V-5Cr-5Ti合金的拉伸性能及其强化机理

对真空熔炼V-5Cr-5Ti合金开展了均匀化退火、热锻开坯、冷轧变形和热处理实验,利用万能试验机、扫描电镜（SEM）和透射电镜（TEM）研究了V-5Cr-5Ti合金中析出相对力学性能影响,估算了V-5Cr-5Ti合金中析出相强化的效果。结果表明：铸态V-5Cr-5Ti合金存在以片层状析出相为特征的树枝状析出相,合金均匀化退火后析出相由片层状转化为针状,由树枝状转化成团聚状。析出相在变形过程中破碎成短条状或球状颗粒。铸态合金的抗拉强度、屈服强度和延伸率的平均值分别为505.0 MPa、415.0 MPa和8.2%,断裂机制为脆性的解理断裂。均匀化热处理后断裂机制转变为沿晶断裂和准解离断裂共存的混合型断裂。80%冷变形＋热处理后合金的抗拉强度、屈服强度和延伸率的平均值分别为487.3 MPa、382.7 MPa和26.2%,由于晶粒及析出相形态的变化,合金塑性得到大幅改善。锻造和冷轧后合金断裂机制为韧性的微孔型断裂。析出相以Orowan强化机制增强V-5Cr-5Ti合金,以80%冷轧1000 ℃/1 h退火状态合金为例,由析出相强化获得的屈服强度增量约为50.1 MPa。     

粉末冶金V-5Cr-5Ti合金的制备与性能

以氢化脱氢粉末为原料,采用冷等静压和真空烧结制备了V-5Cr-5Ti合金,并利用热等静压、热锻和热处理来改善其组织和性能。利用XRD衍射仪测定原料及V-5Cr-5Ti合金的物相。利用氧氮分析仪、材料试验机、金相显微镜(OM)和扫描电镜(SEM)等测试了不同状态V-5Cr-5Ti合金试样的氧氮含量、力学性能及断口形貌。结果表明:粉末冶金V-5Cr-5Ti合金的相对密度达到99.8%以上,物相组成为单一bcc相钒基固溶体。热锻后退火试样的氧含量小于600μg/g,抗拉强度为490 MPa,屈服强度为368 MPa,延伸率和断面收缩率分别为28%和61.5%,断口形貌由细小韧窝组成。     

V-5Cr-5Ti合金铸态组织中的第二相行为研究

采用XRD、OM、SEM和TEM对V-5Cr-5Ti合金铸态组织进行分析,研究第二相的行为。结果表明:采用真空电子束熔炼制备的V-5Cr-5Ti合金铸态组织具有粗大的晶粒,晶粒内部存在以层状第二相堆垛成树枝状为特征的成分偏析区;金属钒和铸态V-5Cr-5Ti合金的晶格常数分别为0.30316和0.30375 nm,V的单胞体积膨胀约0.58%;存在2种类型的第二相:(1)短条状第二相,具有fcc结构,晶格常数为0.4182~0.4228 nm;(2)椭圆状第二相,具有fcc结构,晶格常数为0.4186~0.4242 nm。V-5Cr-5Ti合金凝固过程中,首先Ti元素与C元素反应析出具有立方结构的亚稳间隙相(Ti_2C)或V元素与C元素反应析出具有hcp结构的亚稳间隙相(V_2C),随后原子发生相互取代,最终形成以Ti元素为主,V、Cr元素为辅,具有fcc结构的碳-氧-氮化物,化学式记为(Ti_2-CON)。     

基于等通道转角挤压的V-5Cr-5Ti合金晶粒细化机理研究

研究了等通道转角挤压（ECAP）技术处理V-5Cr-5Ti合金的可行性,并分析了后续退火处理对合金硬度和微观组织的影响规律,进而探讨了合金的晶粒细化机理。ECAP采用相关模具在万能试验机上进行,在真空炉中进行退火,利用维氏硬度计进行硬度测试,采用X射线衍射（XRD）分析相结构,光学显微镜（OM）观察微观组织。研究结果表明,在室温下V-5Cr-5Ti合金可以顺利进行两道次ECAP过程,后续配合950℃以上温度退火,晶粒尺寸可以从约100μm被细化到约30μm。V-5Cr-5Ti合金的晶粒细化机理不同于传统体心立方合金,在挤压过程中,原始晶粒发生自转动,原始晶界清晰可见,未被碎化,但晶内出现大量的剪切滑移带。在后续退火过程中,细小晶粒在原始晶粒内部的剪切滑移带上形成,最终原始晶界和形成的细小晶界逐渐难以区分,形成整体的细晶组织。     

铸态V-5Cr-5Ti合金在退火过程中的第二相行为研究

采用XRD、OM、SEM和TEM对铸态V-5Cr-5Ti合金退火处理后组织结构进行分析。结果表明:在退火过程中,随着退火温度升高,铸态V-5Cr-5Ti合金第二相发生分解、扩散、聚集。第二相形貌由层状组成树枝状第二相转变成针状组成团聚状第二相。随着时间的推移,针状第二相尺寸发生了粗→细长→短粗的转变。1100℃,2h退火处理后V-5Cr-5Ti合金组织中存在3种类型的第二相(1)条状第二相,宽度为80~100 nm,长度为几个μm,化学式记为V_2-CO。(2)针状第二相,具有fcc结构,晶格常数为0.4193~0.4256 nm,该第二相在晶内或平行或垂直排列。(3)椭圆状第二相,具有fcc结构,晶格常数为0.4203~0.4268 nm。铸态V-5Cr-5Ti合金退火过程中,树枝状第二相首先发生分解、扩散,随后合金元素脱溶沉淀,形成以针状第二相为特征的团聚状第二相。该第二相是以Ti、V元素为主,Cr元素为辅,具有fcc结构的、稳定的碳-氧-氮化物,化学式记为(TiV)-CON。     

富Ti相对V-5Cr-5Ti合金再结晶行为的影响

利用光学显微镜、透射电镜和显微硬度计研究了V-5Cr-5Ti合金的再结晶行为和微观组织.结果表明,试验合金40％形变的开始再结晶温度为700℃,完全再结晶温度为1000℃;铸锭组织中均匀分布的富Ti相团簇,经轧制处理后变为不连续带状分布并在1000℃开始回溶;富Ti相的不均匀分布和高温分解导致合金在1000 ～1200℃退火时再结晶组织中晶粒尺寸随温度升高呈现单峰分布→双峰分布→单峰分布的演变过程并出现退火硬化现象.     

V-5Cr-5Ti合金变形抗力的数学模型

用热压缩实验研究了不同变形温度、变形程度和应变速率对V-5Cr-5Ti合金的变形抗力的影响。通过对实验数据分析,采用非线性回归方法建立了V-5Cr-5Ti合金的变形抗力模型。再经理论计算与实测值的比较,证明模型具有较好的线性拟合性。     

粉末冶金碳化物强化铌合金组织演变及其力学行为

采用机械球磨与热压烧结相结合的粉末冶金法对不同球磨时间Nb-35Ti-6Al-5Cr-8V-5C合金的粉末变形行为,微观组织结构和力学行为进行研究。结果表明:随着球磨时间的增加,Nb-35Ti-6Al-5Cr-8V-5C复合粉末中的块状金属颗粒首先变形为片状后在碰撞挤压作用下破碎成絮状,TiC粉末均匀的分布于片状金属粉末表面;Nb-35Ti-6Al-5Cr-8V-5C合金由Nbss和(Nb,Ti)C两相构成,各合金碳化物体积分数均为11%左右,Ti元素主要分布于Nbss晶界和碳化物内,Al、Cr、V元素主要分布于Nbss晶粒内,Nbss和(Nb,Ti)C相尺寸均随球磨时间增加而尺寸减小;Nbss晶粒细化及强化相碳化物弥散化导致合金的室温压缩力学性能和塑性变形能力显著提高,压缩变形后合金Nbss与碳化物具有良好的界面结合能力,但是碳化物内部存在明显的近似平行分布的裂纹;数据对比表明,粉末冶金法制备Nb-35Ti-6Al-5Cr-8V-5C合金的力学性能优于电弧熔炼法。     

基于等通道转角挤压的V-5Cr-5Ti合金晶粒细化机理

研究了用等通道转角挤压(ECAP)技术处理V-5Cr-5Ti合金的可行性,并分析了后续退火处理对合金硬度和微观组织的影响规律,进而探讨了合金的晶粒细化机理。ECAP采用相关模具在万能材料试验机上进行,在真空炉中进行退火,利用维氏硬度计进行硬度测试,采用X射线衍射(XRD)分析相结构,光学显微镜(OM)观察微观组织。结果表明,在室温下V-5Cr-5Ti合金可以顺利进行2道次ECAP过程,后续配合950℃以上温度退火,晶粒尺寸可以从约100μm细化到约30μm。V-5Cr-5Ti合金的晶粒细化机理不同于传统体心立方合金,在挤压过程中,原始晶粒发生自转动,原始晶界清晰可见,未被碎化,但晶内出现大量的剪切滑移带。在后续退火过程中,细小晶粒在原始晶粒内部的剪切滑移带上形成,最终原始晶界和形成的细小晶界逐渐难以区分,形成整体的细晶组织。     

V-5Cr-5Ti合金粉末热锻技术研究

针对经粉末冶金法制备的V-5Cr-5Ti合金锥形件预制坯,设计并加工了HIP及热锻的不锈钢包套。V-5Cr-5Ti合金采用双层包套封焊后进行了粉末热锻试验。试验结果显示:V-5Cr-5Ti合金1180℃经7~9火次粉末热锻,总变形量47.5%,经1000℃/2 h退火处理后,晶粒平均尺寸约为100μm,其抗拉强度σb为490 MPa,屈服强度σ0.2为368 MPa,延伸率δ约为28%,断面收缩率Ψ约为61.5%。     

V-5Cr-5Ti合金的热加工性能

通过Gleeble-1500热模拟试验机进行铸态V-5Cr-5Ti合金的高温压缩和拉伸试验,研究压缩过程中变形温度对合金临界变形量和临界变形抗力的影响和在拉伸过程中变形温度对合金屈服强度和断面收缩率的影响规律,并用金相显微镜分析了合金的压缩变形组织。结果表明:V-5Cr-5Ti合金的热加工变形抗力大、塑性低,欲改善其加工性能,加热温度的选择及控制尤为重要。合金的加工温度应严格控制在1150～1250℃,变形量控制在30%以内,才能得到满足要求的合金。     

Rapid Synthesis of V-4Cr-4Ti Alloy/Composite by Field Assisted Sintering Technique

The present investigation deals with synthesis and characterization of V-4Cr-4Ti composite/alloy from unmilled and mechanically alloyed powders. Starting powders were sintered by field assisted sintering technique with varying process parameters viz., temperature, holding time, etc. Both powder and sintered samples were subjected to microstructural and morphological characterization by using scanning electron microscopy and phase analysis was done with the help of X-ray diffraction. Field assisted sintering of unmilled and milled powders has resulted in V-4Cr-4Ti composite and single phase V-4Cr-4Ti alloy. Differential thermal analysis was performed in powder samples to identify the recovery and recrystallization regimes of starting powders. Activation energy of the starting powder was calculated by Kissinger analysis. Field assisted sintering of mechanically alloyed powders resulted in nanostructured single phase V-4Cr-4Ti alloy whereas sintering of unmilled powders resulted in V-4Cr-4Ti composite. X-ray diffraction analysis confirms nanostructured single phase V-4Cr-4Ti alloy after field assisted sintering of milled powders. For identical sintering condition, unmilled V-4Cr-4Ti powders have consumed 75% more current than milled powders. Role of particle size, shape and their distribution on the densification behavior of V-4Cr-4Ti powders are also discussed. Interstitial contamination in the sintered samples were studied using electron probe micro-analysis. Microhardness experiments were done on the sintered samples and their corresponding Hall-Pitch plots were deduced.     

镀层金属对钒合金与不锈钢电子束焊接头组织与性能的影响

采用高真空电子束阻隔熔化连接异种金属V-5Cr-5Ti钒合金和HR-2不锈钢,通过焊缝成型、微观组织和接头性能的对比分析,研究不同镀层金属(Au、Ag、Cr和Ni)的影响。结果表明:通过电子束流的偏移均可实现V-5Cr-5Ti/Au(Ag、Cr、Ni)/HR-2异种金属的连接,接头平滑过渡,焊缝正反面成型良好;V-5Cr-5Ti与熔化区的界面较为平直,在靠近钒合金一侧形成一个明显的镀层金属富集带;熔化区内部晶粒细小均匀,在靠近HR-2处形成取向明显的树枝晶。Au和Ag起到了很好的阻隔作用,V-5Cr-5Ti/HR-2接头的抗拉强度明显增加,达到400 MPa,X射线探伤未发现裂纹和气孔缺陷;镀层金属为Cr、Ni时,接头抗拉强度低于100 MPa。     

NiAl-7.5Cr-2.5Ta-5Co合金的室温摩擦磨损性能

采用往复摩擦磨损试验方法,研究了不同接触变形状态和摩擦热效应下Ni Al-7.5Cr-2.5Ta-5Co合金的磨损性能与机理。结果表明:弹性接触状态下,变形区域的弹性应力松弛所引起的微小移动可破坏形成的金属结点,其摩擦系数较低;塑性接触状态下,合金磨损表面发生粘着-剪切特征,其摩擦系数较高;随着摩擦热效应的增强,合金摩擦表面自生成的Ni和Co的氧化物膜增多,降低了合金的摩擦系数,当P m·V值大于865 350(N/s·mm)时,合金的摩擦系数小于0.3,表现出良好的自润滑特性。     

The use of β titanium alloys in the aerospace industry

Beta titanium alloys have been available since the 1950s (Ti-13V-11Cr-3Mo or B120VCA), but significant applications of these alloys, beyond the SR-71 Blackbird, have been slow in coming. The next significant usage of a β alloy did not occur until the mid-1980s on the B-1B bomber. This aircraft used Ti-15V-3Cr-3Al-3Sn sheet due to its capability for strip rolling, improved formability, and higher strength than Ti-6Al-4V. The next major usage was on a commercial aircraft, the Boeing 777, which made extensive use of Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al high-strength forgings. Ti-15V-3Cr-3Al-3Sn environmental control system ducting, castings, and springs were also used, along with Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr (β-C) springs. Beta-21S was also introduced for high-temperature usage. More recent work at Boeing has focused on the development of Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-3Cr, a high-strength alloy that can be used at higher strength than Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al and is much more robust; it has a much wider, or friendlier, processing window. This, along with additional studies at Boeing, and from within the aerospace industry in general will be discussed in detail, summarizing applications and the rationale for the selection of this alloy system for aerospace applications. This paper was presented at the Beta Titanium Alloys of the 00’s Symposium sponsored by the Titanium Committee of TMS, held during the 2005 TMS Annual Meeting & Exhibition, February 13–16, 2005 in San Francisco, CA.     

Isothermal compression behavior and constitutive modeling of Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-1Cr-1Fe alloy

Hot compression behavior of Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-1Cr-1Fe alloy with an equiaxed (α+β) starting microstructure was investigated by isothermal compression test and optical microscopy. Based on the true strain–stress data with temperature correction, constitutive models with a high accuracy were developed and processing maps were established. Strain inhomogeneity at different locations in the compressed sample is reduced by raising temperature, leading to a uniform distribution of α phases. For the temperature range of 800–840 °C with a strain rate of 10 s^?1, the transformed volume fraction of α phase increases and the average grain size of α phase decreases slightly with increasing the temperature, indicating co-existence of dynamic recovery and dynamic recrystallization. Flow localization and faint β grain boundaries are observed at the strain rate of 10 s^?1 in the temperature range of 860–900 °C. The processing map analysis shows that hot working of Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-1Cr-1Fe alloy should be conducted with the strain rate lower than 0.01 s^?1 to extend its workability.     

一种新型低成本阻燃钛合金的微观组织与力学性能

研究了一种名义成分为Ti-25V-15Cr-5Mo-0.25Si-0.08C的新型低成本阻燃钛合金TF-X,通过三次真空自耗熔炼制备了φ120mm铸锭,经包套挤压得到φ25mm棒材,观察了铸锭和挤压棒材的微观组织,测试并分析了挤压棒材的室温和高温拉伸性能、热稳定性能、高温蠕变性能。结果表明：TF-X合金具有与TF550合金大致相同的微观组织;TF-X合金室温及高温拉伸强度高于TF550合金,并且具有很好的塑性;试验条件下,TF-X合金的热稳定性能低于TF550合金,熔炼过程中应该严格控制氧含量;TF-X合金在540℃/250MPa/100h条件下蠕变性能与TF550合金相当,显著高于Ti40合金。