1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑氯盐离子液体合成与表征

以1-甲基咪唑和氯代正丁烷为原料,合成1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑氯盐离子液体,考察反应条件对产物收率的影响。结果表明,合成1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑氯盐离子液体的最佳条件为:反应温度80℃,反应时间40 h,1-甲基咪唑与氯代正丁烷的摩尔比5∶7。对反应产物进行了红外表征,确定了合成产物即为1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑氯盐离子液体。     

1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑氯盐离子液体合成与表征

以1-甲基咪唑和氯代正丁烷为原料,合成1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑氯盐离子液体,考察反应条件对产物收率的影响。结果表明,合成1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑氯盐离子液体的最佳条件为:反应温度80℃,反应时间40 h,1-甲基咪唑与氯代正丁烷的摩尔比5∶7。对反应产物进行了红外表征,确定了合成产物即为1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑氯盐离子液体。     

离子液体合成含溴1，3，4-噻二唑的研究

采用无溶剂一锅法合成了1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐离子液体([bmim]BF4),反应原料N-甲基咪唑、溴代正丁烷和四氟硼酸钾在水浴中搅拌反应3 h,收率为91.8%。然后以1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐离子液体催化合成含溴1,3,4-噻二唑类化合物,反应条件为:反应温度95～100℃,反应时间2 h,收率为58.3%。用减压蒸馏的简单方法将离子液体分离出来。研究结果表明,用离子液体[bmim]BF4合成含溴1,3,4-噻二唑的方法比传统方法即用浓硫酸作催化剂的方法的收率高6.7%。     

1-戊基-3-甲基咪唑类离子液体的合成

以1-氯戊烷和N-甲基咪唑为原料合成了室温离子液体1-戊基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐(PMIMBF4)和六氟磷酸盐(PMIMPF6),通过考察各种影响因素对中间产物氯代咪唑盐(PMIMCl)的影响得出合成1-戊基3-甲基咪唑离子液体的最佳条件为:原料N-甲基咪唑与1-氯戊烷的投料比为1.2∶1,反应温度为70-75℃,反应时间为24 h。最终产物的收率为92%-94%。产物结构用FT-IR和1HNMR光谱进行表征。     

离子液体1,4-二(1-异丙基咪唑)丁烷溴化物的合成研究

以乙二醛、甲醛、氨水和异丙胺为原料,甲醇为溶剂,合成1-异丙基咪唑。由1-异丙基咪唑与1,4-二溴丁烷反应,合成一种二齿型离子液体1,4-二(1-异丙基咪唑)丁烷溴化物,产物经IR、1H NMR和13C NMR予以表征。     

1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐的合成研究

以溴乙烷和N-甲基咪唑为原料合成了中间体溴化1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑,以中间体与NaBF4进行复分解反应制备了离子液体1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐。探讨了投料比、反应时间、反应温度对中间体和1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐产率的影响,确定了最佳合成条件。在此工艺条件下,1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐产率可达94%以上。     

1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐的合成研究

以1-溴丁烷和N-甲基咪唑为原料合成了中间体溴化1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑,以中间体与NaBF4进行复分解反应制备了离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐。探讨了投料比、反应时间、反应温度对中间体和1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐产率的影响,确定了最佳合成条件。在此工艺条件下,1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐产率可达85%以上。     

1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐离子液体的合成与表征

以N-甲基咪唑和1-溴代正丁烷为原料,两步合成法制备了离子液体[bmim]BF4。考察了反应时间、反应温度、原料配比对中间体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑溴盐[bmim]Br收率的影响和离子交换时间和离子交换温度对目标产物[bmim]BF4产率的影响。结果表明:①合成中间体[bmim]Br的最佳条件为:反应温度65℃,反应时间16 h,N-甲基咪唑与1-溴代正丁烷的摩尔比为1∶1.1,产品收率可达94.8%;②合成离子液体的最佳条件为:反应温度65℃,反应时间24 h。     

氯化1-乙基-3-丁基咪唑离子液体的合成

以N-乙基咪唑和氯代正丁烷为原料在一定条件下合成了氯化1-乙基-3-丁基咪唑离子液体([BEIM]Cl),通过考察温度等因素对[BEIM]Cl的影响得出合成离子液体的最佳工艺条件为:N-乙基咪唑∶氯代正丁烷为1∶1.2(摩尔比),溶剂二甲苯为0.9 mL/g(每克N-乙基咪唑0.9 mL溶剂),在其共沸温度下反应18 h。该合成方法操作简单,反应条件温和,在最佳工艺条件下产物收率可达95%。     

微波辐射下卤化1,3-二烷基咪唑离子液体的合成

采用未经改装的家用微波炉,在无溶剂的状态下以N-甲基咪唑(mim)为原料合成了系列卤化1-烷基-3-甲基咪唑离子液体,考察了微波功率、加热时间、加热方式、原料的物料比对产品收率的影响.用傅里叶红外光谱仪表征其结构,用沉淀滴定法测定了系列卤化1-烷基-3-甲基咪唑离子液体的相对分子质量.用微波辅助合成咪唑离子液体的方法无需密闭反应容器,避免使用有机溶剂作为反应介质,大大地缩短了反应时间,是实验室制备离子液体实用、有效的方法.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。