铁氧化菌作用下316L不锈钢点蚀电化学特性的研究

采用电化学测量、交流阻抗技术、扫描电镜观察和能谱分析等实验方法,研究了316L不锈钢在铁氧化菌(IOB)溶液中的腐蚀电化学行为,分析了炼油厂冷却水系统微生物腐蚀的特征及机制,结果表明,在含有IOB溶液中的自腐蚀电位(Ecorr)、点蚀电位(Epit)和极化电阻(Rp)均随浸泡时间的增加呈现出降-升-降的变化趋势;在含有IOB溶液中的腐蚀速率均大于在无菌溶液中;IOB的生长代谢活动及其生物膜的完整性和致密性影响了316L不锈钢表面的腐蚀过程,使不锈钢表面的钝化膜层腐蚀破坏程度增加,加速了316L不锈钢的点蚀.     

304不锈钢在盐湖卤水中的腐蚀行为

用腐蚀挂片试验方法研究了304不锈钢在盐湖卤水中暴露2a的腐蚀行为,井运用室内电化学试验方法研究了其电化学行为。结果表明：盐湖卤水浸泡2a后,304不锈钢腐蚀速率为0．0003mm／a,主要表现为点蚀,试样侧面加工缺陷处存在较深的点蚀坑;在卤水中浸泡768h后,304不锈钢表面钝化膜局部被破坏,出现点蚀孔。     

铜绿假单胞菌对2205双相不锈钢腐蚀行为的影响

将具有(111)择优取向的岛状奥氏体相嵌入连续铁素体的2205双相不锈钢(2205 DSS)工作面浸泡在铜绿假单胞菌(P. aeruginosa)中进行电化学测试,研究浸泡时间对2205 DSS 微生物腐蚀行为的影响。开路电位(OCP)、线性极化电阻(LPR)以及电化学阻抗谱(EIS)表明,在7 d浸泡期的无菌溶液中测得的E_OCP、极化电阻(R_p)和电荷转移电阻(R_ct)均比在有菌溶液中的大,表明铜绿假单胞菌加速了2205 DSS的腐蚀。动电位极化曲线表明,2205 DSS在无菌和有菌溶液中的维钝电流密度(i_p)都随着浸泡时间的延长而不断增大,且在浸泡1 d、3 d、7 d的每个时间点有菌溶液的i_p均比无菌环境的大,进一步证明铜绿假单胞菌加速了2205 DSS的腐蚀进程。扫描电子显微镜(SEM)结果表明,在有菌溶液中随着浸泡时间的延长表面粘附的细菌量逐渐增多,浸泡3 d后样品表面的细菌聚集成一个个小团簇,浸泡7 d菌落进一步聚集形成细菌生物膜。对腐蚀后样品表面局部腐蚀形貌的观察发现,细菌生物膜的形成加速了表面局部腐蚀的发生,导致严重的局部腐蚀。X射线光电子能谱(XPS)结果表明,在存在铜绿假单胞菌的条件下2205 DSS表面形成溶于水的CrO₃,使MIC点蚀发生。     

Microbiologically influenced corrosion behavior of S32654 super austenitic stainless steel in the presence of marine Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm

S32654 super austenitic stainless steel(SASS) is widely used in highly corrosive environments. However,its microbiologically influenced corrosion(MIC) behavior has not been reported yet. In this study, the corrosion behavior of S32654 SASS caused by a corrosive marine bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa was investigated using electrochemical measurements and surface analysis techniques. It was found that P. aeruginosa biofilm accelerated the corrosion rate of S325654 SASS, which was demonstrated by a negative shift of the open circuit potential(EOCP), a decrease of polarization resistance and an increase of corrosion current density in the culture medium. The largest pit depth of the coupons exposed in the P.aeruginosa broth for 14 days was 2.83 m, much deeper than that of the control(1.33 m) in the abiotic culture medium. It was likely that the P. aeruginosa biofilm catalyzed the formation of CrO_3, which was detrimental to the passive film, resulting in MIC pitting corrosion.     

不锈钢在烟气脱硫系统中的腐蚀行为

火电厂烟气脱硫系统的设备腐蚀问题比较严重,选材较为关键.为此,选用304不锈钢和2205双相不锈钢,考察了其在烟气脱硫模拟介质(死亡绿液)中不同温度和不同浸泡时间的腐蚀行为.结果表明:304不锈钢在死亡绿液中随温度变化腐蚀性很敏感,易发生点蚀,不宜用作烟气脱硫装置及其零部件;2205双相不锈钢在烟气脱硫模拟介质中不同温度和时间范围内都有良好的耐蚀性,可用作烟气脱硫装置及其零部件的材料.     

Corrosion Evolution of Low Alloy Steel in Deaerated Bicarbonate Solutions

Corrosion evolution during immersion tests(up to 43 days) of Ni Cu steel in deaerated 0.1 mol/L bicarbonate solutions was investigated by electrochemical measurements, scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and X-ray diffraction(XRD). Results show that Ni Cu steel transformed from the anodic dissolution in the early stage of immersion to a metastable passive state in the final stage as the open-circuit potential value shifted positively, which was aroused by the precipitation of corrosion products. This process was mainly promoted by the trace amount of oxygen. Simultaneously, dominant cathodic reaction transformed from the hydrogen evolution in early stage to reduction processes of corrosion products in later stages. Possible corrosion processes were discussed with the assistance of a corresponding Pourbaix diagram.     

In vitro corrosion resistance of Lotus-type porous Ni-free stainless steels

The corrosion behavior of three kinds of austenitic high nitrogen Lotus-type porous Ni-free stainless steels was examined in acellular simulated body fluid solutions and compared with type AISI 316L stainless steel. The corrosion resistance was evaluated by electrochemical techniques, the analysis of released metal ions was performed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and the cytotoxicity was investigated in a culture of murine osteoblasts cells. Total immunity to localized corrosion in simulated body fluid (SBF) solutions was exhibited by Lotus-type porous Ni-free stainless steels, while Lotus-type porous AISI 316L showed very low pitting corrosion resistance evidenced by pitting corrosion at a very low breakdown potential. Additionally, Lotus-type porous Ni-free stainless steels showed a quite low metal ion release in SBF solutions. Furthermore, cell culture studies showed that the fabricated materials were non-cytotoxic to mouse osteoblasts cell line. On the basis of these results, it can be concluded that the investigated alloys are biocompatible and corrosion resistant and a promising material for biomedical applications.     

Studies on corrosion inhibition of steel reinforcement by phosphate and nitrite

This work deals with the effectiveness of sodium phosphates and nitrites used as inhibitors against steel corrosion in concrete reinforcement. First, concrete pore water was simulated with several alkaline solutions. Then, reinforced concrete specimens with inhibitors added in fresh concrete mix are immersed in chloride solution. The effectiveness of inhibitors was assessed by applying electrochemical techniques, namely Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), Polarisation Curves (PC), and Open Circuit Potential (OCP) measurements. The final concrete condition was analysed with Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR).In solutions simulating concrete contaminated with chloride, the influence of the inhibitors on the steel corrosion was assessed by (PC) and (EIS). The results obtained show that phosphate prevents pitting corrosion when its content is equal to chloride concentration, and that nitrite only contributes to increase the value of pitting potential. Corrosion rate is reduced with both inhibitors at the different contents tested.For reinforced concrete specimens immersed in chloride solution, their conditions were assessed by applying EIS. The results indicate that after 1 year of immersion with the two inhibitors the corrosion rate decreased. Then, after 3 years of immersion no influence of inhibitors on the corrosion rate was observed. However a significant increase in concrete electrical resistance was observed when inhibitors were present. Visual examinations showed that all steel bars were corroded in the presence of chlorides.Results from analytical tests done on the concrete after 3 years of immersion show that as far as the final concrete condition is concerned, the tested inhibitors did not change the type of compounds in concrete. But the final free chloride content remained higher than the critical chloride threshold. The results of FT-IR technique showed that nitrites are likely washed out of concrete during immersion in chloride solution and phosphates interfere with the equilibrium between CO₃ ^2? and HCO₃ ^? in concrete.The main conclusion of this study is: the efficiency of the tested inhibitors decreases with time, after two years of immersion in chloride solution.     

Corrosion behaviour of hot dip zinc and zinc-aluminium coatings on steel in seawater

A comparative investigation of hot dip Zn-25Al alloy, Zn-55Al-Si and Zn coatings on steel was performed with attention to their corrosion performance in seawater. The results of 2-year exposure testing of these at Zhoushan test site are reported here. In tidal and immersion environments, Zn-25Al alloy coating is several times more durable than zinc coating of double thickness. At long exposure times, corrosion rate for the Zn-25Al alloy coating remains indistinguishable from that for the Zn-55Al-Si coating of similar thickness in tidal zone, and is two to three times lower than the latter in immersion zone. The decrease in tensile strength suggested that galvanized and Zn-55Al-Si coated steel suffer intense pitting corrosion in immersion zone. The electrochemical tests showed that all these coatings provide cathodic protection to the substrate metal; the galvanic potentials are equal to −1,050, −1,025 and −880 mV (SCE) for zinc, Zn-25Al alloy and Zn-55Al-Si coating, respectively, which are adequate to keep the steel inside the immunity region. It is believed that the superior performance of the Zn-25Al alloy coating is due to its optimal combination of the uniform corrosion resistance and pitting corrosion resistance. The inferior corrosion performance by comparison of the Zn coating mainly results from its larger dissolution rate, while the failure of the Zn-55Al-Si coating is probably related to its higher susceptibility to pitting corrosion in seawater.     

Failure analysis of austenitic stainless steel pipes in amine liquid regeneration unit of a desulfurizer

Failure investigation was carried out on the austenitic stainless steel pipes of an amine liquid purification unit. The authors investigated the causes of the pipe failure by analyzing chemical compositions of materials and corrosion products, observing microstructures, and testing the pitting corrosion resistance of materials. The results showed that the failure was caused by pitting corrosion due to the presence of chlorine ions in the working medium. Another important cause of pitting corrosion was the decrease of corrosion resistance of welds owing to the microstructural changes taken place during welding. A large amount of sulfate ions in the working medium accelerated the pits growth. At the same time, proposals were put forward to the user of the failure pipes.     

2A12铝合金在含Cl~-环境中的腐蚀行为和规律研究

通过室内浸泡模拟实验方法,研究了2A12铝合金在含Cl-典型环境中的腐蚀行为与电化学规律.采用扫描电镜观察了试样的组织和腐蚀产物的微观形貌,并用能量色散谱(EDS)分析了腐蚀产物元素组成.采用失重法分析了2A12铝合金腐蚀动力学规律,并采用电化学阻抗技术分析了2A12铝合金腐蚀后的电化学行为规律.实验结果表明,浸泡480 h后,2A12铝合金发生了明显的点蚀和小片状剥蚀,Cl-和第二相是促进点蚀形成和发展的主要原因;浸泡480 h后的动力学规律遵从幂指数规律;电化学阻抗谱中的Nyquist曲线由压缩的双容抗弧组成,随浸泡时间的延长,点蚀不断生成并发展,与腐蚀产物的产生与剥落综合作用,使电化学阻抗模值呈先减小后增大再减小的动态变化.     

23Co14Ni12Cr3Mo超高强钢在模拟海水环境中的腐蚀行为

采用模拟海水干湿交替气氛的周期浸润腐蚀、模拟海水大气环境的中性盐雾腐蚀及模拟海水全浸区的全浸腐蚀三种加速腐蚀实验方法以及电化学阻抗谱技术进行了23Co14Ni12Cr3Mo超高强钢在海水模拟环境下的腐蚀行为。采用扫描电镜和X射线衍射方法对腐蚀形貌及腐蚀产物组分进行分析研究。结果表明:在模拟环境加速腐蚀实验中,23Co14Ni12Cr3Mo超高强钢腐蚀产物可分为外层锈层γ-FeOOH和内层锈层α-FeOOH,通过模拟三种海水环境的腐蚀速率得出干湿交替环境中的耐腐蚀性最差,腐蚀均是从点蚀开始,慢慢扩大,由局部腐蚀逐渐发展成均匀腐蚀。     

Effect of Cu Addition to 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel on the Resistance against Pitting Corrosion by the Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm

The effect of copper addition to 2205 duplex stainless steel(DSS) on its resistance against pitting corrosion by the Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm was investigated using electrochemical and surface analysis techniques. Cu addition decreased the general corrosion resistance, resulting in a higher general corrosion rate in the sterile medium. Because DSS usually has a very small general corrosion rate, its pitting corrosion resistance is far more important. In this work, it was shown that 2205-3%Cu DSS exhibited a much higher pitting corrosion resistance against the P. aeruginosa biofilm compared with the 2205 DSS control, characterized by no significant change in the pitting potential and critical pitting temperature(CPT) values. The strong pitting resistance ability of 2205-3%Cu DSS could be attributed to the copper-rich phases on the surface and the release of copper ions, providing a strong antibacterial ability that inhibited the attachment and growth of the corrosive P. aeruginosa biofilm.     

氯离子对球墨铸铁管土壤腐蚀影响机理研究

基于埋片加速腐蚀试验,采用电化学阻抗谱测量和微观分析技术,研究了氯离子(Cl~-)对球墨铸铁腐蚀规律、腐蚀层结构以及腐蚀产物的影响。主要结论如下:(1)球墨铸铁主要发生局部腐蚀,且随Cl~-含量的增加,腐蚀速率增大,出现严重腐蚀坑;其腐蚀坑深与腐蚀时间成幂函数关系,当Cl~-含量高于0.515%时,局部腐蚀情况尤为严重。(2)球墨铸铁腐蚀经历点蚀诱导期、点蚀发展期和稳定腐蚀期3个阶段;在前两个阶段电荷传递为腐蚀速率控制步骤,第三个阶段转变为氧的扩散控制。(3)腐蚀产物主要为铁的氧化物和羟基氧化物;高Cl~-环境下产生的β-Fe OOH和铁的羟基氯化物均能加速球墨铸铁的电化学腐蚀。     

Electron transfer mediator PCN secreted by aerobic marine Pseudomonas aeruginosa accelerates microbiologically influenced corrosion of TC4 titanium alloy

Titanium alloys possess excellent corrosion resistance in marine environments,thus the possibility of their corrosion caused by marine microorganisms is neglected.In this work,microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) of TC4 titanium alloy caused by marine Pseudomonas aeruginosa was investigated through electrochemical and surface characterizations during a 14-day immersion test.Results revealed that the unstable surface caused by P.aeruginosa resulted in exposure of Ti2O3 and severe pitting corrosion with maximum pit depth of 5.7 μm after 14 days of incubation.Phenazine-1-carboxy[ate (PCN),secreted by P.aeruginosa,promoted extracellular electron transfer (EET) and accelerated corrosion.Deletion of the phzH gene,which codes for the enzyme that catalyzes PCN production,from the P.aeruginosa genome,resulted in significantly decreased rates of corrosion.These results demonstrate that TC4 titanium alloy is not immune to marine MIC,and EET contributes to the corrosion of TC4 titanium alloy caused by P.aeruginosa.     

Cl~-浓度对SiC_P/Al复合材料电化学腐蚀行为的影响

采用浸泡模拟实验方法、电化学极化和电化学阻抗谱测试技术,研究了Cl~-浓度对SiC_P/Al复合材料电化学腐蚀行为的影响。结果表明:SiC_P/Al复合材料在Cl~-介质下钝化现象不明显,腐蚀过程主要为点蚀腐蚀。随Cl~-浓度增加,SiC_P/Al复合材料腐蚀速率增加,点蚀电位降低,且复合材料的腐蚀过程机制表现为由单纯电荷传递过程机制向电荷传递过程与腐蚀产物扩散共同作用的混合机制转变。电化学阻抗谱随Cl~-浓度增加呈现出2种类型:单一容抗弧类型、高频区容抗弧和低频区一条与实轴呈45°直线(经典Warburg阻抗)组合的复合类型。     

烧结烟气有机胺脱硫系统的腐蚀状况及防护对策

为考察316L不锈钢在攀钢烧结烟气有机胺法脱硫的适用性,采用动电位极化曲线、现场挂片试验及实验室挂片浸泡试验的分析方法,研究了有机胺法脱硫工艺及腐蚀介质特点。结果表明:316L不锈钢在洗涤液腐蚀性最强,腐蚀速率高达1.520 mm/a,Cl~-和低pH值促进点蚀,属欠耐蚀材料;在脱硫富液中有中等点蚀,在贫液中有轻微点蚀,属于耐蚀材料。为此,结合现场工艺运行,对洗涤段进行了多层外衬及工艺改进、再生塔主部件更换为奥氏体不锈钢254SMO及工艺控制优化,稳定了系统的运行,对工程实际应用有指导意义。     

铸造双相不锈钢点腐蚀行为研究

采用化学浸泡腐蚀试验及微观组织和化学成分分析研究了5种铸造双相不锈钢在6%Fe Cl3溶液中的点腐蚀行为,并与316L奥氏体不锈钢进行了对比。结果表明,铸造双相不锈钢的抗点腐蚀性能均优于316L的,腐蚀速率和点腐蚀深度均小于316L奥氏体不锈钢的;双相不锈钢主要耐点蚀能力合金元素在奥氏体和铁素体相内分布不均匀,铬、钼更多地分配于铁素体相内,而镍、氮则更多地分配于奥氏体相内,铁素体相的耐点蚀指数PRE(Cr%+3.3Mo%+16N%)大于奥氏体相;双相不锈钢的耐点腐蚀性能与化学成分有关,随着PRE的增加,双相不锈钢的耐点腐蚀性能提高,铜元素在铁素体内析出的富铜相导致点蚀优先在铁素体内发生和发展。     

Effect of aging treatment on microstructure and corrosion behavior of Al-Zn-Mg aluminum alloy in aqueous solutions with different aggressive ions

The microstructure and corrosion behavior of Al-Zn-Mg alloy(namely 7×××)after natural aging treatment(NAT)and artificial aging treatment(AAT)in aqueous NaCl solutions containing different aggressive ions have been investigated in current work.Results of microstructure characterization demonstrate that the aging treatment has a great influence on the grain size and precipitates.The grain size is relatively sizeable and no evident precipitates are observed in alloy after NAT comparable with that after AAT.The electrochemical corrosion behavior of alloy was studied by polarization curve and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS).The corrosion potential(E_corr)of the aluminum alloy is more negative in 3.5 wt.%NaCl containing 0.052 wt.%NaHSO₃solution than that in 3.5 wt.%NaCl solutions with or without 0.907 wt.%NaHCO₃.Charge transfer resistance(Rct)results reveal that alloy after AAT has an enhancement of corrosion resistance compare with that after NAT.With the immersion time increasing,mostly pitting spreads over the surface of the alloy only in NaCl solution,whereas exfoliation corrosion mainly occurs in NaCl solutions containing NaHSO₃or NaHCO₃.     

变电站接地电极的腐蚀与防护研究

为了研究变电站接地网在降阻剂中的腐蚀情况,用化学分析的方法测试了变电站的土壤和所用降阻剂的理化性质,用失重法分析了除去镀锌层后的A3钢电极在土壤和降阻剂中的腐蚀情况.试验结果表明, A3钢电极在弱碱性降阻剂中的腐蚀比在中性土壤中的腐蚀严重,主要原因是降阻剂中含有Cl-使降阻剂成为一种强腐蚀性介质,造成了电极的点蚀穿孔.通过动态恒电位扫描法测定A3钢在各种溶液中的极化曲线以获得各离子对电极的自腐蚀电位和孔蚀电位的影响,结果表明在降阻剂中加入缓蚀剂,如磷酸盐和硅酸盐,可以缓解降阻剂中Cl-对A3钢的点蚀影响,使降阻剂既能降低接地电阻又可缓解接地网的腐蚀.