膜生物反应器膜面滤饼层数学模型建立及表征方法研究进展

论述了膜生物反应器滤饼层形成机理,阐述了滤饼层数学模型的研究概况。最后,指出了滤饼层微观研究对于探究膜污染问题的重要性。     

膜生物反应器膜污染泥饼层剥落研究

膜生物反应器(MBR)是一种由膜分离单元与生物处理单元相结合的水处理技术。MBR具有出水水良好,效率高等特点,成为最受欢迎污水处理工艺之一。由于MBR膜分离单元易产生淤塞造成膜污染,阻碍了其发展。膜污染是指混合液中的微粒及溶质大分子与膜存在着物理、化学或生物作用而在膜表面或膜孔内部沉积,造成膜孔变小或堵塞,进而在膜面形成泥饼层,使得膜通量减小和TMP增加的现象。因此研究膜污染泥饼层的剥落机理对MBR有重要意义。通常MBR泥饼层剥落量取决于曝气量,曝气孔径,曝气时间等。本实验表明:曝气量小,泥饼层(SS)剥落量在膜上中下三部分相差不大;曝气量大,膜下方泥饼层SS剥落大,泥饼层厚度与SS剥落一致。而胞外聚合物(EPS)(mg/gvss)是冲刷后反而增加,因为曝气只能冲刷掉SS,而作为膜污染主要因素EPS则很难去除,即曝气的剥落作用对EPS的去除不明显,得出结论物理清洗并不能有效防止膜污染。     

降低膜生物反应器中膜污染的研究

根据膜生物反应器中膜污染的几种类型,分析了膜污染形成的原因,介绍了几种描述膜污染的数学模型。从膜本身性质、料液性质到操作过程等总结了几种防止或降低膜污染的方法,提出了曝气生物滤池与膜过滤组合降低膜污染的工艺。     

膜生物反应器中膜的污染与清洗

通过不同清洗方法对膜通量恢复效果的评价以及对污染膜和各步清洗后对膜表面和断面形貌的观察，对膜生物反应器工艺中的膜污染特征和膜污染进行了研究。结果表明，清水冲洗能消除纤维膜之间淤积的污泥和膜表面松散的污染层，次氯酸钠可以清除膜表面的微生物和有机污染物，而硫酸和柠檬酸能清除膜上的无机物垢。在膜外表面的污染物主要为生物膜和凝胶层污染，而膜内表面的污染物主要为滋生的微生物和无机污染物。对应各步清洗后膜通量的恢复，可以推出，在试验的工艺条件下，无机物污染对膜过滤阻力的影响较大。在此基础上．为延缓膜污染对膜生物反应器提出三点建议．     

膜生物反应器膜污染的研究进展

从膜的结构性质、反应器操作条件、处理液微生物性质三个方面介绍了膜生物反应器膜污染机理研究的进展,总结了优化膜生物反应器设计、调节膜生物反应器操作条件、在线超声控制、化学方法等膜污染控制的常用方法,对未来膜污染研究进行了展望。     

一体式膜生物反应器膜污染研究

膜生物反应器(MBR)是一种新型污水处理器,对生活污水处理效果显著,在使用过程中不可避免地会产生污染。为此,对膜生物反应器处理模拟生活污水的膜污染和清洗方法进行了研究,通过红外光谱分析了活性污泥性质的变化,利用扫描电镜分析了中空纤维膜表观结构的变化,探讨了膜污染的机理。结果表明,细菌滋生和污泥沉积造成了膜污染,泥饼层阻力占膜总阻力的89.86%,是膜污染的主要组成部分,水力清洗结合化学清洗可以很好地恢复膜的比通量。     

膜生物反应器中分阶段污染模式的研究

膜生物反应器(MBR)中膜污染具有阶段性发展特点.综合动态的"凝胶层黏附-泥饼层覆盖"理论以及静态的膜污染层结构理论,认为以"污染层构建-临界通量打破"来描述MBR的二阶段污染特征能够较好地反映其形成内因.根据跨膜压力(TMP)与膜污染发展趋势的内在联系和特点,建立了"污染层构建"阶段的周期模型.并结合MBR处理市政废水的试验,就运行操作条件对"污染层构建"阶段周期的影响进行了正交水平分析.结果表明,各试验阶段的"污染层构建"周期为5-12 d.适时地采用恰当的清洗措施非常必要;各运行参数对膜污染"污染层构建"周期影响程度的主次顺序为:气水比、污泥浓度、开停比.     

膜生物反应器中膜的清洗研究

对膜生物反应器处理柠檬酸酸洗废水中膜的清洗进行了研究，通过不同的清洗方法对膜通量的恢复程度进行评价。确定了反冲洗时间及反冲洗周期，经过试验研究与分析，在反冲洗的同时结合正洗的清洗方法，效果好于单纯的反冲洗方法；确定了化学清洗剂种类、清洗剂的用量以及化学清洗周期。采用物理清洗与化学清洗相结合的方法，清洗效果很好。保证了MBR的稳定运行。     

膜生物反应器中减缓膜污染技术的研究

膜污染是膜生物反应器(MBR)发展应用的瓶颈.从膜的性质、污泥混合液性质和运行操作条件三方面系统论述了膜生物反应器中膜污染的影响因素,重点总结了相应的减缓膜污染的技术方法,并指出了将来膜污染防治技术的研究方向.     

Effect of Hydraulic Retention Time on Sludge Properties,Cake Layer Structure,and Membrane Fouling in a Thermophilic Submerged Aerobic Membrane Bioreactor

Sludge properties, cake layer structure, and membrane fouling in a membrane bioreactor were studied under various hydraulic retention times (HRT). A decrease in HRT resulted in an increase in extracellular polymeric substance production in bulk sludge and changes in cake layer structure from gel layer to one or two cake layers. Particle size distribution in cake sludge changed with respect to HRT. An evolution in cake layer thickness and porosity was observed with trans-membrane pressure (TMP) jump. The change in cake layer structure might bear more responsibility for the TMP jump than the quantity of cake layer.     

A Review of Membrane Fouling in MBRs: Characteristics and Role of Sludge Cake Formed on Membrane Surfaces

Abstract

Membrane bioreactor (MBR) has been deemed to be a promising technology for wastewater treatment and reclamation; however, the MBR filtration performance inevitably decreases with filtration time attributed to the deposition of soluble and particulate materials onto and into the membrane under the interactions between activated sludge components and the membrane. Cake layer formation on membrane surfaces has been a major challenge in the operation of MBRs under supra-critical flux operation, and/or caused by uneven distribution of aeration intensities, etc.; however, it was argued that a thin cake layer might improve filtration operation by some researchers. This paper provides a critical review on the formation mechanisms, properties, the role of sludge cake in membrane filtration, and the corresponding strategies of controlling cake fouling in MBRs. Drawbacks and benefits of the formation of sludge cake were also discussed in order to better understand the characteristics and role of sludge cake formation in MBRs.     

Comparison of the Cake Layer Removal Options during Determination of Cake Layer Resistance (Rc) in the Resistance-In-Series Model

The resistance-in-series (RIS) model should be used cautiously, particularly in the experimental determination of the cake layer resistance (R_c) which is determined by calculation of a series of flux data that are obtained empirically before and after removing the cake layer on the membrane surface. However, the calculated R_c values are very dependent upon the cleaning methods used for removing the cake layer. Therefore, this study investigated how the various cleaning methods influence the determination of R_c. Four different cleaning methods were used: water rinsing in a shaker, manual water rinsing, ultrasonication, and sponge scrubbing. For the hydrophilic membrane, sponge scrubbing removed the cake layer completely, whereas the other methods showed removal efficiencies ranging from 79% to 99%. For the hydrophobic membrane, none of the options achieved complete cake layer removal. In addition, sponge scrubbing was not the best option for cake removal, indicating that even a method with the potential to completely remove the cake layer on a specific membrane is not universal for every kind of membrane. Consequently, a standardized method for cake layer removal to determine cake resistance (R_c) is needed for correct interpretation of the fouling phenomena with the RIS model.     

分形理论在多孔介质渗透性能的研究

对分形理论在多孔介质的结构和渗透性能的研究进行了综述,并且提出了分形理论和多孔介质性质在研究膜过滤中形成的沉积层的结构和渗透性能的可行性。     

Analysis of Membrane and Cake Layer Resistances in Coagulation: Constant Flux Dead-End Microfiltration of NOM

Fouling analysis of tank coagulation (TC)/inline coagulation (IC) followed by dead-end microfiltration (MF) treating natural organic matter (NOM) was assessed using the blocking laws and resistance-in-series models. Different process conditions were found to have no significance on the overall treatment efficiency but did contribute to aspects of membrane operation, that is, membrane fouling. Blocking laws were found to be inadequate in explaining the fouling phenomenon, but may provide insight to the intrinsic membrane resistance behavior. The resistance-in-series model showed that cake compressibility was different in each process configuration tested and may therefore assist in determining the most suitable operating conditions. Floc properties resulting from TC and IC were different, impacting the cake compressibility behavior observed, which further could explain the differences in trans membrane pressure (TMP) increase and reversibility of membrane fouling.     

粉尘沉积形成滤饼结构的分形研究

粉尘在过滤过程中,随过滤时间的增加,在过滤介质内部不断沉积形成滤饼,目前人们还主要从过滤的整体行为的角度去研究过滤问题,由于测试手段和研究方法的限制,对直接决定过滤行为的滤饼结构则研究很少。然而,要想深化对过滤机理的认识,揭示滤饼中粉尘颗粒之间的相互作用力与形成滤饼孔隙率的关系,了解滤饼中"尘滤尘"的机理,以提出提高粉尘捕集效率,减少过滤阻力,寻求强化清灰的措施,就必须对滤饼的内部结构进行研究。通过对滤饼结构进行分形研究,寻求滤饼结构分形维数与物料的比表面积及各操作条件的关系,探索滤饼孔隙率、滤饼厚度及粉尘颗粒直径、粒径分布与滤饼分形维数的关系。     

膜生物反应器中膜污染机理的研究

在采用膜生物反应器（MBR）处理染料废水的过程中,通过对活性污泥进行终端过滤来反映膜污染机理,着重考察了膜过滤的形式、膜通量变化和膜污染的形成。污泥的终端过滤过程严格符合沉积过滤定律;膜通量随过滤时间呈指数衰减趋势,并在几分钟内就达到相对稳定值;扫描电镜照片也证实了膜污染主要是膜面沉积层引起的。     

基于群体淬灭理论MBR减缓膜污染研究进展

膜生物反应器(membrane bioreactor,MBR)已成为一个十分有前景的废水处理工艺,该工艺具有出水水质好、占地面积小等优势.然而,由于微生物附着在膜表面而发生的生物污染现象,致使出水通量下降,限制了MBR的大规模推广应用.最近,一种新兴的、基于群体感应(quorum sensing,QS)的群体淬灭(quorum quenching,QQ)技术在延缓MBR膜污染领域的应用备受关注.QQ通过干扰群体感应系统而阻止其所依赖信号分子的基因表达,从而可有效抑制膜表面生物膜的形成.本文首先介绍了群体感应机理,并根据不同的群体淬灭物质,归纳总结了群体淬灭技术在延缓MBR膜污染的最新研究进展,最后对该领域的研究进行了展望.     

钙离子对MBR污泥混合液及膜污染层影响研究进展

膜生物反应器(membrane bioreactor,MBR)作为一种新型的污水处理技术,以其高效、实用等特点备受人们的关注.然而,膜污染导致膜通量的下降,增加膜组件更换和清洗的频率,使其成为了影响MBR广泛应用的最大的障碍.本文首先探讨了钙离子对污泥絮体生物絮凝行为的强化机制,进而阐述了钙离子对活性污泥关键指标的影响;归纳总结了钙离子对膜污染影响的最新研究进展,最后对该领域的研究进行了展望.     

分形理论在化学中的应用

分形理论是现代非线性科学中的一个重要的分支,是科学研究中一种重要的数学工具和手段,做为一门新兴交叉学科,它在自然科学和社会科学都有重要应用。本文分别从电沉积、催化、生物大分子、材料科学和金属腐蚀等方面阐述了分形理论在各学科的应用及最新研究进展。