焊后时效处理和固溶处理对接头组织和性能的影响

通过以2519高强铝合金为研究对象,研究了单独时效处理和固溶再时效处理对接头组织和性能的影响.结果表明,时效处理对接头的强度提升有一定的帮助,当时效温度为150 ℃时接头的抗拉强度达到最大;固溶再时效处理能使接头的抗拉强度显著增加,且随着固溶温度的增加,接头的抗拉强度随之增加,但当固溶温度达到540 ℃时,接头中容易产生液化裂纹,接头强度反而降低.采用强化固溶的方法,可以将固溶温度提升至540 ℃,显著提升接头的强度.     

Ti-Zr-Ni-Cu非晶钎料钎焊Si3N4陶瓷的连接强度

采用Ti40Zr25Ni15Cu20非晶钎料钎焊Si3N4陶瓷,研究钎焊工艺参数对界面反应层和接头连接强度的影响。结果表明:随着钎焊时间的增加和钎焊温度的提高,接头弯曲强度都表现出先上升后下降的趋势;钎焊工艺参数对连接强度的影响主要是由于影响反应层厚度所致;在相同钎焊工艺条件下,采用Ti40Zr25Ni15Cu20非晶态钎料和晶态钎料相比,其接头连接强度提高了84%。     

TB2钛合金扩散连接与分形维数

在不同温度、压力、保温时间下对TB2 钛合金进行了扩散连接实验 ,利用SEM观察了扩散连接接头断口形貌并进行了分形维数计算 ,通过剪切实验得到了不同条件下的扩散连接接头的剪切强度。结果表明 ,连接温度、保温时间、连接压力对TB2 钛合金扩散连接接头的剪切强度和分形维数都有影响。剪切强度和分形维数呈正相关 ,工艺参数为扩散连接温度 85 0℃ ,保温时间 30min ,连接压力 5MPa时接头的剪切强度最高 (890MPa) ,同时 ,表面分形维数最大 (2 .2 3)。     

焊后热处理对6061-T6铝合金激光-电弧复合焊接性能的影响

6系铝合金熔焊中接头强度低主要是由于接头中易出现气孔和热影响区软化造成的。首先用激光诱导电弧复合热源在5 mm厚6061-T6铝合金板材上进行堆焊,研究铝合金在不同工艺参数下接头中气孔的变化规律;然后采用复合热源对3 mm厚铝合金进行冷填丝对接焊,为消除接头软化区,对接头进行530℃×1 h固溶处理+水淬+185℃×6 h时效处理,并对接头的力学性能、断口特征、显微组织进行分析。结果表明:通过调节焊接工艺参数,焊缝中的气孔可以得到控制,进而得到无气孔的接头;热处理前复合焊接接头强度为母材的63.9%;热处理后,接头的强度达到母材的85.2%,接头薄弱区(热影响区中的过时效区)得到消除。     

不同钎料对Ti3Al基合金钎焊接头强度及界面微观组织的影响

研究了Ti3Al基合金真空钎焊及接头组织性能;分析了不同钎料对接头界面组织和剪切强度的影响,初步优选了钎料,优化了钎焊连接规范参数;利用电子探针、扫描电镜和X射线衍射等方法对接头进行了定性和定量分析.结果表明:采用NiCrSiB钎料连接时,在界面处有金属间化合物TiAl3、AlNi2Ti和Ni基固溶体生成,TiAl3和AlNi2Ti的生成降低了接头的剪切强度;采用TiZrNiCu钎料连接时,在界面处有金属间化合物Ti2Ni、Ti(Cu,Al)2和Ti基固溶体生成,Ti2Ni和Ti(Cu,Al)2的形成降低了接头的剪切强度;采用AgCuZn钎料连接时,在界面处生成TiCu、Ti(Cu,Al)2和Ag基固溶体,TiCu和Ti(Cu,Al)2的生成是降低接头剪切强度的主要原因;采用CuP钎料连接时,在界面处生成了Cu3P、TiCu和Cu基固溶体,CuaP和TiCu使接头的剪切强度降低;对于NiCrSiB钎料,当连接温度为1 373 K,连接时间为5 min时,接头的剪切强度最高为219.6 MPa对于TiZr-NiCu钎料,当连接温度为1 323 K,连接时间为5 min时,接头的最高剪切强度为259.6 MPa;对于AgCuZn钎料,当连接温度为1 173 K,连接时间为5 min时,接头的最高剪切强度为125.4 MPa;对于CuP钎料,当连接温度为1 223 K,连接时间为5 min时,接头的最高剪切强度为98.6 MPa;采用TiZrNiCu钎料连接Ti3Al可获得最大接头强度.     

Ti_3SiC_2陶瓷/Fe扩散连接接头强度及断裂行为

在连接温度850～1050℃、保温时间60～120 min、压力10～20 MPa的条件下对Ti_3SiC_2陶瓷和Fe进行真空扩散连接。用剪切实验评价Ti_3SiC_2陶瓷与Fe扩散连接接头强度,并利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)观察分析断口形貌和成分,分析连接工艺参数对接头剪切强度和反应层厚度的影响。结果表明:随着连接温度的升高和保温时间的增加,接头的剪切强度先增加后降低。     

表面微结构对铝合金与PA66激光焊性能影响

为提高金属与塑料的激光焊接头强度，提出了异种材料的微结构激光焊的方法.为探究表面微结构参数对金属与塑料激光焊头强度的影响，焊接前采用飞秒激光在金属表面制备了不同参数的微结构；采用拉伸剪切试验、连接界面以及断面微观观测等方式探究了微结构参数对焊接接头强度的影响机制.结果表明，金属与塑料的焊接接头强度与微结构的填充效果以及连接面积有关，随着微结构尺寸的增加，金属与塑料焊接接头强度增加，但过大的微结构尺寸会使得熔融塑料无法对微结构进行充分填充，未填充缺陷的出现会使焊接接头的强度减小；随着间隔距离的增加，微结构覆盖率下降，金属与塑料有效连接面积减少，焊接接头强度持续减小.     

5A06铝合金回填式搅拌摩擦点焊工艺

为了研究不同工艺参数(搅拌工具旋转速度,扎入时间和回填时间)对5A06铝合金薄板回填式搅拌摩擦点焊搭接接头的影响,设计了正交试验,并对接头进行微观组织观察及力学性能测试,确定影响因子的主次和最优工艺参数。最后发现对接头强度影响的主次顺序为:回填时间,旋转速度和扎入时间。最优工艺参数是回填时间1s,转速1500r/min,扎入时间2s,最优接头的抗拉剪载荷为11.683kN。     

TC4钛合金扩散连接工艺研究

通过正交试验研究了TC4钛合金的真空扩散连接工艺,进行了扩散连接接头的剪切强度试验。通过光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)等分析手段,研究扩散连接温度、压力、时间等参数对TC4真空扩散连接质量及扩散连接接头剪切强度的影响。结果表明:扩散连接温度920℃,压力3 MPa,保温保压30 min时,扩散连接界面完全与基体相融,局部微孔等缺陷基本消失,孔洞弥合率达到98.63%,扩散连接接头的剪切强度为467.83 MPa,达到了母材剪切强度(480MPa)的97.46%。     

热处理对2519铝合金焊接接头组织和性能的影响

研究了热处理对2519铝合金焊接接头组织结构和力学性能的影响。结果表明,经时效处理后,2519铝合金的硬度和焊接接头强度均有所提高,塑性降低。经固溶和时效处理后,其硬度、焊接接头塑性和强度均提高。     

Effect of silane coupling on the joint characteristics of friction lap joined Al alloy/CFRP

Dissimilar materials joining of an A5052 plate and a carbon fibre reinforced thermoplastic (CFRTP), which consisted of polyamide 6 (PA6) with 20 wt% carbon fibre addition, was performed using friction lap joining (FLJ) with the Al alloy plate as a top and the CFRTP plate as a bottom. The joint characteristics were evaluated to investigate effects of the surface treatment by the silane coupling treatment for A5052 and the joining speed on the joining properties. The joint strength was increased by inducing the silane coupling treatment for the A5052 plate surface. The tensile shear fracture load of the silane coupling treated FLJ joint increased by increasing the joining speed up to 6.67 mm/s and then decreased. The maximum tensile shear fracture load of 5.0 kN was obtained at the joining speed of 6.67 mm/s, and the fracture occurred at the CFRTP base plate with the joint efficiency of 97%. The shear strength of the joint interface of the joint formed at the joining speed of 1.67 mm/s, which fractured at the joining interface by the tensile shear test, was estimated to be about 19 MPa. The covalent bondings between the A5052 plate and the silane coupling layer, and the silane coupling layer and the CFRTP plate were indicated by inducing the silane coupling treatment.     

Friction welding of Al–Mg–Si alloy to Ni–Cr–Mo low alloy steel

Abstract

It is difficult to weld the dissimilar material combination of aluminium alloys and low alloy steels using fusion welding processes, on account of the formation of a brittle interlayer composed of intermetallic compound phases and the significant difference in physical and mechanical properties. In the present work an attempt has been made to join these materials via the friction welding method, i.e. one of the solid phase joining processes. In particular, the present paper describes the optimisation of friction welding parameters so that the intermetallic layer is narrow and joints of acceptable quality can be produced for a dissimilar joint between Al-Mg-Si alloy (AA6061) and Ni-Cr-Mo low alloy steel, using a design of experiment method. The effect of post-weld heat treatment on the tensile strength of the joints was then clarified. It was concluded that the friction time strongly affected the joint tensile strength, the latter decreasing rapidly with increasing friction time. The highest strength was achieved using the shortest friction time. The highest joint strength was greater than that of the AA6061 substrate in the as welded condition. This is due to the narrow width of the brittle intermetallic layer generated, which progressed from the peripheral (outer surface) region to the centreline region of the joint with increasing friction time. The joints in the as welded condition could be bent without cracking in a bend test. The joint tensile strength in the as welded condition was increased by heat treatment at 423 K (150° C), and then it decreased when the heat treatment temperature exceeded 423 K. All joints fractured in the AA6061 substrate adjacent to the interface except for the joints heated at 773 K (500° C). The joints fractured at the interface because of the occurrence of a brittle intermetallic compound phase.     

Direct dissimilar joining of aluminium alloys and polyamide 6 by friction lap joining*

Direct dissimilar joining of various Al alloy (A1050, A3004, A5052 and A5083) plates and a polyamide 6 plate was performed using friction lap joining (FLJ) with the Al alloy plate as a top and the polyamide 6 plate as a bottom. The effect of Mg content in Al alloys on the joining strength was investigated. TEM analysis made clear that the polyamide 6 and Al alloys were joined via oxide layer consisting of Al₂O₃ and MgO. The results of XPS analysis indicated that MgO was formed by the heating during FLJ, and the quantity of MgO was increased with increasing Mg content in Al alloys. The tensile shear strengths of A3004, A5052 and A5083 joints were saturated to about 2 kN because of the tensile fracture at the polyamide 6 plate outside the tool-passed zone, which were higher than that of the A1050 joint fractured at the joint interface. The peel strength of the joint was increased with increasing Mg content in Al alloys, and the fracture occurred both at the joint interface and at the polyamide 6 plate on the joint area. The fraction of polyamide 6 plate fracture was also increased with increasing Mg content in Al alloys.     

Fluxless joining of aluminium alloy to steel by laser irradiation method

A6061 aluminium alloy was joined with steel using Zn filler metal under laser irradiation process. The quality of joint was evaluated by the strength of a lap joint. The effects of laser power irradiation conditions such as travelling speed and defocused distance on the joint strength were investigated. The maximum joint strength was obtained at relatively medium laser travelling speed. The excess reaction between filler metal and aluminium formed thick brittle intermetallic compounds between steel and aluminium alloy. The compounds are considered to lead to the reduction in joint strength. It was found that low wetting at high travelling speed and excess reaction layer formation at low travelling speed were responsible for low joint strength. The study revealed that the relatively high joint strength between aluminium alloy and steel was obtained by laser joining method using Zn filler without the use of flux in air atmosphere.     

Tube/tube joining technology by using rotary swaging forming method

With the development of the manufacturing technology, a challenge has been proposed on the joining of difficult welding materials and the poor connection interface of materials. In this paper, rotary swaging technology is utilized as a joining by plastic deformation forming method to join tube/tube parts with different diameters. Experimental set-up of rotary swaging forming was designed and fabricated, in which the forging energy can be adjusted by changing the rotation speed of AC server motor. The rotary swaging model and tension testing model are established by using FE simulation software Forge 2D. The effects of forming parameters on the tension strength of the joined tubes and the joining mechanism are investigated. The results show that a concave arc joint can be formed at the overlapping parts of the tubes. To obtain the high joining strength, the distance from the end of the inner tube to the center of the hammer die need to exceed a certain value. The maximum strain and stress occur at the concave arc joining region in which the thickness variation of the two joined tubes is small. To exam the joining strength, the tension test was performed. The two tubes tend to slide out during tension process and the maximum stress occurs at the relative sliding region. The ratio on tensile load of the joined tubes to the maximum tensile load of the single tube can reach to 68% for the inner tube and 47% for the outer tube. Therefore, the joining strength of the tube/tube parts, formed by using rotary swaging method, is enough high.     

基于CCD的多级时效工艺对6061铝合金性能的影响

采用中心组合设计(Central composite design, CCD)试验方法对选定温度下的6061铝合金固溶+双级时效处理工艺中的时间参数进行系统试验设计,结合力学性能测试结果得出时间参数与抗拉强度的可靠数学模型(r²=0.9078)。通过模型计算及方差分析结果可知二级时效时间对抗拉强度的影响十分显著且与抗拉强度呈负相关关系。据此得出最佳热处理工艺为550 ℃×108 min固溶+180 ℃×246 min峰时效+220 ℃×3 min二级时效,该工艺下6061铝合金的抗拉强度值为345 MPa,断后伸长率为13.5%。     

放电等离子技术连接铬酸镧陶瓷

铬酸镧陶瓷脆性高、难以变形,使其在加工上存在难度。利用陶瓷连接技术可以将小部件连接为大部件,实现低成本制造形状复杂的大型陶瓷构件。以铬酸镧的前驱体料浆作为中间层材料,利用放电等离子技术进行了铬酸镧陶瓷的连接,测定了连接件的连接强度,并借助SEM、EDS等手段分析了连接温度及保温时间对连接件强度的影响。结果表明,连接温度为1400℃时,连接件可以获得最高的连接强度,连接过程中母材中出现第二相Cr4O5。     

Resistance spot welding of metal/carbon-fibre-reinforced plastics and applying silane coupling treatment

Dissimilar materials joining of SUS304 and carbon-fibre-reinforced plastics consisting of short fibres and thermoplastics was performed. The materials were joined by series resistance spot welding. The electrodes were pressed on the metal plate of the lap joint of metal/carbon-fibre-reinforced plastics. The SUS304 plate was heated by resistance heating, causing the thermoplastic near the interface to melt slightly because of heat conduction. SUS304 could be joined directly to carbon-fibre-reinforced polyamide and modified polypropylene, but not to polyphenylene sulphide. The joining area increased with an increase in the welding current and welding time, so did the tensile shear fracture load. Furthermore, the silane coupling agent treatment of SUS304 was highly effective in increasing the joining strength.     

Establishing empirical relationships to predict grain size and tensile strength of friction stir welded AA 6061-T6 aluminium alloy joints

AA 6061-T6 aluminium alloy(Al-Mg-Si alloy) has gathered wide acceptance in the fabrication of light weight structures requiring a high specific strength and good corrosion resistance.Compared with the fusion welding processes that are routinely used for joining structural aluminium alloys,friction stir welding(FSW) process is an emerging solid state joining process in which the material welded does not melt and recast.Joint strength is influenced by the grain size and tensile strength of the weld nugget region.Hence,an attempt was made to develop empirical relationships to predict grain size and tensile strength of friction stir welded AA 6061-T6 aluminium alloy joints.The empirical relationships are developed by response surface methodology(RSM) incorporating FSW tool and process parameters.A linear regression relationship was also established between grain size and tensile strength of the weld nugget of FSW joints.     

喷射成形6061铝合金的热处理工艺

对喷射成形6061铝合金的热处理工艺进行研究,采用硬度测试、拉伸试验和透射电镜等研究固溶温度、时效温度和时效保温时间对合金显微组织和力学性能的影响规律。结果表明:随固溶温度的升高,合金硬度也随之升高,而其抗拉强度、屈服强度和断后伸长率则先增大后减小;合金硬度、抗拉强度和屈服强度随时效温度的升高先增大后减小,断后伸长率却一直减小;合金硬度、抗拉强度和屈服强度曲线随时效温保温时间的延长呈驼峰状变化,断后伸长率则变化不大,只在17 h时有所增大;喷射成形6061铝合金的最佳热处理工艺为530℃固溶1 h+175℃时效8 h。