气相二氧化硅/碳化硅复合绝热材料的制备与表征

采用碳化硅微粉作为红外遮光剂,通过干法成型工艺制备了具有优良高温绝热性能的气相二氧化硅/碳化硅复合绝热材料.利用场发射扫描电镜、热重-差热分析、导热系数测定等方法对复合材料的微观结构和热性能进行分析,研究了SiC粒度、添加量和复合材料密度对复合材料绝热性能的影响.结果表明:SiC的引入可明显降低红外辐射传热,有效提高材料高温绝热性能;当复合材料使用温度为500℃时,较适宜的SiC添加量为25%(质量分数),平均粒径约为3.029μm;此外,在满足材料力学性能要求的同时应尽可能降低其密度.     

用参数分析螺旋回热器的热工性能

本文从有效能的观点出发,综合考虑了螺旋回热器的传热和阻力特性,用(火用)参数计算分析了螺旋回热器在高温、中温和低温条件下的气-气对流传热和液-液对流传热的热工性能,为螺旋回热器的操作工况优化提供了理论依据,奠定了螺旋回热器的设计和开发应用基础。     

污水沉降罐伴热盘管传热特性与影响因素分析

在沉降罐液位举升与收油过程中，采用稳-瞬态相结合的全过程传热计算方法，建立了污水沉降罐稳态-瞬态传热温度场分析三维有限元耦合模型，对污水沉降罐和伴热盘管全运行过程传热特性进行分析，得到沉降罐与伴热盘管的温度分布。结果显示：在收油过程中，各圈盘管温度由进水侧向出水侧逐渐降低，盘管环向温降在0.1℃/m左右，盘管同一角度径向温降在每圈1℃左右；通过研究不同影响因素可知，进口温度、环境温度的升高以及盘管直径的增大都能有效提高伴热盘管传热特性，而保温层厚度的增大和进口流速的提高对伴热盘管传热特性影响很小，影响因素敏感程度排序为进口温度>环境温度>盘管直径>保温层厚度>进口流速。     

基于连续编织-缠绕-拉挤成型工艺的复合材料直管固化研究

根据复合材料固化成型原理,建立采用连续编织-缠绕-拉挤成型工艺生产的复合材料直管的传热模型以及固化动力学模型,利用有限元软件ANSYS和APDL语言开发复合材料直管固化过程数值模拟程序,以三维复合材料直管为模型进行固化数值模拟仿真,从而分析不同参数对采用连续编织-缠绕-拉挤成型工艺复合材料直管固化成型过程中的温度与固化度的影响。通过对复合材料直管模型进行固化数值模拟仿真分析可以得到工艺参数(如初始温度、加温历程、拉挤速度等参数)对固化过程的影响规律。对应用连续编织-缠绕-拉挤成型工艺生产的复合材料直管进行在线温度测试,测试结果表明数值模拟与实际生产工艺贴合,对实际生产有指导意义。     

气体流动条件下钴基催化剂固定床的传热

在气体流量4~8 Nm3/h、气体分布器进口温度190~210℃、加热管壁温约240℃的条件下,对气体流动时活性组分呈蛋壳型分布的钴基催化剂固定床的传热进行了实验研究,建立了二维拟均相传热模型,利用正交配置法和Levenberg-Marquardt法对其求解,得到了钴基催化剂床层径向有效导热系数及壁给热系数的关联式,并将传热参数与由气体处于静态时固定床的有效导热系数计算而得的固定床传热参数值进行了比较,在气体入口温度范围内考察了其对固定床传热参数的影响. 结果表明,实验所得传热参数与文献值的最大偏差绝对值均在15%以内.     

难熔金属加入对炭/炭复合材料抗氧化性能的影响

合成了一种新型含锆先驱体,采用液相浸渍-炭化工艺循环制备含锆C/C复合材料,借助红外扫描、热失重分析、X射线衍射等检测手段对先驱体热处理过程中的结构变化进行分析;对复合材料进行恒温氧化失重率测定,并采用扫描电子显微镜观察氧化前后复合材料的微观形貌。结果表明:锆元素在复合材料中分布较为均匀,在1 000℃处理后形成C/C-ZrO2复合材料,这种复合材料的起始氧化温度可达631.1℃,较纯C/C复合材料的氧化温度提高了约300℃,且ZrO2含量增加能显著提升复合材料的抗氧化性能。     

翅片板式传热器双流道传热与流动数值模拟

焊接型板式传热器的紧凑性好、质量轻、传热性能好、初始成本低等优越性已越来越被人们所认识,因此人们纷纷对板式传热器内流动状态和传热机理展开研究。鉴于此,本文运用数值模拟软件Fluent对全焊接翅片板式传热器双流道进行模拟,在此基础上又进行了实验研究及实验数据与数值模拟的对比分析,得出不同结构参数和操作参数下翅片的传热系数和压力降,并分析翅片高度和翅片间距对翅片传热性能与流动阻力的影响。结果表明：①固定冷侧的入口速度和温度,热侧的传热系数和压降随之热侧入口速度增加而增大;②板间距一定时,翅片高度并非越高传热性能越好;③翅片间距越小,传热性能越好。     

基于FBG传感器的碳纤维复合材料内部热应变监测

将光纤布拉格光栅(Fiber Bragg Grating,简称"FBG")传感器分别埋入单向板和平纹机织层压复合材料中,采用Sm125型光纤光栅解调仪测试两种复合材料在20~100℃温度范围内的内部热应变,分析单向板和平纹机织层压复合材料在仅受温度作用下内部热应变变化特征。结果表明,FBG传感器可以准确测量复合材料内部热应变变化;单向板和平纹机织层压复合材料的内部热应变均随温度升高而增大;织物结构影响复合材料内部热应变,且同一温度点,平纹机织层压复合材料内部热应变较单向板大。     

隐身/防热一体化CFRP航空发动机舱体设计

依据无人机实际飞行条件进行碳纤维复合材料(CFRP)发动机舱体结构、功能设计。通过仿真分析确定纤维、基体方向最大应力及热部件在热稳态下外包覆气凝胶防热结构厚度。对比仿真结果进行耐高温材料体系优选,分析促进剂用量、温度对脂环族环氧树脂凝胶时间的影响,以此确定树脂配比及固化升温梯度,测试CFRP在室温及100℃下力学性能,均远高于设计要求。使用该体系制备的发动机舱体通过试验验证,实测温度与防热仿真分析结果误差10.39%。最后结合计算分析,采用涂敷低发射率涂层的方法降低CFRP航空发动机舱体红外特征。结果表明,设计的航空发动机舱体与低温天空背景亮度较为接近,极大提高了无人机的生存能力。     

萘并恶嗪固化方式及热学性能研究

以苯胺、2-萘酚和甲醛为原料合成了萘并恶嗪预聚体,并将其采用不同方式固化,通过示差扫描量热分析和热重分析研究了固化物的热稳定性。结果表明:固化方式影响固化物热稳定性。固化温度为170~200℃时,一般固化物热稳定性随固化温度升高呈增强趋势,固化温度200℃时固化物热失重10%温度达到最大值346℃,而定向固化物热稳定性呈下降趋势,固化温度为170℃时热失重10%温度达到最大值359℃。定向固化物较一般固化物热稳定性好。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。