基于感性工学的陶瓷产品质感设计方法研究

针对陶瓷产品设计中如何反映用户情感需求的问题,开展基于感性工学的陶瓷产品质感设计方法研究。通过对陶瓷产品的材料特性描述词汇的筛选与统计,确定了典型的感觉意象词汇群。通过对产品样本的感觉语意量化调查,利用BP网络进行感觉意象与产品材料特征的建模。通过遗传算法实现对满足情感设计目标的陶瓷产品质感设计方案的进化。实验结果表明,利用该方法可以有效达到对特定设计目标的陶瓷产品质感设计要求。     

基于感性工学的产品质感调和设计模型研究

目的运用感性工学和BP神经网络构建产品质感调和设计模型。方法通过多维尺度分析和聚类分析,分析出了最适合于描述质感调和的代表性感性意象词汇集;通过统计分析,确定了以透明度、光泽度和粗糙度及其细分类目为元素的质感调和空间;通过质感调和实验,获得了针对实验样本的质感空间特征值和感性评价值;最后通过MATLAB的BP神经网络工具箱,建立了基于感性意象的质感调和设计BP模型,并重新设计检验样本论证了模型的可靠性。结论该模型为后续的计算机辅助质感调和设计系统提供了理论和算法依据,可以提高产品设计的成功率。     

基于质感要素的产品材质意象设计研究

目的为了探讨产品材质意象设计的有效方法,研究利用质感要素来构建材质意象评价体系。方法利用色彩理论、主成分分析法等方法,确定产品色彩、材料、表面处理工艺的质感要素、质感要素评价等级和质感要素评价系数。利用质感要素定量描述确定材质、质感要素、材质意象的数学表达式,并构建三者之间的关系模型。结果以水杯为例,利用最小二乘法确定水杯材质意象评价模型。经验证,水杯材质意象评价模型的准确率为80%。结论质感要素评价等级、质感要素评价系数为材质意象设计提供了参数化方法。产品材质意象关系模型较好地反映了材质、质感要素、材质意象之间的内在关系。利用提出的材质意象设计方法,可计算任意产品的材质意象值,为产品材质意象设计提供理论指导。     

基于感性工学的产品设计方法研究

目的 探索感性工学在生活类产品设计中的应用。方法 介绍了基于感性工学的产品设计框架,以儿童玩具设计为例,详细阐述了基于感性工学理论的产品设计程序和方法。根据产品的设计定位,通过调查分析等多种方法确定出产品的典型样本和关键感性词汇,结合语义差分法对用户的感性认知进行量化,获得典型样本感性词汇的平均值,运用SPSS因子分析和主成分分析,得到典型样本感性词汇数据的公因子方差图、解释的总方差图、碎石图和成份矩阵图,提取出“环保的”、“好玩的”、“益智的”和“多功能的”共4个影响儿童玩具设计的主要感性词汇,最终给出儿童玩具设计方案。结论 运用该方法设计的儿童玩具满足感性需求的目标,为产品的设计与改进提供了指导。     

BP神经网络的宇航服多维意象造型评价方法

目标 为适应宇航服造型设计对“大国形象”多维意象识别的需要,提出了以“大国形象”为导向的宇航服造型设计评价模型构建方法。方法 在大量用户调研的基础上,对“大国形象”意象集进行筛选,并采用认知实验与聚类分析相结合的方法获得宇航服产品的代表样品。采用语义差异法,对“大国形象”感性意象集中初步筛选词和宇航服产品代表样本之间的映射数据进行检验和分析,对得到的数据结果进行主成分分析,以获得宇航服产品对“大国形象”感性意象的认知空间。同时,根据全局HIEs解构原则和宇航服产品的功能约束清单建构宇航服产品造型特征空间。采用语义差异法和认知测试,得到宇航服造型多维意象认知空间。利用BP神经网络,以样本关键HIEs评价经数字编码后作为输入层,以各意象词下样本的感性意象均值作为输出层,构建宇航服造型意象评价模型。随后,采用留一交叉训练法对评价模型的准确性进行验证。结论 该评价模型能够有效解决造型特征与多维意象之间的映射及匹配,论证了造型意象和认知空间之间存在的关联性,探索出设计目标和设计意象关联判断的实践方法。     

基于用户感性需求的数据线收纳产品设计

目的 以数据线收纳产品为研究对象,从用户感性需求角度出发,探索感性工学在数据线收纳产品设计中的应用研究。方法 基于用户感性需求的理论知识,从感知、认知、情感3个层面收集用户对数据线收纳产品的感性词汇,分别筛选并确定各层面的感性词汇,随后选取具有代表性的产品样本,运用语义差异（SD法）量表问卷建立感性意象空间,量化用户对产品的感性需求,收集问卷数据,并用因子分析法进行定量分析,得出用户感性意象偏好。结论 通过收集用户感性需求,并通过因子分析法的定量分析,得出用户关注度较高的3个感性词汇,即分别代表了用户在感知、认知、情感3个层面上的感性偏好,再结合样本解析用户感性意象与产品要素的关联,归纳总结出数据线收纳产品在感知、认知、情感3个层面的设计要点,最后基于设计要点进行产品方案设计。     

基于感性工学的童车外观情感意象研究

目的 从感性工学的角度研究童车外观情感意象。方法 首先对感性工学在造型设计领域的已有研究思路进行分析,提出产品外观情感意象研究流程及相关数据获取与分析方法。其次以儿童自行车为研究对象,从功能性价值、审美性价值和体验性价值3个方面分析童车的设计要素,研究童车包含的设计语义。最后通过童车外观情感意象实验,从感性词汇和典型样本方面,分析与讨论童车情感意象及设计启示。结果 根据情感意象研究流程,得出“主观感受”与“客观形式”两类童车设计核心语义词,并通过典型样本构成的情感意象空间,挖掘了未来童车的产品设计机会。结论 通过情感意象实验获取到童车设计语义,并对童车语义进行聚类。童车设计核心语义词对后期的童车方案设计草绘和评价,以及童车产品机会对童车发展方向都具有重要的参考价值。     

基于数量化理论Ⅰ的中控面板造型设计研究

目的 以汽车中控面板造型为研究对象,从用户的角度出发,设计出符合用户感性需求的产品。方法 首先,采用SD（语义差分）法制作调查问卷,收集并筛选可以描述中控面板造型形态的感性意象词汇与中控面板样本图片,基于视觉认知与审美对中控面板样本进行形态分析,提取最具代表性的形态曲线,并结合用户需求搜集影响中控面板造型设计的关键性设计元素;其次,通过数量化理论Ⅰ的产品意象造型设计方法,对中控面板提取的六大设计元素的形态特征量化赋值,借助SPSS统计软件进行多元回归分析,构建自变量与因变量的数学映射模型,从而预测设计元素与感性意象词汇间的相关性。结果 经过案例分析,证明该设计方法能更准确地算出中控面板最佳造型设计方案,是切实可行的。结论 利用数量化理论Ⅰ进行产品意象造型设计,可以有效地为中控面板造型设计方案和评价提供客观的决策依据。     

基于用户意象认知的微型新能源汽车前脸设计

研究微型新能源汽车前脸造型意象与格式塔规律,提出微型新能源汽车前脸创新性设计方法。首先,通过多种渠道获取汽车造型意象词汇和典型新能源汽车样本并构建出词汇库和样本库,运用语义差异量表问卷将用户感性认知进行量化,得到汽车样本感性词汇测试均值并运用主成分分析法降维处理,最终提取出“科幻的”“时尚的”“流线的”3个核心词汇作为新能源汽车前脸设计的主题词。其次,运用格式塔图底理论对现有的车型前脸图形排布形式进行分类分析,结合设计主题词为新能源前脸创新设计提供新思路。最终,通过设计实践验证了此方法的可行性。     

BP神经网络在产品配色中的应用研究

目的实现产品配色设计的自动化。方法以感性工学为理论基础,采用神经网络为关键技术来研究产品配色。首先确定产品色彩的感性词汇与色彩设计要素,然后利用BP神经网络模型建立色彩编码与感性意象评价值之间的关系,最后结合豆浆机实例,设置BP模型中的输入层、输出层、隐含层的相关参数来进行豆浆机配色感性意象设计的实验仿真。结果测试验证了BP神经网络在产品配色设计中应用的有效性。结论表明了产品感性意象与产品配色之间的关系,论证了利用BP神经网络建立产品配色辅助设计系统的可行性。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...