热力耦合作用下脉冲电流烧结初期驱动力研究

采用L–S型广义热弹性理论,建立了氧化铝粉末非等径三颗粒模型,探究脉冲电流烧结过程的热力耦合传播规律和烧结驱动力。结果表明,三颗粒系统中小颗粒的温度明显高于大颗粒,在颈部形成高温度梯度,由温度梯度形成的热扩散通量与空位扩散通量共同为脉冲电流烧结初期颈部物质迁移提供驱动力;随着烧结过程的进行,热扩散对烧结驱动力的影响越大;三颗粒系统的计算值小于两颗粒系统,这是由于两颗粒系统产生的热耗散较小。     

洁净燃料发动机粉末冶金阀座熔渗烧结工艺研究

采用正交试验优化了洁净燃料发动机粉末冶金阀座熔渗烧结工艺参数,分析了熔渗烧结工艺参数对阀座密度和上下面硬度等性能的影响。结果表明:随着渗铜量的增加,阀座材料密度迅速增加,上下表面硬度差距缩小。熔渗烧结温度对阀座材料密度影响不大。当熔渗烧结温度从1130℃升高到1165℃,材料硬度逐渐提高;当温度达到1200℃后,Co–Cr–Mo硬质颗粒中合金元素向基体中发生明显扩散,导致阀座硬度下降。熔渗烧结时间对材料密度影响不大,缩短时间有利于缩小上下面硬度差距。当渗铜质量分数达到20%,渗铜温度1165℃,渗铜时间40 min,阀座力学性能最佳。熔渗烧结后密度为8.15 g·cm~(-3),上下表面硬度分别为HRC 30.4和HRC 30.1,基体材料与Fe–Mo、Co–Cr–Mo硬质颗粒均有一定的冶金结合。     

Preparation of amorphous Ni-Pd-P particles by melt ejection

Amorphous spherical particles with diameters of 0.5 to 1.4 mm have been prepared by melt ejecting Ni-rich Ni-Pd-P alloys into stirred cold water with 1 vol pct surfactive agent. The sphericity of the amorphous particles defined by the difference in diameter was better than 98 pct. Particle diameters (d) are 2 to 3 times larger than the orifice diameter (2r) of the quartz nozzle. The size ratio has been interpreted by the Raplace’s relation (d = 4r) derived from the assumption that an internal pressure of molten alloy is equal between cylindrical stream and spherical droplet. From the result that no spherical amorphous particles are formed in the cold water without surfactive agent, a significant decrease in the surface tension of coolant by the addition of surfactive agent is essential in the formation of spherical liquid particles from the ejected melt stream. The amorphous particles with diameters below about 1.0 mm exhibit hardness, crystallization temperature, and heat of crys-tallization similar to those from the amorphous ribbon with about 40 μm thickness. However, the onset temperature and heat of relaxation are lower by 16 K (4.2 pct) and larger by 130 J/mol (13 pct), respectively, for the particles. It is thus concluded that the amorphous spherical particles have the same thermal stability as that of the amorphous ribbon and its structure is in a more disordered state as compared with the ribbon sample.     

Preparation of amorphous Ni-Pd-P particles by melt ejection into stirred water and their hardness and thermal stability

Amorphous spherical particles with diameters of 0.5 to 1.4 mm have been prepared by melt ejecting Ni-rich Ni-Pd-P alloys into stirred cold water with 1 vol pct surfactive agent. The sphericity of the amorphous particles defined by the difference in diameter was better than 98 pct. Particle diameters (d) are 2 to 3 times larger than the orifice diameter (2r) of the quartz nozzle. The size ratio has been interpreted by the Raplace’s relation (d = 4r) derived from the assumption that an internal pressure of molten alloy is equal between cylindrical stream and spherical droplet. From the result that no spherical amorphous particles are formed in the cold water without surfactive agent, a significant decrease in the surface tension of coolant by the addition of surfactive agent is essential in the formation of spherical liquid particles from the ejected melt stream. The amorphous particles with diameters below about 1.0 mm exhibit hardness, crystallization temperature, and heat of crys-tallization similar to those from the amorphous ribbon with about 40 μm thickness. However, the onset temperature and heat of relaxation are lower by 16 K (4.2 pct) and larger by 130 J/mol (13 pct), respectively, for the particles. It is thus concluded that the amorphous spherical particles have the same thermal stability as that of the amorphous ribbon and its structure is in a more disordered state as compared with the ribbon sample.     

TiC颗粒增强铜基复合材料的研究

以电解铜粉和TiC粉为原料, 采用粉末冶金法制备了增强体质量分数为5%、10%、15%、20%的TiC颗粒增强铜基复合材料。通过对显微组织的观察和对相对密度、硬度、电导率、磨损率、摩擦系数的测试, 研究了增强相质量分数、烧结温度对复合材料组织性能的影响。研究结果表明, TiC颗粒除少量团聚外均匀分布在基体上, 并与基体结合良好; 随烧结温度升高, 铜基复合材料的密度和硬度均有所增加; 随增强相质量分数的增加, 硬度增加, 相对密度和电导率均有所下降; 磨损率则表现为先降低后有所增加的趋势, 磨损率在TiC质量分数为15%时最低; 铜基复合材料的摩擦系数明显低于纯铜, 其磨损机制主要以磨粒磨损为主。     

铁矿烧结过程微细颗粒物排放行为

 采用ELPI+设备(荷电低压撞击器)对铁矿烧结过程微细颗粒物进行在线检测与采样,利用场发射扫描电子显微镜(FESEM EDS)对采集的颗粒物形貌特征进行分析,研究铁矿烧结过程中微细颗粒物的排放行为。研究结果表明,PM10大量释放集中在烧结升温段,且颗粒物质量浓度与数目浓度在粒径分布上有较大差异,其中质量浓度峰值区间为5.37～10.00 μm,数目浓度峰值区间为0.10～0.16 μm;形貌特征上,微细颗粒物呈规则的球形、方块形和片状;不同粒径物质组成差异明显,其中颗粒物中的K、Na主要以KCl和NaCl的形式存在,含量随颗粒物粒级的增大而略有降低。     

Kinetics of neck growth during loose stack sintering

The kinetics of loose stack sintering of spherical iron powder were monitored by measuring some global microstructural attributes associated with the interparticle contact necks. The neck size and the number of interparticle contacts per unit volume were calculated from these data. A direct comparison of the experimental and theoretically predicted neck sizes has been carried out. The neck sizes predicted by the model for surface diffusion controlled sintering are muchhigher than the corre-sponding experimental values. The number of interparticle contacts per particle does not change with isothermal sintering time or temperature, and it is predominantly determined by the initial stacking of particles in the powder mass. The change of atmosphere from dry hydrogen to argon does not affect the neck growth kinetics significantly.     

Si-Al电子封装材料粉末冶金制备工艺研究

采用粉末冶金液相烧结工艺制备了Si-50％Al（质量分数)电子封装材料。研究了压制压力、烧结工艺对材料微观组织及性能的影响。结果发现：低温烧结时，随压制压力增大，材料密度呈上升趋势，而高温烧结时，材料密度较高且变化不大；增大压制压力不仅提高了材料的致密度，而且改善了界面接触方式，在一定范围内使得材料热导率提高，但压制压力过大时，则会导致Si粉出现大量的微裂纹等缺陷，界面热阻急剧上升，从而降低热导性能；适当提高烧结温度和延长烧结时间可以提高材料的热导率。     

粉末形状与松装密度对不锈钢烧结多孔材料制备工艺及其性能的影响

通过选用气雾化及水雾化两种工艺方法制备的不锈钢粉末来制取粉末烧结多孔材料。探讨了粉末形状及松装密度对不锈钢粉末烧结多孔材料制造工艺中的成形压力和烧结温度等工艺参数的影响;研究了原料粉末松装密度对不锈钢粉末烧结多孔材料的透气性、拉伸强度的影响。结果表明:成形压力、烧结温度和制品的透气性受粉末松装密度影响显著。粒度范围为0.18～0.90mm时,气雾化粉末的成形压力比水雾化粉末要高近1倍;当粉末的粒度相同时,采用松装密度大的球形粉末所需的烧结温度比松装密度小的不规则粉末的高60～70℃;粒度为0.45～0.60mm时,选用松装密度为4.13 g/cm3粉末所制备的多孔制品的透气性为3.16×10-10m2,而选用松装密度为2.67 g/cm3的粉末所制备的多孔制品的透气性仅为8.8×10-11m2。不锈钢多孔材料的强度受原料粉末的松装密度影响显著;粒度相同,制备工艺相同时,采用较低松装密度的粉末的制品,能够得到较高的强度。     

烧成温度对溶胶凝胶法合成LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2材料性能的影响

通过溶胶-凝胶法制备LiNi_0.8Co_0.1Mn_0.1O₂正极材料,研究了烧成温度对材料结构、形貌和电化学性能的影响。采用XRD、SEM及恒流充放电测试对材料性能进行表征。分析结果表明,材料均呈现典型的α-NaFeO₂层状结构且阳离子有序度较好。不同烧成温度时材料形貌呈现不规则块状且粒径随着温度的增加而增大; 温度低于780 ℃时,材料结晶性不好,生长不完全; 温度高于800 ℃时,材料团聚现象严重、形貌不规整。烧成温度为800 ℃时材料有较好的电化学性能,在5 C高倍率充放电下,首次放电比容量为147.95 mAh/g,循环200次后,容量保持率为76.71%。      

Causes of scrap in the sintering of spherical bronze powders and development of methods for its elimination

Conclusions One of the causes of scrap in the sintering of a bronze powder produced by the atomization technique is the presence of particles with internal pores, whose optimum sintering temperature is lower than that of solid particles. An apparatus has been developed enabling powders to be classified according to apparent density. Optimum sintering temperatures have been determined for Br0F8-0.3 bronze powders of various particle structures. The sintering behavior of bronze powders is explained in the light of data yielded by metallographic examinations. Sintering at temperatures higher than the optimum ones is accompanied by particle deformation, which sharply increases the aerodynamic resistance of specimens.Translated from Poroshkovaya Metallurgiya, No. 1(217), pp. 13–18, January, 1981.     

生物质替代焦粉铁矿石烧结过程中的碱金属迁移行为

通过挥发–冷凝实验装置进行小型烧结实验,运用X射线荧光光谱（XRF）、扫描电镜–能谱仪（SEM–EDS）及电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪（ICP–OES）等分析检测手段,结合Factsage热力学模拟,对比研究了以木炭和焦粉为燃料,配加含铁粉尘的铁矿石烧结过程中,床层碱金属随烟气挥发迁移的规律、烧结前后的碱金属脱除率以及工艺措施对碱金属脱除的影响。结果表明,K相对于Na更容易被脱除,挥发至烟气中的碱金属化合物主要是KCl,其次为NaCl。增加燃料配比促进了碱金属元素的脱除;在燃料配比相同的条件下,木炭烧结的碱金属脱除效果不及焦粉烧结。烧结过程中,排入废气中的碱金属化合物被下部混合料层大量捕获、吸附,下部床层内捕集的碱金属氯化物促进了碱金属的氯化脱除。添加CaCl₂后,以木炭为燃料时K和Na的脱除率高于焦粉工况,且产物中K和Na的含量较低。配合氯化脱除工艺将生物质应用于铁矿石烧结是烧结生产发展的可行方向。      

掺杂氧化铝对纳米钨粉烧结过程的影响

以碳热预还原和氢气深还原两步制备的纳米钨粉作为烧结原料,即先通过碳黑还原脱除三氧化钨中的大部分氧,再以氢还原脱除残留的氧。该方法制备的钨粉颗粒呈球形形貌,平均晶粒度可达90 nm。同时,向钨粉中掺杂质量分数为1%和2%的氧化铝,探究了氧化铝对钨粉烧结行为的影响。通过烧结样品的断口形貌和晶粒的平均尺寸分析发现,氧化铝对烧结后期的晶粒长大有明显的抑制作用,相同的烧结温度下晶粒的尺寸随着氧化铝含量的上升而减小。在1600 ℃时,纯钨粉烧结坯的晶粒平均尺寸为2.75 μm,但添加质量分数为1%和2%氧化铝的烧结样品晶粒平均尺寸约为1.5 μm,这是由于氧化铝能有效地抑制烧结后期的钨粉晶粒长大。纯钨粉和掺杂氧化铝钨粉的烧结坯的硬度随温度升高具有不同的趋势。掺杂钨粉烧结坯的硬度随着温度的升高而升高,且其最大值高于800 HV。但是,纯钨粉烧结坯的硬度随烧结温度增加而先增加后降低,在1400 ℃时取得最大值（473.6 HV）,这是由纯钨粉烧结坯的晶粒在高温下急剧长大所导致。在烧结温度为1600 ℃时,纯钨粉、掺杂质量分数1%和2%的氧化铝掺杂的钨粉的烧结坯的相对密度依次为98.52%、95.43%和93.5%。      

非对称Fe_3Al金属间化合物粉末滤芯研究

采用湿法喷涂与真空高温烧结工艺,制备非对称Fe_3Al金属间化合物粉末滤芯。利用扫描电子显微镜、能谱仪及X射线衍射仪等设备,观察与分析了滤芯的微观形貌、成分及物相。研究了不同表面膜层厚度滤芯样品的孔隙特性,分析了黏结剂与固化剂对滤芯力学性能的影响,测试了实验样品表面膜层与基体的结合强度。结果表明:经真空高温烧结之后,滤芯表面膜层颗粒仍为球状形貌,颗粒之间形成了相互连接的烧结颈;粗大的滤芯基体颗粒与细小的膜层颗粒之间也形成了烧结颈,两者发生了冶金结合;表面膜层厚度在200μm时,孔径与渗透性具有较好的匹配关系;黏结剂与固化剂对滤芯力学性能没有明显影响;滤芯表面膜层与基体的结合强度高于25 MPa。     

介质黏度对PCC分散体系流变行为的影响

在AR2000ex型流变仪上对沉淀碳酸钙(Precipitated calcium carbonate,PCC)在PEG(聚乙二醇)悬浮体系进行稳态剪切流变实验。通过2种方法来改变分散体系黏度:1)以PEG200(相对分子质量为200)为连续相,分散体系以10℃为间隔从10℃上升至50℃;2)在30℃用相同的聚合物3种不同相对分子质量的PEG(PEG200、PEG400和PEG600)。结果表明随着温度升高,PCC/PEG200分散体系的临界剪切速率越来越大。在剪切增稠区内流动指数N随温度升高而降低,稠度系数K随着温度升高而升高。临界剪切速率以及临界剪切黏度与温度严格满足Arrhenius关系:η=A exp[Ea/(RT)]。研究发现随温度的变化临界剪切应力不变。随着PEG的相对分子质量增加,分散体系的黏度增加,临界剪切增稠速率减小。PCC粉末的分形结构以及聚集体的形貌使得体系的相对黏度远大于硬球体系的相对黏度。     

Photoluminescence enhancement of YAG：Ce~（3＋） phosphor prepared by co-precipitation-rheological phase method

YAG:Ce3+ phosphor was prepared by a novel co-precipitation-rheological phase method.The resulting YAG:Ce3+ phosphor was characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD),scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and photoluminescent emission spectra.By using acetic acid as solvent,YAG:Ce3+ powder with small particle size(≤2 μm) was obtained at a relatively lower sintering temperature of 1400 oC.With the content of acetic acid increasing,small particles dissolved and disappeared,but larger particles grew up and changed its shape from spherical to partially rectangular.Meanwhile,the emission intensity of the sample prepared by co-precipitation-rheological phase method was about 43% higher than that of the sample prepared by co-precipitation method.It was assumed that the significant improvement of luminescence was mainly because the rheological phase presented a better diffusion environment,and therefore,a better homogeneity of activators of Ce3+.     

Swelling during sintering of titanium alloys based on titanium hydride powder

Abstract

Compacts were prepared by pressing titanium and titanium hydride powders mixed with nickel powder and sintering under vacuum. Severe swelling was observed only for compacts based on TiH₂ powder. Pressure changes in the vacuum furnace, dilatometry results and mass loss data all indicate that dehydrogenation of TiH₂ powder compacts occurs at lower temperature than any significant sintering. Swelling appears to have been caused by a contaminant in the TiH₂ powder rather than hydrogen. The onset of severe swelling during heating was associated with the formation of liquid phase as the solidus was crossed. However, some swelling appears to take place under solid state sintering conditions. Various results indicate that the mechanism of swelling is high gas pressure within closed pores. Large pores appear to form by breakage of ligaments between small pores followed by opening of the pore. It appears that the use of (uncontaminated) TiH₂ powder in place of Ti powder would allow the benefit of lower green porosity to be retained during sintering to achieve low sintered porosity.     

广义热弹性扩散下非等径颗粒的烧结驱动力分析

在广义热弹性扩散理论框架下建立非等径两颗粒系统三维有限元模型，研究颗粒系统温度场和浓度场的分布规律，分析场分布对脉冲电流烧结初期迁移驱动力的影响。结果表明，颗粒颈部空位浓度梯度、温度梯度、由温度场和应力场产生的浓度梯度是颗粒颈部物质迁移的共同驱动力。烧结颈部的温度会产生两次突变，烧结过程中小颗粒一直保持高温状态；温度变化会引起浓度改变，使得颈部浓度高于边缘浓度；热扩散占总扩散通量的2/3，浓度扩散占1/3，因此烧结颈部的热扩散驱动力和浓度扩散驱动力是脉冲电流烧结过程的主导驱动力，提高热扩散能力和浓度扩散通量可显著提高烧结过程驱动力。非等径颗粒的烧结驱动力远远大于等径颗粒，为非等径颗粒的烧结比等径颗粒更为迅速提供了理论依据。     

氮气保护下铝基烧结含油轴承烧结工艺优化研究

通过粉末冶金技术制备质量分数为7.5%的含铜铝基烧结含油轴承试样,研究了在氮气保护下不同烧结温度以及烧结时间对试样的微观结构和综合性能的影响,优化得到最佳烧结工艺。研究结果表明,当烧结温度超过537℃时,烧结试样发生局部熔化,液相开始生成;随着烧结温度升高和烧结时间的延长,烧结试样的尺寸收缩率以及压溃强度不断提高而含油率不断减小。当烧结温度为560℃、烧结时间为120 min时,烧结试样拥有良好的综合性能,压溃强度和含油率分别为151.3 MPa和16.7%,呈最佳烧结状态。