Effect of Starch of Textural Properties of Surimi Gel

The proportion of amylose and amylopectin, and the rheological behavior of eight starches were correlated with the textural properties of starch-containing surimi gels. Findings included the following: increased firmness and cohesiveness with increases in water-holding ability and viscosity of the starch; increased expressible moisture and penetration force with an increase in the amylose fraction due to increased retrogradation: increased tensile force with an increase in the amylopectin fraction: and increased cohesiveness and chewiness after refrigerated storage for all starches with a greater increase for high amylose starches. Surimi gels containing potato starch were the firmest and most cohesive. The textural properties of starch-containing surimi gel correlated well (r = 0.90 to 0.97, P>0.05) with the viscosity of starch paste if 100% amylopectin-containing and pregelatinized starches were excluded from the correlation.     

Herring Surimi During Low Temperature Setting, Physicochemical and Textural Properties

Herring surimi was held at 10°C for 0 to 24 hr, then heated at 90°C for 30 min. Rigidity, shear stress and shear strain at failure increased with holding time at 10°C, and the values of shear strain were 2.0 when setting time was > 3 hr. Electrophoresis revealed three types of protein-protein interactions involved in the formation of myosin polymers during setting at 10°C and/or subsequent heating at 90°C. The interactions included covalent, nondisulfide interactions; disulfide bonds and noncovalent interactions. The contributions of each type of protein-protein interaction to the formation of myosin polymers varied with setting time. Variations in the types of interactions were related to physical/chemical properties.     

Rheological Relationships Between Surimi Sol and Gel as Affected by Ingredients

Rheological properties of surimi sol showed that consistency index (K) was surimi concentration-dependent, as it decreased with increased level of ingredients except for carrageenan which increased K value. The flow behavior index and textural properties appeared to be a function of type and level of ingredients. Unlike starch and synergistic carrageenan, egg albumin, oil and i-carrageenan did not show a composite reinforcing effect. K values measured by rotational cylindrical spindle viscometry more closely correlated with textural properties (r = 0.87 for compressive force; r = 0.87 for shear force) than did other viscometries studied.     

卡拉胶和肌原纤维蛋白混合凝胶质构特性的研究

研究卡拉胶和肌原纤维蛋白(MP)浓度比、pH、离子强度和[K+]对混合凝胶质构特性的影响.结果表明:影响混合凝胶硬度和黏着性的主次因素依次为:[K+]、离子强度、浓度比、pH;影响混合凝胶弹性的因素依次为:[K+]、浓度比、pH、离子强度;影响混合凝胶黏聚性的因素依次为:离子强度、[K+]、浓度比、pH.     

Gel Properties of Surimi from Pacific Herring

Surimi produced from male Pacific herring (Clupea harengus pallusi), a by-product of the roe fishery, formed gels comparable to those formed by lower-grade pollock surimi but were darker in color. Linear relationships were found between moisture content of surimi and punch force, torsion stress, torsion strain, and compression force at failure. Addition of dried beef plasma, egg white, whey protein, wheat gluten or potato inhibitor resulted in stronger gels, although no proteolysis was detected in a control sample. Low-temperature setting, or heating at 40°C prior to cooking at 90°C resulted in stronger gels, as measured by punch test.     

Factors Affecting the Gel Properties of Surimi

Surimi batter was prepared by various mixing machines with or without vacuum. Rheological properties of the cooked gels were then tested by punch and torsion methods. If a vacuum were used during the evaluation of surimi, the cooked gels had similar properties regardless of what type of mixer was used. The diameter of the stuffing horn affected the punch and torsion tests. The density of the cooked gels was correlated with some test results.     

鸡肉肌原纤维蛋白与卡拉胶混合凝胶质构特性的研究

研究了肌原纤维蛋白(MP)及其与卡拉胶混合凝胶质构特性和保水性。结果表明:MP凝胶的硬度、弹性和保水性均随浓度增加而呈近线性增加的趋势;在MP中加入卡拉胶,能明显增加凝胶的硬度和保水性,并改善样品的弹性。MP与卡拉胶的混合凝胶的弹性和保水性交化很小,影响MP与卡拉胶混合凝胶硬度的主次因素依次为二者浓度配比、离子强度和pH值。     

Textural Properties of Extruded Plant Protein Blends

Blends of corn gluten meal and soy protein concentrate in the ratio of 25:75, 50:50 and 75:25 w/w were made up. The blends at 20, 30 and 40% moisture content (db) were extruded at 145°C through 4.24, 3.0, and 2.12 mm diam dies at screw speeds of 60, 120, and 180 rpm to generate different shear environments. Multiple nonlinear regression analysis was used to develop models of bulk density, puff ratio, water-holding capacity and shear strength as a function of moisture content and shear rate. Shear rate affected the dependent variables most. Cooked and uncooked viscosity and product color were also measured. Electron micrographs confirmed some of the findings.     

琼脂凝胶质构特性的研究

研究了琼脂溶液浓度、pH、离子强度、Na~+、K~+、六偏磷酸钠(HMP)、焦磷酸钠(SPP)、三聚磷酸钠(TPP)对琼脂凝胶质构特性的影响。结果表明:影响琼脂凝胶硬度的主次因素依次为琼脂浓度、Na~+与K~+的摩尔比、离子强度、pH;影响琼脂凝胶弹性的主因素依次为琼脂浓度、离子强度、pH、Na~+与K~+摩尔比。影响粘聚性的主次因素依次为离子强度、琼脂浓度、Na~+与K~+摩尔比、pH。磷酸盐对琼脂凝胶硬度、弹性和粘聚性的影响主次顺序均为:焦磷酸钠、三聚磷酸钠、六偏磷酸钠。     

漂洗工艺和热处理对鲤鱼鱼糜凝胶特性的影响

研究了不同的漂洗工艺、加热温度和冻藏时间对鲤鱼鱼糜凝胶特性(包括破断强度、凹陷度、凝胶强度和析水率)的影响。结果表明:用4倍质量水漂洗3次,得到鲤鱼鱼糜凝胶品质最佳;用0.5%的CaCl2漂洗对改善鲤鱼鱼糜凝胶品质的效果最明显;90℃一段加热的鲤鱼鱼糜凝胶的品质最好;在50～70℃加热时,鲤鱼鱼糜会发生一定程度凝胶劣化现象;冻藏对鱼糜凝胶品质的影响很大,随着冻藏时间的延长鲤鱼鱼糜凝胶的品质降低。     

TG酶对高温杀菌鱼糜凝胶特性影响

高温杀菌处理会造成淡水鱼糜凝胶品质劣化。以白鲢鱼糜为原料,通过测定质构特性、凝胶强度、持水性、白度和流变特性,研究谷氨酰胺转氨酶(TG酶)对高温杀菌鱼糜凝胶特性的影响。结果表明,添加TG酶所制得鱼糜凝胶经121℃,10 min高温杀菌后,硬度、弹性、持水性、白度及流变特性均有较好的改善。与对照组相比,添加0.5%TG酶的鱼糜凝胶强度增加48.7%。红外光谱测定结果表明,TG酶的加入有利于蛋白质α-螺旋结构的维持,减少蛋白主要二级结构破坏,使鱼糜制品维持良好凝胶结构。     

磷酸盐和氯化钙对牛肉凝胶特性的影响

本文主要研究磷酸盐和氯化钙对牛肉凝胶特性及颜色的影响.结果表明磷酸盐的使用量对凝胶硬度影响差异不显著,会显著提高凝胶弹性和粘聚性,但会使L值和a值逐渐降低,说明磷酸盐对牛肉颜色有不良影响.不同部位的牛肉之间的凝胶硬度、弹性和粘聚性差异显著,注射CaCl2对凝胶特性有一定影响,且能显著提高各部位的亮度L值,但对红色度a值影响差异不显著.     

斩拌时间和pH值对牛肉凝胶特性的影响

主要研究pH值和斩拌时间对牛肉糜凝胶特性及颜色的影响 ,确定最佳的斩拌条件。结果表明 ,当肉糜的酸碱度由酸性向中性靠拢时 ,牛肉糜制品的凝胶硬度、弹性、粘聚性均逐渐增大 ,牛肉糜制品的硬度、弹性、粘聚性随着斩拌时间的增加先增大后减小。在斩拌2 0min时达到最高值     

不同添加物对鲤鱼鱼糜蛋白凝胶品质改良的研究

研究了淀粉类添加剂(玉米淀粉、地瓜淀粉、马铃薯淀粉)、蛋白类添加剂(卵清蛋白、花生蛋白)以及卡拉胶对鲤鱼鱼糜蛋白凝胶品质的影响。结果表明,马铃薯淀粉对鱼糜凝胶品质的改良优于玉米淀粉和地瓜淀粉。卵清蛋白对鱼糜凝胶品质的改良优于花生蛋白,添加花生蛋白对鱼糜凝胶的品质有降低的作用。当马铃薯淀粉、卵清蛋白和卡拉胶分别以10:1:1的质量比复配时,鱼糜凝胶的凝胶强度达到最高。鲤鱼鱼糜与猪肉以8:2质量比制作的鲤鱼猪肉混合肠受到欢迎。     

不同加热条件对复合鱼糜凝胶特性的影响

本研究考察了鲢鱼鱼糜和带鱼鱼糜形成的复合鱼糜的破断力和凹陷深度在不同凝胶化条件下的变化规律。实验中各处理组的蛋白含量均为12%,其中蛋白比例为100%鲢鱼鱼糜,100%带鱼鱼糜,以及鲢鱼鱼糜和带鱼鱼糜的蛋白含量比例为9:1,8:2,7:3和6:4。结果表明:在凝胶化温度为30℃时,复合鱼糜的破断力均高于鲢鱼鱼糜,在鲢鱼鱼糜和带鱼鱼糜比例为7:3时破断力和凹陷深度均达到最大值,此时也高于带鱼鱼糜;而在凝胶化温度为40℃时,带鱼鱼糜添加量为40%时,破断力和凹陷深度达到最大,此时的凝胶特性优于带鱼鱼糜。带鱼鱼糜和鲢鱼鱼糜在50℃时均出现凝胶劣化现象。当带鱼鱼糜添加量为10%时,复合鱼糜对鲢鱼鱼糜和带鱼鱼糜的凝胶劣化均有显著的抑制作用。     

Gel Properties of Surimi from Various Fish Species as Affected by Moisture Content

Torsion, punch, and color tests as affected by moisture content were evaluated for surimi from pollock, Pacific herring, arrowtooth flounder, and Pacific whiting. Torsion stress and strain decreased linearly with increased moisture content but strain values were less sensitive to moisture than were stress values. This finding enabled mathematical normalization of torsion stress and strain values rather than adjusting the moisture content of samples prior to testing. Punch test results, while linearly related to moisture content, were not as consistent as torsion test results. The L* and whiteness increased with higher moisture content, but changes in a* and b* values were not consistent for surimi from different species.     

鲢鱼鱼糜蛋白质凝胶特性的研究

研究了鲢鱼鱼糜在不同的加热条件下 ,其凝胶的色泽、强度及显微结构的变化。结果表明 ,鲢鱼鱼糜在 60℃时达到较理想的色泽 (白色 ) ,较佳的凝胶条件为 ,先经过 3 5～ 40℃、60min的凝胶化 ,再经过 85℃、3 0min加热。在 5 0℃加热时 ,出现凝胶劣化现象     

Physicochemical Parameters of Protein Additives and Their Emulsifying Properties

The relationships between protein solubility, surface hydrophobicity (Ho), free sulfhydryl (SHF) and disulfide bond (SSB) content and time of emulsification that determine the emulsion activity index (EAI) and emulsion stability (ES) of five protein additives were investigated at two different ionic strengths (Z = 0.054 and Z = 0.46, pH 6.5). The variables that described EAI at Z = 0.054 were associated with protein disperability and Ho, while protein rigidity factors explained most of the EAI variability at Z = 0.46. The ES models showed similar variable relationships as the EAI models at the same Z. The differences between models at different Z indicated that the relationships between the variables were affected by the ionic strength.     

大豆分离蛋白凝胶制备和凝胶质构特性研究

本研究以大豆分离蛋白为原料，考察蛋白质浓度、pH值、加热温度、加热时间对凝胶形成的影响，采用物性仪对不同务件下制备的凝胶的质构特性进行研究，不同评价指标得出的结论不尽相同。通过正交实验得出形成凝胶硬度最大的制备条件为：蛋白浓度12％，pH值6．5，加热温度95℃，加热时间35min；形成凝胶脆性最大的制备凝胶争件为：蛋白浓度12％，pH值7．0，加热温度95℃，加热时间25min；形成凝胶弹性最好的制备凝胶务件为：蛋白浓度12％，pH值7．0，加热温度85℃，加热时间35min；形成凝胶粘附性最大的制备凝胶条件为：蛋白浓度12％，pH值7．0，加热温度95℃，加热时间35min。     

Suppression of Surimi Gel Setting by Transglutaminase Inhibitors

Three types of salted meat paste (3% NaCl, 3% NaCl plus 0.66% NH₄Cl or 3% NaCl plus 0.2% EDTA) were prepared from high and second grade surimi, set at 30°C up to 4 br, and subsequently heated at 85°C for 30 min. The gel strength, crosslinking of myosin heavy chain (MHC) and ?-(γ-glutamyl)lysine (?-(γ-Glu)Lys) content were determined. With extended setting time, gel strength, crosslinking of MHC and the content of a crosslinked product, ?-(γ-Glu)Lys, increased markedly in the gel from the high grade surimi. Such changes were suppressed considerably in the presence of NH₄Cl and EDTA and were not observed in the gel prepared from second grade surimi. These results indicated an active participation of intrinsic transglutaminase in the setting process.