigated using immiscible nitrogen (N₂) WAG injection and the amount of oil recovered was compared with continuous injection of N₂. Experimental results show that ultimate oil recovery is not very sensitive to changing the slug sizes for N₂ WAG injection, although the slug size of 0.15 pore volume (PV) injection is better than others. As less PV is injected, a higher oil production rate is achieved. Also, N₂ WAG flood appeared to be better in performance than continuous gas injection (CGI) of nitrogen. Carbon dioxide (CO₂) injection was performed in three modes, including CGI, WAG injection, and hybrid WAG. Experimental results show that for optimization of oil recovery in CO₂ floods, a continuous gas slug of 0.4–0.5 PV followed by 1:1 WAG needs to be injected.     

渤海油田氮气泡沫段塞调驱研究与应用

结合渤海油田开采现状及海上作业条件要求,提出了氮气泡沫段塞调驱措施实现对老油田的挖潜控水。氮气泡沫段塞驱油实验结果表明,在总注入量相同条件下,段塞式注入泡沫好于连续注入方式,且3个泡沫段塞好于2个泡沫段塞的调驱效果,其中"连续注入泡沫"方案相比水驱提高采收率为19.7%,"2个泡沫段塞"方案提高23.5%,"3个泡沫段塞"方案提高31.7%;矿场应用表明,泡沫段塞式注入可以取得很好的降水增油效率,实验井组共计13口油井,其中12口逐步见效,见效率高达92.3%,平均日增油50 m3左右,累增油14 703 m3,展现了氮气泡沫段塞调驱的技术应用潜力。     

CO2辅助直井与水平井组合蒸汽驱技术研究

利用物理模拟及数值模拟方法，研究了在蒸汽中添加CO₂改善直井与水平井组合蒸汽驱开发效果的生产机理，主要包括降低原油黏度、使原油体积膨胀、降低油水界面张力等。优选出了CO₂与蒸汽的合理注入方式、注入比例和注入量。模拟结果表明：CO₂辅助直井与水平井组合蒸汽驱是深层稠油油藏高轮次吞吐后进一步提高采收率的有效技术。对于埋深为1300～1700m的稠油油藏，由于井筒热损失大，使井底蒸汽干度降低。而在注蒸汽的同时添加CO₂，不仅可以有效地弥补蒸汽干度低，难以达到蒸汽驱要求的不足，而且还可以缩短蒸汽驱初期的低产期，提高采油速度。     

重质油藏氮气辅助蒸汽驱注采参数敏感性分析及优化

为明确氮气辅助蒸汽驱中各注采参数对开发效果的影响,并优选最佳注采方案。以JY油田J2区块的11-12井组为例,采用CMG数值模拟软件的STAR热采模块,通过模拟各种氮气辅助蒸汽驱方案,分别评价了注气量、采注比、蒸汽干度、注汽(气)速度及油藏特征参数对最终采收率的影响,并结合正交试验方法对注采参数进行了优化研究,获得了最佳注采方案。结果表明:氮气辅助蒸汽驱过程中氮气注入段塞的体积应小于0.6HCPV,采注比以1.4左右为宜,氮气段塞注入前,蒸汽干度越高越好,而氮气段塞注入后,蒸汽干度控制在50%以上,提高注汽(气)速度以提高采油速度。最优注采参数组合为氮气注入体积0.2HCPV,注入速度为140 m³/d,采注比为1.6。试验井组开展氮气辅助蒸汽驱后单井平均产油量从1.8 m³/d提高至5.9 m³/d,单井平均含水率由97.2%下降至67.8,降水增油效果显著。研究成果为重质油藏开展氮气辅助蒸汽驱提供了参考依据。     

Simulation Study of Different Modes of Miscible Carbon Dioxide Flooding

Carbon dioxide flooding has been applied worldwide as a successful enhanced oil recovery. Carbon dioxide flooding may be applied as a continuous injection or as water-alternating-gas (WAG) process. Optimization of the injection mode of carbon dioxide is important for economical field application. This paper focuses on using a fully compositional simulation model for “AEB-3C” sandstone oil reservoir of one of the Western Desert oil fields in Egypt to predict the impact of CO₂ miscible flooding on the reservoir oil recovery and net present value (NPV), to define the best mode of operation that is straight CO₂ injection or water alternating gas (WAG) processes and to show the difference between pure and impure CO₂. Moreover, several sensitivity runs were done on the oil price to show minimum profitable value of oil price when applying such a tertiary method in the subject field.The reservoir under study has been producing under a successful water flooding project since May-2010. The recovery factor by the end of water flooding project is predicted as 32%. CO₂ flooding processes have started by the end of water flooding. A significant increase in the oil recovery factor was noticed due to applying this method; it reached up to 57%. Comparisons between different modes of operations were shown which showed better results when applying WAG process than that with straight CO₂ injection. Moreover; sensitivities were done on the cycle periods in WAG processes and showed increase in the recovery factor with shortening the cycle periods. In addition to a comparison between pure and impure CO₂ which showed very close results.     

热水添加氮气泡沫驱提高稠油采收率研究

利用物理模拟实验和油藏数值模拟技术,研究了稠油油藏蒸汽吞吐后期转热水添加氮气化学剂泡沫驱提高稠油采收率的开采机理;对合理工艺参数进行了优化,包括化学剂注入速度、注入浓度、气液比、注入方式及段塞大小等.在此基础上,针对辽河油田锦90块的油藏地质特点和开采现状,进行了开发指标预测,设计了先导试验方案.热水添加氮气化学剂驱油技术在矿场先导试验井组中已取得了较好的开采效果,单井组累积增油21378t.目前已扩大到9个井组进行试验,预计这种技术将成为此类稠油油藏蒸汽吞吐后期有效的接替方式.     

特低渗砂岩油藏CO2-低界面张力黏弹流体协同驱油机理研究

目的 特低渗油藏储层物性差、层间非均质性强,造成CO₂驱易发生气窜,提高采收率效果欠佳,其中,CO₂水气交替驱作为结合CO₂驱和水驱优势的方法,具有较高的适用性。为进一步改善CO₂-水交替驱的开发效果,开展了CO₂-低界面张力黏弹流体协同驱油研究。方法 通过界面张力和润湿性能测试评价低界面张力黏弹流体基本性能,并利用微观可视化驱油实验及岩心驱油实验等,探究了不同驱替方式的驱油效果和CO₂-低界面张力黏弹流体协同驱油过程中二者之间的“协同作用”机理。结果 低界面张力黏弹流体具备良好的界面活性和改变岩石表面润湿性能力,水驱后开展CO₂驱、低界面张力黏弹流体驱、CO₂-低界面张力黏弹流体交替协同驱,采收率可在水驱基础上分别提高0.91%、10.66%、16.25%,其提高采收率机理包括降低界面张力、改善流度比、改变岩石表面润湿性及乳化作用的协同效应等。结论 CO₂-低界面张力黏弹流体协同驱既可有效...     

pH值响应性液流转向剂对自生CO2调驱效果优化研究与应用

针对渤海油田多轮次自生CO_2调驱效果逐渐递减的问题,通过室内物理模拟实验分析了原因,并提出一种利用pH值响应性深部液流转向剂优化自生CO_2调驱效果的方法。岩心驱替实验表明:一轮常规自生CO_2调驱采收率可在水驱基础上提高25.61%,二轮调驱已无增油效果;二轮调驱时加入0.1 PV凝胶,采收率可在一轮常规调驱基础上提高6.11%,但驱替压力由0.07 MPa增至0.7 MPa,表明凝胶体系能够改善调驱效果,但注入性差;二轮调驱时加入0.1 PV的pH值响应性堵剂,注入压力在0.05～0.35 MPa波动,最终采收率可在一轮常规调驱基础上增加12.33%,且调驱后注入压力无明显增加,表明堵剂具有良好的注入性,不影响后续注水。2015年和2018年,分别在渤海油田A区块开展了两轮次现场试验,一轮为常规自生CO_2调驱,措施后累计增油1 371 m~3;二轮为自生CO_2优化调驱,措施后累计增油2 317 m~3,较第一轮增油效果明显改善。     

Scaled 3-D model studies of immiscible CO2 flooding using horizontal wells

In this study, a comprehensive laboratory investigation was conducted for the recovery of heavy oil from a scaled three-dimensional (3-D) physical model, packed with 18° API gravity crude oil, brine and crushed limestone. A total of 20 experiments were conducted using the scaled 3-D physical model with 30×30×6 cm³ dimensions. Basically, four different immiscible CO₂–water displacement processes were used for recovering heavy oil: (i) continuous CO₂ injection, (ii) waterflooding, (iii) simultaneous injection of CO₂ and water, and (iv) water alternating gas (WAG) process. Three groups of well configurations were mainly used: (1) vertical injection and vertical production wells, (2) vertical injection and horizontal production wells, and (3) horizontal injection and horizontal production wells. Base experiments were run with water only and carbon dioxide alone and optimum rates for WAG and simultaneous water–CO₂ injection were determined. In continuous CO₂ injection, highest recovery was obtained by vertical injection–horizontal production (VI–HP), followed by vertical injection–vertical production (VI–VP) and the least by horizontal injection–horizontal production (HI–HP). In VI–HP configuration, the best recovery was obtained as 15.1% OOIP. Higher oil recovery was obtained with a VI–HP wells than with a pair of vertical wells and horizontal wells. The WAG 1:5 ratio yielded a final recovery of 34.5% OOIP with VI–VP well configuration and 17.0% OOIP of additional recovery over waterflooding. In turn, the WAG 1:10 ratio was the best with a final recovery of 20.9% of OOIP with VI–HP well configuration. Oil production from WAG injection is higher than that obtained from the injection of continuous CO₂ or waterflooding alone.