PFBC中试电站稳态气力输送试验研究

在增压流化床燃烧(PFBC)中试电站，气力输送技术是关键性技术，它关系到以燃料是否能连续稳定送人增压流化床内，保证增压流化床正常稳定燃烧。考察了在背压为0．6MPa(PFBC中试电站流化床压力)下，固气比和喷射器(无二次喷嘴)气体喷嘴位置对输送稳定性的影响。     

ACFB与PCFB灰特性的比较研究

流休床燃烧技术的出现为解决因各种化石燃料的利用而带来的环境问题提供了很好的途径。在不久的将来，增压循环流化床（ＰＣＦＢ）燃烧技术将具有广阔的市场前景。这里须弄清ＰＣＦＢ燃烧产物中灰的特性与常压循环流化床（ＡＣＦＢ）燃烧产物中灰的特性的异同。不过，燃烧产物中灰的各组成成份将随加入的脱硫剂量和机组运行工况的不同而有很大的变化。在燃料中硫含量一定和同种脱硫剂的情况下，ＰＣＦＢ锅炉燃烧产生的灰量通常较ＡＣＦＢ锅炉燃烧产生的灰量要少，这主要是由于在增压锅炉中仅需较少的脱硫剂。上述两种锅炉中因脱硫产生的灰量之所以有差异，同时又是由于在常压和增压条件下脱硫反应机理的不同。本文所用到的灰样来自于商用ＡＣＦＢ电站和ＦＷ公司在芬兰卡弗莱的１０ＭＷ ＰＣＦＢ中试电站。文中叙述的灰特性和文中提供的ＡＣＦＢ灰样或ＰＣＦＢ灰样较其它地方所     

U形阀回料器的改造与运行

Ｕ形阀回料器的改造与运行许志平（永川煤矿发电厂）关键词Ｕ型阀回料器回料灰量一次风压回料器是循环流化床锅炉的三大核心部件（回料器、气固分离器、冷渣器）之一，其功用是将气固分离器分离下来的固体颗粒重新送回炉膛参加传热和再燃烧；它的运行稳定、可靠与否直接关...     

微正压浓相气力输灰系统的设计和运行

进入90年代,煤粉锅炉燃烧后的干灰被广泛应用到交通、建筑的各个领域,一些燃煤电厂纷纷进行干出灰项目的改造.正压气力输灰系统、负压气力输灰系统、微正压浓相气力输灰系统先后问世.如何拥有一套比较理想的干式气力除灰系统已成为燃煤电厂研究、探索的主要问题之一.东台热电厂使用的是浙江菲达机电集团公司生产的微正压浓相气力输灰系统.该系统1997年投入运行,经过一年多的运行实践和局部整改,现在这套系统完全能满足该厂2台75t/h燃煤锅炉全部出干灰的需要,年生产商品灰销售收入达70万元,在实际应用中该系统体现出自动化程度高、安全可靠、经济实用的优点.     

增压富氧燃烧与捕集CO2电站的经济性分析

以300MW燃煤锅炉汽轮发电机组为研究对象,计算了其在6～8MPa压力下增压富氧燃烧的经济性,并与常压富氧燃烧下的经济性进行了对比分析．结果表明：由于系统压力的提高,烟气中水蒸气的凝结热得以回收,用于加热汽轮机低温凝结水,减少汽轮机抽汽,使汽轮机出力增加,电厂的毛输出功率接近320MW;增压富氧燃烧的空气深冷分离制氧（ASU）功耗大大增加,占毛输出功率的26％,而烟气压缩（CPU）的功耗大大降低,约为毛输出功率的0．2％;综合考虑电站其他辅机功耗后,6～8MPa下增压富氧燃烧的电厂净效率比常压富氧燃烧下提高了4．5％．与常压富氧燃烧发电机组相比,增压富氧燃烧在CO2的捕集、压缩液化与封存（CCS）技术中的经济性明显提高．     

国内外洁净煤发电技术发展现状

为减少燃烧电厂烟气污染物的排放，洁净煤燃烧技术已列入一世纪示范电站的议程，本概述了目前洁净煤发电技术的种类，即：循环流化床锅炉（CFBC），整体煤气化联合循环（IGCC－CC），增压流化床联合循环（PFBC－CC）和烟气脱硫（FGD），并且分别对各种方式的主要原理，工艺特征，国内外发展状况及转入商业应用阶段的机组容量，投运情况等作了介绍。     

浅谈循环流化床锅炉输煤筛碎系统设计

1　前言循环流化床锅炉是一种利用流化燃烧技术的设备。由于其具有对煤种煤质适应性强、燃烧效率高、负荷调节范围大、可洁净燃烧等优点 ,近几年来发展迅速 ,越来越多地在中小型电厂及工业企业中得到应用。循环流化床锅炉对输煤系统设计的要求 ,主要集中在对燃煤粒度的处理上 ,因为循环流化床锅炉无制粉系统 ,输煤系统破碎后的燃煤直接进入锅炉燃烧 ,因此对其粒级的分布要求是比较严格的。这一点在以往设计中重视不够 ,大多只考虑最大粒径达到锅炉要求 ,结果在运行中 ,由于输煤系统破碎后的燃煤粒度分布不能达到锅炉的要求 ,而影响锅炉的效…     

增压流化床锅炉负荷快速调节技术试验研究

增压流化床燃烧技术是一种新型的燃烧技术，其中锅炉负荷快速调节技术又是ＰＦＢＣ的关键技术之一，具有良好的研究开发前景。本文介绍了目前国内外采用的几种典型的ＰＦＢ锅炉炉料快加快排调节技术，以及我国首座燃烧增压流化床燃气－蒸汽联合循环中试电站中ＰＦＢ锅炉负荷快速调节冷态试验研究情况。     

600MWe超临界循环流化床锅炉的设计研究

超临界循环流化床锅炉将循环流化床（CFB）燃烧技术与超临界蒸汽压力循环的优点相结合，是一项发展前景十分广阔的洁净煤燃烧技术。该文讨论了超临界大型循环流化床锅炉设计中的诸如炉膛结构。换热面布置等一些重要问题。在此基础上给出了1台600MWe循环流化床锅炉的初步设计方案，最后，通过热力计算，预测了锅炉运行的主要参数并讨论了负荷变化对锅炉各项参数的影响。     

增压流化床锅炉的开发

本文简要的介绍了增压流化床燃烧（ＰＦＢＣ）复合发电系统的技术开发史、原理、特征、国内外概况等；并以石川岛播磨重工业股份（有限）公司对增压流化床锅炉复合发电系统开发的实例加以说明；对ＰＦＢＣ今后的长期开发课题作了介绍。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

<正>~~     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.