豆豉纤溶酶载纳米脂质体的制备与表征

为提高豆豉纤溶酶口服生物利用度,建立了豆豉纤溶酶载纳米脂质体系统,并对其表征进行评价。采用硫酸铵梯度法制备的豆豉纤溶酶纳米脂质体的包封率为(52.74±4.24)%,粒径(72.04±31.2)nm,平均Zeta电位-44.2 mV,PdI 0.237。试验结果表明:豆豉纤溶酶纳米脂质体在体外稳定性好,在人工肠液中的释放符合一级动力学释放规律,豆豉纤溶酶在12 h后释放接近完全,无突释现象。豆豉纤溶酶及载酶纳米脂质体肠吸收液酶活性测定结果表明:豆豉纤溶酶及其载酶纳米脂质体在小肠均有吸收,吸收后仍具有纤溶活性。纳米脂质体可有效促进豆豉纤溶酶的吸收。     

豆豉纤溶酶研究概况及进展

豆豉纤溶酶是从我国传统发酵食品豆豉分离得到一种具有强烈纤溶作用丝氨酸蛋白酶。该文对豆豉纤溶酶产生菌筛选与诱变、发酵工艺、酶分离纯化、理化性质、分子生物学研究进行综述;同时还简介豆豉纤溶酶活性测定方法和抗栓、溶栓作用,并对其应用前景进行展望。     

豆豉营养评价及其粗纤溶酶活性检测

试验检测了收集到的不同豆豉的蛋白质、水分、总糖含量等,了解各种豆豉的营养价值;并通过琼脂糖-纤维蛋白平板法测定了各种豆豉纤溶酶的活性,分析了影响豆豉纤溶酶粗酶液活性的因素。结果显示,豆豉样品DC-H8的营养价值较高;试验确定豆豉纤溶酶粗酶液的提取方法:取一定量的豆豉,保持豆豉整粒,加5倍体积的生理盐水,于4℃浸提16h,离心、过滤后测定酶活,豆豉样品DC-H8的纤溶酶活性最高,为285.759 IU/mL。     

豆豉纤溶酶活性检测及其纯化研究

通过琼脂糖-纤维蛋白平板法测定收集到的豆豉中纤溶酶的活性,实验结果显示,采集于贵州南明蔡家关的豆豉样品DC-H8的纤溶酶活性最高,达到了285.759IU/mL.以该豆豉样品为研究对象,对其中的纤溶酶进行了纯化研究,实验确定的最佳纯化方案为:取一定体积的豆豉纤溶酶粗酶液,在低温(4℃)下,加入4％的活性炭粉末脱色35min;在分段盐析中,首先选择15％饱和度的硫酸铵除去杂蛋白,再用75％饱和度的硫酸铵使纤溶酶充分沉淀分离;最后用葡聚糖凝胶G-50层析分离纯化纤溶酶,收集具有较高纤溶活性的组分,得到了纯化的酶液.最终得到的豆豉纤溶酶酶液纯化倍数达到了27.74倍,活性回收率69.7％,比活力达到了13946.1IU/mg.     

豆豉纤溶酶等微生物源纤溶酶的研究与应用进展

豆豉纤溶酶是从我国传统发酵食品豆豉中分离得到一种具有溶解血纤维蛋白作用的蛋白酶。该文对近五年以豆豉纤溶酶为代表的微生物源纤溶酶的产生菌株筛选诱变与基因克隆表达、发酵工艺优化、酶的分离纯化、纤溶酶功能研究与相关制剂及保健品的开发方面的研究进行综述,对当下国内外对纤溶酶的研究现状进行分析探究,对其应用前景与发展方向进行展望,并对纤溶酶的研究方向提出建议。     

红河传统发酵豆豉中高纤溶活性菌株的分离筛选及其纤溶酶基因分析

运用脱脂乳固体培养基及纤维蛋白固体培养基的两步分离筛选法,从云南红河传统发酵豆豉中分离筛选具有高产豆豉纤溶酶活性的菌株,同时对它们的豆豉纤溶酶基因进行克隆分析,以期为新型功能性豆豉的研发提供备选菌株及理论依据。研究结果表明,两步分离筛选法能有效地从云南红河传统发酵豆豉中筛选到高产豆豉纤溶酶的菌株Bacillus subtilis LC-2-1,对该高产菌株的豆豉纤溶酶成熟肽基因分析及预测结果表明,菌株B subtilis LC-2-1确实能分泌一种由825个碱基编码275个氨基酸残基且分子量约为27.4kDa的豆豉纤溶酶,与纳豆激酶及其他豆豉纤溶酶相比差异显著,同源性仅为85.1%。同时其豆豉纤溶酶活性分析结果则表明,菌株B subtilis LC-2-1所产纤溶酶活性较高,可达79.84 U/mL。因此,本研究结果将为新型且具有溶血栓功能发酵豆豉的研发提供备选菌株及理论依据。     

产纤溶酶菌株的分离和鉴定及纤溶酶基因在酿酒酵母中的表达

目的:从豆豉中分离具有强纤溶活性的菌株,实现纤溶酶基因在酿酒酵母中的表达.方法:通过纤维蛋白平板法从豆豉中分离具有强纤溶活性的菌株,结合形态特征、生理生化特性和16S rDNA序列分析鉴定该菌株;通过PCR扩增豆豉纤溶酶基因,构建pYES2-DFE重组质粒,转化酿酒酵母H158感受态细胞,经β-半乳糖诱导表达后,用纤雏蛋白平板法分别检测发酵液上清和菌体破碎上清的纤溶酶活性.结果:鉴定该菌株为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis);活性检测结果是酿酒酵母发酵液上清具有纤溶酶活性,而菌体破碎上清没有活性.结论:豆豉纤溶酶基因在酿酒酵母中实现了分泌表达.     

豆豉纤溶酶的研究现状及发展前景

豆豉纤溶酶是从我国豆豉中分离得到的一种蛋白酶,具有良好的溶解血栓作用.文章综述了豆豉纤溶酶产生菌的菌种特性,酶的理化性质、发酵工艺、分离纯化、酶活测定、分子生物学及溶栓实验方面的研究现状,并对其应用和发展前景做了展望.     

豆豉纤溶酶生产菌发酵液营养和活性成分分析

本文对豆豉纤溶酶生产菌发酵液中的部分营养与活性成分进行了研究,并进行了功能实验,证明含有豆豉纤溶酶的食品具有一定的保健功能.此实验为利用豆豉开发新型溶栓药物及保健食品提供了参考依据.     

豆豉纤溶酶生产菌发酵液功能性研究

豆豉是中国的一种传统食品,为证实其具有多种保健功能,对豆豉纤溶酶生产菌发酵液的抑菌作用、抗氧化性及溶栓活性进行了研究.试验结果表明：抑菌作用试验中,pH值在4.0～10.0之间均有抑菌活性,且抑菌效果基本保持稳定,当温度在4～80℃之间变化时,粗酶液的抑菌活性变化不很大,具有一定的热稳定性;抗氧化试验中,豆豉纤溶酶生产菌的发酵培养基和发酵液离心后的上清液都具有一定的抗氧化作用,其量不同抗氧化性也不同;溶栓作用试验中,豆豉纤溶酶在pH值4.0～10.0范围内都较稳定,酶活在碱性条件下比酸性条件下高,最适pH值为7.0,豆豉纤溶酶在冷藏和室温保存中较稳定,随着温度增高,酶活降低,豆豉纤溶酶粗酶液在贮存期中溶栓作用较为稳定。     

Changes in smoking prevalence in Ukraine in 2001-5

Objectives

To analyse trends in smoking prevalence in Ukraine from three surveys conducted in 2001–5, and to explore correlates of observed changes, in order to estimate the stage of tobacco epidemic in Ukraine.

Design

Repeated national interview surveys in Ukraine in 2001, 2002 and 2005.

Main outcome measure

Prevalence of current smoking among the population aged ⩾15 years.

Results

The age‐standardised prevalence of current smoking in Ukrainian men was 54.8% in 2001 and 66.8% in 2005. Among Ukrainian women, prevalence increased from 11.5% in 2001 to 20.0% in 2005. ORs for yearly increase in prevalence were estimated as 1.164 (95% CI 1.111 to 1.220) for men and 1.187 (1.124 to 1.253) for women, which implies that, on average, 3–4% of men and 1.5–2% of women living in Ukraine join the smoking population each year.

Conclusions

In Ukraine, smoking prevalence is increasing in most population groups. Among men, the medium deprivation group with secondary education has the highest smoking prevalence. Among women, while the most educated, young and those living in larger cities are the leading group for tobacco use, other groups are also increasing their tobacco use. Tobacco promotion efforts appear to have been significantly more effective in Ukraine than smoking control efforts. The decrease in real cigarette prices in Ukraine in 2001–5 could be the main factor explaining the recent growth in smoking prevalence.Ukraine is a large eastern European country with high smoking prevalence. Tobacco products are widely available at very low prices, and the transnational tobacco industry is extremely successful in promoting its products and lobbying for its interests in the legislative field. Advocacy of tobacco control has only recently achieved some success in the legislative field, with the first tobacco control law being adopted in late 2005. Ukraine ratified the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in 2006, but there is still much cause for concern regarding the enforcement and effectiveness of the adopted legislative measures. Unfortunately, the government is not yet involved in nationwide surveillance of the tobacco problem, and the available data have mostly been gathered with funding from foreign donors. Several attempts have been made to measure the extent of the tobacco epidemic in the countries of the former Soviet Union (FSU).^{1,2,3,4,5,6,7} Most of these studies have shown rather high smoking prevalence among men (50–70%) and comparatively low prevalence among women (5–20%). Most countries in the FSU have similar smoking rates, while certain trends are shown to be related to the differences in how the transnational tobacco industry succeeds in every national tobacco market.⁶ Unfortunately, few studies have been published showing trends in smoking prevalence in the FSU.⁷ In Ukraine, two studies^3,4 provided point estimates of smoking prevalence.The aim of this study was to analyse trends in smoking prevalence in Ukraine, on the basis of three surveys conducted in 2001–5, and to explore correlates of observed changes in order to estimate the stage of the tobacco epidemic in Ukraine.     

2010年河南省部分食品中重金属污染状况分析

了解河南省部分食品中重金属污染的现状。方法 在河南省18个省辖市采集8大类3 657份食品样品,按照国家标准检测食品中铅、镉和汞的含量,检测结果按照GB 2762—2012《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》进行评价。结果 河南省部分食品中铅含量的平均值为0.34 mg/kg,总体超标率为8.8%(320/3 656),其中粮食、肉类和蔬菜中超标率较高,分别为17.2%(95/552)、14.5%(85/587)和10.7%(57/534);部分食品中镉含量的平均值为0.054 mg/kg,总体超标率为3.9%(143/3 657),其中食用菌和蛋类中超标率较高,分别为9.6%(49/508)和8.1%(42/518);部分食品中汞含量的平均值为0.077 mg/kg,总体超标率为8.3%(303/3 657),其中蔬菜和粮食中超标率较高,分别为25.3%(135/534)和12.3%(68/551)。结论 河南省部分食品中铅、汞污染情况较为严重,其中粮食、蔬菜和肉类食品中污染情况尤为突出,需要加强监管。     

Moulds and mycotoxins in sorghum stored in traditional containers in India

Various traditional containers have been used in India for storage of sorghum grains. Sorghum is susceptible to fungal infestation and toxin elaboration. The present study relates to the mould and mycotoxin contamination (aflatoxin B₁ and T-2 toxin) in stored sorghum in different storage containers viz. “Kotlu” (Storage rooms), earthenware pots, gunny bags and reed baskets. Aspergillus sp. and Fusarium sp. were the prominent genera and the “Kotlu” form of storage was most susceptible to fungal attack. Storage treatment had little effect on fungal contamination, but despite the fungal infestation, the mycotoxin contamination was found to be very low.     

中国固态发酵白酒中功能细菌研究进展

细菌是白酒酿造3大类微生物之一,其在白酒生产中有着重要的作用,如:芽孢杆菌、乳酸菌、放线菌和梭菌等,它们能产生酯类、有机酸、吡嗪、萜烯等微量成分,从而影响白酒的风味与品质。基于细菌在白酒中的重要功能以及微生物分离培养技术和分析检测技术的进步,近年来相关研究越来越深入。该文综述了近年来白酒功能细菌的研究进展,介绍了酿酒各个环节中主要功能细菌及其在白酒中的作用,旨在为白酒功能细菌的研究提供参考。     

2010年山西省食品中食源性致病菌监测分析

目的 了解山西省食源性致病菌的污染现状.方法 按照2010年度《全国食源性致病菌监测工作手册》进行.结果 1 576份样品中共检出阳性菌株149株,检出率为9.45％,其中单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌、副溶血性弧菌污染比较严重,总检出率为9.50％和8.22％,金黄色葡萄球菌、阪崎肠杆菌和沙门氏菌的总检出率分别为3.02％、1.11％和0.87％.不同类别食品中致病菌的检出率差异较大,生肉中致病菌的检出率高居榜首为49.33％,主要污染菌为沙门氏菌、单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌;沙拉中致病菌的检出率为17.39％,主要污染菌为单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌;生食水产品中致病菌的检出率为16.94％,主要污染菌为单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌、副溶血性孤菌;熟肉制品中致病菌的检出率为9.84％,主要污染菌为单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门氏菌;中式凉拌菜中致病菌的检出率为8.89％,主要污染菌为金黄色葡萄球菌;鲜榨果汁中致病菌的检出率为6.67％,主要污染菌为金黄色葡萄球菌;鲜冻水产品中致病菌的检出率为5.00％,主要污染菌为副溶血性弧菌;婴幼儿配方粉/米粉/谷粉/豆奶粉中阪崎杆菌的检出率为1.11％.结论 山西省多种食品均存在食源性致病菌不同程度的污染,应加大对散装食品、即食食品和生食水产品的监管.