Slanted orientations of dentine tubules on remineralized dentine surfaces

Dentine carious lesions can be remineralized under optimal conditions, while the surface characteristics of the caries-attacked area may play an important role in the remineralization process. To understand such a surface mechanism, we examined the microstructures of the remineralized area pretreated with different methods. It was found that dentinal tubules on the remineralized surface orientated differently from intrinsic dentine tubules, with the specific alignment angle determined by different surface treatments. Various surface treatments included in this study were 37% phosphoric acid treatment (the etched group), 37% phosphoric acid etching followed by the application of 10% sodium hypochlorite treatment (the deproteinized group), and untreatment (the control group). These findings are helpful for understanding the non-restorative repair of dentine lesions and the remineralization process of the caries-affected dentin surface.     

Interaction between bioactive glasses and human dentin

This study explores the interaction between bioactive glasses and dentin from extracted human teeth in simulated oral conditions. Bioactive glasses in the Na₂O–CaO–P₂O₅–SiO₂ and MgO–CaO–P₂O₅–SiO₂ systems were prepared as polished disks. Teeth were prepared by grinding to expose dentin and etching with phosphoric acid. A layer of saliva was placed between the two, and the pair was secured with an elastic band and immersed in saliva at 37 °C for 5, 21 or 42 days. The bioactive glasses adhered to dentin, while controls showed no such interaction. A continuous interface between the bioactive glass and dentin was imaged using cryogenic-scanning electron microscopy (SEM). However, after alcohol dehydration and critical point drying, fracture occurred due to stresses from dentin shrinkage. SEM investigations showed a microstructurally different material at the fractured interface. Chemical analyses revealed that ions from the glass penetrated into the dentin and that the surface of the glass in contact with the dentin was modified. Microdiffractometry showed the presence of apatite at the interface. Bonding appears to be due to an affinity of collagen for the glass surface and chemical interaction between the dentin and glass, leading to apatite formation at the interface.     

阳极氧化处理增强Al-Li合金胶接板剪切强度的机理

为揭示磷酸阳极氧化处理后Al-Li合金胶接接头剪切强度大幅度增强的机理,分别对其进行机械打磨和磷酸阳极化表面处理,并选用不同的分析仪器对表面处理后的Al-Li合金表面微观形貌、粗糙度、表面润湿性和表面自由能进行测试计算和分析。结果表明,机械打磨后仅在Al-Li合金表面留下纵横交错的沟槽,而磷酸阳极化处理后使得Al-Li合金表面产生了微观粗糙的多孔膜,增加了胶层与合金表面的接触面积,改善了胶质分布的均匀性;磷酸阳极化处理后Al-Li合金表面自由能明显提高,改善了粘接界面的润湿性能。两方面的共同作用,使得胶接界面的抗剪切能力大幅提高。     

Scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis of self-etching adhesive systems to ground and unground enamel

The morphological analysis of the ground and unground enamel was treated with three different self-etching adhesive systems. Ultrastructural features were observed by using the field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) in combination with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS) analysis. Thirty extracted human molars were used for this study. Teeth were divided into two groups. In the first group unground enamel was etched with either Clearfil SE Bond (Kuraray-Japan), G Bond (GC-Japan) or Tri S Bond (Kuraray-Japan) according to the manufactures instructions. In the second group ground enamel was treated as above. In addition 24 ungrounded and grounded enamel specimens were etched and bonded with the three self-etching adhesives and restored with composite resin (Clearfil ST-Kuraray). Then they were cross-sectioned and interfacial analysis was done with the combination of EDS analysis. Etching patterns of the enamel varied according to the self-etching adhesive. Clearfil SE Bond produced micro-irregular etching pattern creating crater like area in ground enamel while other two produced mild etching pattern. All three adhesives produced incomplete etching on unground enamel. Interfacial studies showed demineralization for the bonding agent penetration and the formation of hybrid layer. The self-etching adhesives produced different specific SEM morphologies on unground and ground enamel.     

Effect of hydrofluoric acid etching of glass on the performance of organic–inorganic glass laminates

Organic–inorganic glass laminates with polyurethane (PU) as an adhesive interlayer were prepared by a warm-pressing method. The hydrofluoric acid etching of glass surface was performed to investigate its effect on the mechanical behavior of glass laminates. Results show that the acidic etching treatment of glass seldom influences the transparency and haze of glass laminates when the etching time is below 30 min. The bonding strength and fracture stress of glass laminates firstly increase and then decrease with increasing etching time. This could be attributed to the formation of three-dimensional interface of glass laminates. The unique interface structure not only increases the contact area between glass and PU layer, leading to the improvement of interface bonding, but also modifies the stress distribution at the interfaces, which is favorable to prevent the crack propagation and delamination failure of laminates.     

Ultrasonic Study of Environmental Damage Initiation and Evolution in Adhesive Joints

This article reports on an experimental study of environmental degradation of adhesive joints by an ultrasonic angle—beam technique. The technique is based on measurements of the frequency response of the reflection of obliquely incident ultrasonic signals from a joint bondline. Ultrasonic measurements were performed using a special ultrasonic goniometer with only one ultrasonic transducer. By this method, the degradation of single lap adhesive joints was studied as a function of exposure in NaCl solutions at 68°C under static tensile load. It was found that joint degradation is accompanied by a shift of the ultrasonic reflection spectrum minimum to a lower frequency. Two stages of adhesive joint environmental degradation can be distinguished: a) a relatively slow adhesive joint degradation dominated by adhesive creep, and b) delamination along the adhesive/adherend interface, leading to failure. Several degradation mechanisms are found in the first stage to affect the position of the spectral minimum. The first is adhesive creep caused by normal-to-bond-plane stress concentration at the joint overlap edges. This mechanism is found to have the dominant effect on the ultrasonic signature. Second, changes of the effective density and elastic moduli of the adhesive layer also affect the spectrum of the reflected signal. The third mechanism is the degradation of the adhesive—adherend interface. In the second stage of the joint degradation process, delamination along the adhesive/adherend interface occurs and is followed by joint failure. While the time span of the first stage changes significantly from joint to joint, the time span of the second stage (failure by delamination) in our conditions is about 30—40 h. The delamination results in a significant additional spectral minimum shift to a lower frequency that can be used as an indicator of failure initiation.     

Nickel Oxide Interface for Xerographic Selenium Photoreceptors on Flexible Nickel Foils

The paper reports on a method to produce a nickel oxide interface for xerographic selenium alloy photoreceptors on flexible nickel foils. The process consists of an etching treatment in phosphoric acid catalyzed by small amounts of Pd or Pt on the surface and a subsequent electrochemical treatment in a Na₂Cr₂0₇ solution. The catalytic effect of Pd and Pt on the nickel dissolution in phospheric acid is investigated and explained on the basis of electrochemical principles. The etched nickel surface provides excellent adhesion of the photoconducting layer to the nickel substrate. In the subsequent electrochemical anodization treatment, a several hundred A thick nickel oxide layer is formed which reduces electron injection from the interface.     

微纳米生物活性玻璃诱导牙本质再矿化研究

封闭牙本质小管能有效减轻牙齿过敏症。本研究以不同粒径的微纳米生物活性玻璃球(MNBGs)为分散质、海藻酸钠-磷酸盐缓冲溶液为分散液, 制备了用于牙本质脱敏治疗的MNBGs糊剂(MNBGP)。在牙本质切片表面进行体外矿化并系统评价了糊剂与牙本质的结合性能, 以及糊剂体外诱导牙本质再矿化、封闭牙本质小管的能力。研究结果表明, 不同粒径MNBGs制备的糊剂均能与牙本质界面紧密结合, 粒径较小的MNBGs在脱矿牙本质切片表面分布更加均匀。MNBGP在人工唾液(AS)中能较好地诱导牙本质再矿化形成磷灰石(HA)以堵塞封闭牙本质小管, 脱矿牙本质切片表面形成的HA 层随矿化时间延长而增厚, 矿化28 d HA层的厚度可达到5~10 μm。MNBGs的尺寸影响其诱导牙本质再矿化的效果, 当颗粒大小与牙本质小管直径匹配时, MNBGs可以更好地封闭牙本质小管。因此, MNBGP具有良好的治疗牙本质过敏的应用前景。     

人体牙齿的显微组织及纳米力学性能

采用光学显微镜、能谱扫描电镜、高分辨透射电镜以及纳米力学探针等设备对人体牙齿的显微组织及纳米力学性能进行了研究。结果表明: 牙本质由规则排列的牙本质小管和基质组成,牙釉质由不同方向的釉柱及柱间质组成,牙本质与牙釉质之间有明显的界面;牙釉质中的Ca和P含量明显高于牙本质中的含量,而C含量明显低于牙本质中的含量。牙釉质中发现有大量的磷灰石晶体结构,而牙本质中则明显缺少。力学性能结果显示,牙釉质的纳米硬度平均为4.4 GPa,弹性模量为81 GPa,而牙本质的纳米硬度平均为1.0 GPa,弹性模量为26 GPa。牙釉质高的硬度和弹性模量与含有大量的羟基磷灰石晶体组织有关,Ca和P促进了该晶体组织形成。      

Oxide morphology and adhesive bonding on titanium surfaces

Titanium metal was subjected to two surface treatments (alkaline peroxide etch and chromic acid anodization) and resulting oxide morphology examined by high-resolution scanning electron microscopy in a Jeol 100-CX STEM. The effects of treatment time in alkaline peroxide upon oxide morphology were followed and parallel mechanical measurements made on the strengths of adhesive bonds between the metal and an epoxy resin. These strengths were measured after a standard environmental exposure, namely 120 h in water at 80° C. As time-of-treatment increases, a micro-porous oxide layer is developed and adhesive strength rises to a maximum. Prolonged treatment with alkaline peroxide produces a drastic fall in adhesive strength accompanied by gross etching of the metal surface without changes in the oxide morphology. The loss of adhesive durability in this case is therefore attributable to surface chemistry effects rather than morphological changes.     

Fluid flow through dentin–self-etch resin interface during long term in vitro aging

This work aimed at characterizing the interface between dentin and the resin-infiltrated dentin made following the etching procedure that prepares for the bonding of tooth-colored restorations. The non-destructive measurement of fluid flow through the dentin–self-etch resin interface was followed repeatedly during a two year aging period. Two self-etch adhesive systems were selected for experiments on the evolution of permeability and evaluation of infrared spectral changes following the 24 month aging period. The adhesives contained water and a co-solvent, namely acetone for iBond, and t-butanol for Xeno V. For both adhesive systems, the permeability decreased during the first 3 months after etching, reaching values of ? 66.9 and ? 70.5% for iBond and Xeno V, respectively. Afterwards, the fluid flow slowly increased but still remained below 50% of the initial value following the 2-year aging period. The slow degradation of the resin–dentin interface, attributed to water impregnated collagen hydrolysis, is evidenced by these variations in fluid flow, and is also noted by the increase in water-related infrared absorption bands at 3300 cm^? 1 and at 1600 cm^? 1. The results are discussed in terms of co-solvent hydrophobicity, evaporation rate and viscosity together with resin infiltration depth and affinity for water.     

Characterization of dentin and enamel by use of optical coherence tomography

Optical coherence tomographic images of human dentin and enamel are obtained by use of polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography. A birefringence effect in enamel (lambda = 856 nm) and light propagation along dentinal tubules are observed. The group index of refraction for both dentin and enamel was measured at 1.50 +/- 0.02 and 1.62 +/- 0.02, respectively.     

Chemical etching of gadolinium-gallium garnet substrates

The etching of mechanically polished gadolinium-gallium garnet substrates by phosphoric acid, sulphuric acid and sulphuric-oxalic acid mixture was investigated in order to find an etchant which would remove the damaged surface layer and provide a substrate surface suitable for liquid phase epitaxial growth of magnetic garnets. Optimum surface properties were obtained when substrates were etched for 10 sec in phosphoric acid which had been maintained for 1 to 2 h at temperatures of 350 or 400°C. The disadvantage of this etchant is that it increases the surface roughness of the substrate. Surface smoothness was retained when substrates were etched in sulphuric acid; however, this acid revealed residual scratch marks introduced into the platelet during mechanical polishing. The sulphuric-oxalic acid mixture and phosphoric acid at 160° C revealed defects due to coring, faceting and scratch marks.     

Aluminablasting of human tooth enamel

As part of a programme aimed at enhancing the degree of bonding that can be developed between dental polymer and human tooth enamel, the enamel has been subjected to two types of pretreatment, namely, aluminablasting (a mechanical etching) and aluminablasting followed by surface etching with orthophosphoric acid. Analysis of the surfaces so prepared by scanning electron microscopy has shown that enamel patterns with different degrees of retention ability have been obtained, and that the surfaces should be capable of bonding with dental polymer.     

The effect of surface treatments on interfacial fatigue crack initiation in aluminum/epoxy bonds

The effect of different substrate surface pre-treatments on the initiation of interfacial fatigue cracks was studied for adhesive bonds. Aluminum-epoxy bimaterial specimens were used to investigate how surface pre-treatment affects resistance to fatigue crack initiation at the interface corner. A stress singularity approach was utilized to assess the effect of four different treatments; P2 etch, phosphoric acid anodization (PAA), sulfuric acid anodization (SAA), and sol-gel. A bimaterial system with a 90° epoxy wedge was tested under sinusoidal cyclic loading. The surface treatment effect was rather significant on the resistance to fatigue crack initiation at the interface. Results show that PAA generated the strongest interface, while SAA led to the weakest for the material system studied here.     

Shear bond strength of adhesive systems to enamel and dentin. Thermocycling influence

Objectives: The purpose of the this study was to evaluate the influence of thermocycling on shear bond strength on bovine enamel and dentin surfaces of different adhesive systems. Methods: Thirty sound bovine incisors were sectioned in mesiodistal and inciso-cervical direction obtaining 60 incisal surfaces (enamel) and 60 cervical surfaces (dentin). Specimens were randomly assigned to 3 groups of equal size (n = 40), according to the adhesive system used: I—Single Bond; II—Prime & Bond NT/NRC; III—One Coat Bond. After 24-h storage in distilled water at 37^oC, each main group was divided into two subgroups: A- specimens tested after 24 h storage in distilled water at 37 ^∘C; B - specimens submitted to thermocycling (500 cycles). Shear bond strength tests were performed. Data were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey test. Results: Means (MPa) of different groups were: I—AE-16.96, AD-17.46; BE-21.60, BD-12.79; II—AE-17.20, AD-11.93; BE-20.67, BD-13.94; III—AE-25.66, AD-17.53; BE-24.20, BD-19.38. Significance: Thermocycling did not influence significantly the shear bond strength of the tested adhesive systems; enamel was the dental substrate that showed larger adhesive strength; One Coat Bond system showed the best adhesive strength averages regardless of substrate or thermocycling.     

Mechanical and tribological characterization of human tooth

In order to develop new dental restorative materials, it is imperative to evaluate and understand the structure–property relationships of the human tooth. Three major structural parts of human tooth i.e. enamel, dentin and dentin–enamel junction have been characterized in the present work in terms of microstructure, phase analysis and compositional gradient. It has been observed that microindentation hardness varies from enamel to dentin with the highest hardness observed for enamel at the outermost surface (around 3.5 GPa). Hardness values monotonically decrease with depth to less than 1 GPa, measured at the interior dentin. Furthermore, the measured hardness variation is found to have a noticeable correlation with the compositional variation.

In order to evaluate the tribological properties of the human tooth, fretting wear tests were carried out against sintered alumina under a load of 1 N for 2000 to 10,000 cycles. A variation in coefficient of friction (ranging from 0.12 to 0.55) was measured in our experiments. The wear mechanism is dominated by fretting fatigue and adhesive wear, involving the formation of oxidized calcium phosphate based compounds and its subsequent transfer from tooth to alumina surface. The experimental results also reveal that the human tooth is more susceptible to adhesion wear than abrasion or attrition at fretting contacts.     

Effect of surface pretreatment on adhesive properties of aluminum alloys

The lap-shear strength and durability of adhesive bonded AI alloy joints with different pretreatments were studied by the lap-shear test and wedge test. The results indicate that the maximum lap-shear strength and durability of the bonding joints pretreated by different processes are influenced by the grade of abrasive papers and can be obviously improved by phosphoric acid anodizing. Alkali etching can obviously improve the durability of bonding joints although it slightly influences the maximum lap-shear strength. The process which is composed of grit-finishing, acetone degreasing, alkali etching and phosphoric acid anodizing, provides a better adhesive bonding property of Al alloy.     

不同处理方法对碳纤维表面形态及Cf/C复合材料强度的影响

采用浓硝酸和电化学两种不同的表面处理技术,对碳纤维表面处理,利用SEM对纤维表面进行了分析,并对其所制备的Cf/C复合材料抗弯性能进行了测试.结果表明:采用低电压,短时间处理,对碳纤维表面作用较温和,粗糙度和比表面积增加,对复合材料的增强效果较浓硝酸氧化处理的显著.经10V,10min处理后,纤维表面出现"松树皮"状凸起,复合材料力学性能下降.电化学处理碳纤维以提高复合材料界面性能的机理至少包括薄弱外层的去除和对纤维表面的刻蚀两种作用,在混合作用中,对纤维表面刻蚀作用占据主导地位.     

Nanostructural effect of acid-etching and fluoride application on human primary and permanent tooth enamels

This study examined the nanostructural effects of fluoride application and the acid-etching time with respect to the time elapsed after fluoride application on the primary and permanent tooth enamel layers using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). 192 non-carious teeth were assigned to sixteen experimental groups (n = 12) including primary (1 to 8) and permanent (9 to 16) teeth, based on the timing of acid-etching with 37% phosphoric acid after an acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) pre-treatment. The APF pre-treatment led to a decrease in surface roughness in both the primary and permanent teeth. After the APF treatment, the roughness in both primary and permanent teeth increased with the time elapsed. An acid-etching time of 40 s led to increased nanostructural changes in the enamel surfaces compared to the conventional acid-etching time of 20 s. This acid-etching process led to a higher roughness changes in the primary teeth than in the permanent teeth. To obtain proper enamel adhesion of a sealant after APF pre-treatment, it is important to apply acid-etching two weeks after pre-treatment. In addition, the acid-etching time should be prolonged to apply etching more quickly than two weeks, regardless of the primary and permanent teeth.