Multiple two-dimensional displays as an alternative to three-dimensional displays in telerobotic tasks

In this study a multiple-view two-dimensional (2D) display was compared with a three-dimensional (3D) monocular display and a 3D stereoscopic display using a simulated telerobotic task. As visual aids, three new types of visual enhancement cues were provided and evaluated for each display type. The results showed that the multiple-view 2D display was superior to the 3D monocular and the 3D stereoscopic display in the absence of the visual enhancement depth cues. When participants were provided with the proposed visual enhancement cues, the stereoscopic and monocular displays became equivalent to the multiple-view 2D display. Actual or potential applications of this study include the design of visual displays for teleoperation systems.     

Perspective displays for three-dimensional finite difference calculations

A new technique has been developed for the presentation of data obtained in three-dimensional finite difference calculations. The technique consists of an especially simple and efficient method for the generation of perspective pictures with hidden lines removed. These pictures may contain distributions of marker particles, velocity vectors, contour lines, streak-lines, etc., in relation to an array of prismatically shaped obstacles. With this technique the gross features of many complex three-dimensional problems can be readily understood.     

Mapping candidate within-vehicle auditory displays to their referents

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated speech, environmental sounds (naturally occurring sounds with arbitrary meanings), auditory icons (natural or synthetic sounds with specific meanings), and abstract synthetic warnings as candidates for within-vehicle interfaces. BACKGROUND: Auditory displays and warnings must satisfy certain criteria, such as being appropriately urgent and commanding appropriately fast response times. However, a semiotic analysis suggests that displays, as signals interpreted by users, should also be mapped successfully onto their referents. METHOD: Response times and accuracy were recorded in a computer task of identifying learned mappings of candidate displays to a range of referent driving events (such as "headway closing"); perceived urgency and pleasantness were assessed separately. RESULTS: Speech and auditory icons produced near-ceiling performance in response times and identification accuracy. Abstract sounds produced notably slower response times and less accuracy. Environmental sounds showed an intermediate pattern of performance for accuracy, but the response times were similar to those of the abstract sounds. Speech utterances were similarly and consistently rated as pleasant but also of intermediate perceived urgency. The three other sound types showed a consistent mapping of their perceived urgency to the situational urgency of their referents; for these sounds, perceived urgency and pleasantness were negatively correlated. CONCLUSION: The results point to the importance of considering the role of signal-referent relationships in designing auditory displays. APPLICATION: The results have applicability for auditory displays in the vehicle interface, whereas the theoretical framework is of value in auditory display design in a broader context.     

Acoustic User Interface (AUI) for the auditory displays

When designing a multimodal human–machine interface, the human function allocation must be considered. To reduce the load on the visual sense, the other sensory channels must be utilized. Here, the authors put forward a HMI which provides unique concepts called acoustic user interface (AUI).With an AUI, information can be removed from the visual channel and presented through the auditory channel. The head-related transfer function is used to create the impression of sounds arriving from any direction, either inside or outside the visual field of view. As well as reducing the loading on the visual sense, aural ‘images’ can be ‘projected’ coincident with the location of images displayed on the visual displays, in order to co-ordinate and communicate more effectively multimedia information.     

Analytical model for three-dimensional light-field displays based on voxel construction

Three-dimensional light-field displays (3D-LFDs) can provide viewers with glass-free 3D images. The display effect of reconstructed 3D images is closely related to the number of 3D object points that the 3D display system can construct, which can be regarded as the information quantity of the 3D-LFDs. However, the information quantity presented by a 3D-LFD is limited by fixed hardware parameters such as display panels and optical components. It is difficult to present an ideal 3D visual experience with the increase in display depth. In this paper, an analytical model based on voxel construction for 3D-LFDs is proposed, which can estimate the information quantity that a 3D-LFD can reproduce. The variation regularity of information quantity with display depth is analyzed and the influence of hardware parameters on display effect is discussed. With the proposed strategies, the display effect can be improved in a targeted manner without blurring and aliasing by adjusting the hardware parameters in display systems and matching the information quantity at different display depths.     

General design method for three-dimensional displays with horizontally asymmetric pixel structures

Various 3D displays have been proposed to show realistic and vivid 3D images. Moreover, 3D displays have been applied in various fields including medicine, entertainment, and advertising. Depending on the application, 3D displays have different pixel structures and sizes. In this paper, we present a 3D-display design method that can be applied regardless of the pixel structure and display sizes. The area of the designable 3D display is suggested by the improved 3D image quality. The manufactured displays are used to verify the proposed method. Furthermore, a light field simulation is performed to confirm the area that was not proven by the manufactured displays. With the proposed 3D image-quality model and 3D image simulation by the light field representation, a general design of 3D displays with various pixel structures can be developed.     

基于视向LOD算法在三维雷达终端的应用

本文提出了一种新的基于视向LOD自动生成算法,该算法结合DEM均匀网格模型,以"块"为模型简化的空间单位,结合实际视觉效果中观察点位置和角度对场景细节程度的影响,以一个包含视点视向相关因子的尺度作为简化标准.简化过程中采取基于点删除的网格简化算法的思想.建立了多层次LOD数据模型,有效地简化了地形的绘制,提高了生成效率.并将该算法应用于三维雷达终端仿真系统中,取得了良好的效果.     

模糊掩模及其与传统掩模的关系

基于集合论方法构建了模糊掩模的数学模型,认为该模型是对传统掩模的一个扩展。与传统掩模主要用以解决空间混杂问题不同,模糊掩模侧重于解决波谱混杂问题。该方法利用波谱分离技术,通过对端元组分波谱丰度的求解,构建遥感图像的模糊子集,达到解决波谱混杂问题的目的。这两种掩模方法相结合,可为遥感图像的预处理提供更好的途径。      

Distance and organization in multifunction displays.

One approach to organizing information in a multifunction display (MFD) is to place related screens of information closer to each other. This study identified three metrics that could be used to operationalize the concept of distance in an MFD. The proposed distance metrics-navigational (the number of choice points lying between two screens), organizational (the hierarchical structure of the data base), and the cognitive (the user's perception of relationships among screens)-were empirically examined by using a simulated, hierarchically arranged, menu-driven MFD in an aviation context. Subjects engaged in two tasks that required them to access different target screens from various starting screens in a 290-screen MFD. The tasks differed in the navigational mechanisms subjects were allowed to use to navigate around the MFD and the relationships between the starting and target screens. The results suggest that the three distance metrics are meaningful within the context of a multifunction display.     

Factors that affect depth perception in stereoscopic displays.

This study investigated several factors that affect depth perception in stereoscopic displays: half-image separation magnitude, separation direction (crossed vs. uncrossed), viewing distance, stimulus size, and exposure duration. The depth perceived under various combinations of levels of these factors was compared with depth predicted by the geometry of stereopsis. Perceived depth in the crossed-separation direction was frequently close to predictions, such that increases in separation and viewing distance produced appropriate increases in perceived depth. Depth in the uncrossed direction was frequently less than that predicted, especially for small stimuli presented at a long viewing distance, with a large half-image separation, and/or with a brief duration. Thus depth in both crossed and uncrossed directions equaled predictions only for large stimuli exposed for a long duration.     

Comparative study of the effects of auditory, visual and multimodality displays on drivers' performance in advanced traveller information systems

A simulator study was conducted to compare 16 younger (mean age 22 years) and 16 older (mean age 68 years) drivers' ratings of workload (time, visual, psychological stress) and performance of navigation and button-pushing (identification of vehicle or road hazards) tasks under both high- and low-load driving conditions when simple or complex advanced traveller information (ATI) was presented visually only, aurally only or by multimodality (visual and auditory) display. For all participants, both the auditory and multimodality displays produced better performance in terms of response times, total number of correct turns and subjective workload ratings than those of using the visual-only display. Participants using the multimodality display also made the fewest errors related to push-button and navigation tasks, and controlled their vehicles properly. The visual display led to less safe driving, apparently because it imposed higher demands on the drivers' attention. An age effect was found in the present study, with younger drivers performing better and reporting less stress than older drivers. Notably, however, use of the multimodality display significantly improved the older drivers' performance in the button-pushing task.     

ATC displays

The impact of system implementation on the display problem is examined, and future possibilities to ease present problems are discussed. It is stressed that display solutions should always be examined in relation to user requirement. This paper was first given as a keynote address at the IEE Displays Conference at Loughborough University of Technology, 7-10 September 1971.     

Dual displays

The study examined whether the simultaneous presentation of different map displays can aid situational awareness in spatial tasks relying on ego-centred and world-centred reference frames. Two commonly used aircraft displays, track-up and north-up maps, were compared with a dual aircraft display consisting of both track-up and north-up maps. Participants took part in two tasks: one relied on an ego-centred reference frame (ERF) and the other on a world-centred reference frame (WRF). The ERF task involved left/right judgements with respect to the aircraft's current heading while in the WRF task participants were asked to identify the compass heading associated with a landmark. A moderate amount of training resulted in a significant improvement with the dual maps in both the WRF task (relative to track-up maps) and the ERF task (relative to north-up maps). The findings are discussed with reference to how attention is allocated to visual displays.     

Dual displays

The study examined whether the simultaneous presentation of different map displays can aid situational awareness in spatial tasks relying on ego-centred and world-centred reference frames. Two commonly used aircraft displays, track-up and north-up maps, were compared with a dual aircraft display consisting of both track-up and north-up maps. Participants took part in two tasks: one relied on an ego-centred reference frame (ERF) and the other on a world-centred reference frame (WRF). The ERF task involved left/right judgements with respect to the aircraft's current heading while in the WRF task participants were asked to identify the compass heading associated with a landmark. A moderate amount of training resulted in a significant improvement with the dual maps in both the WRF task (relative to track-up maps) and the ERF task (relative to north-up maps). The findings are discussed with reference to how attention is allocated to visual displays.