应用高级氧化法处理粪便污水的探索

现行的粪便污水处理主要采用的是生物处理技术,而采用生物处理技术的粪便污水处理设备也存在一些缺点,如需要一定的时间培养微生物、不能间歇运行、处理周期长、剩余污泥量较大等.针对这些问题提出了采用高级氧化法处理粪便污水,总结了高级氧化法在污水处理中的应用,对高级氧化法处理粪便污水进行了可行性分析.     

饮用水深度净化的生物技术

综述了饮用水深度净化的生物技术，包括生物活性炭、膜生物反应器、生物接触氧化及曝气生物滤池等。展望了饮用水生物处理技术的发展方向。      

农村饮用水处理中生物慢滤技术的应用

如何保障农村饮用水安全是研究者一直关注的重点问题。生物慢滤技术具有建造方便、制水成本低、能源消耗低、运行稳定可靠等优点，其较城市更加适合在农村进行推广。针对水资源短缺及饮用水安全问题，介绍了该技术对浊度、有机物、氮磷、细菌、金属等污染物的去除效果，比较了生物慢滤技术的优缺点，展望了未来生物慢滤技术的应用前景。     

盐酸黄连素废水处理技术研究进展

综述近年来关于盐酸黄连素废水处理技术的研究进展,盐酸黄连素废水处理技术有物理法、化学法和生物法3种,目前的研究热点是高级氧化技术,高级氧化技术与其他方法的联用是今后盐酸黄连素废水处理技术发展的方向,利用生物技术处理盐酸黄连素制药废水具有良好的发展前景,而物化法-生物法联用技术将是处理和根治盐酸黄连素制药废水污染的最佳方法。     

基于低压膜过程的集成工艺在给水处理中的研究进展

由于饮用水水源的恶化和饮用水水质标准的提高,低压膜技术在给水处理领域备受关注.直接的膜过滤不能取得满意的有机物去除效果,而给水处理中带来的膜污染及相应的膜清洗往往主导了处理成本.介绍了致力于提高出水水质或延缓膜污染的目标,基于低压膜过程集成混凝、吸附、生化和高级氧化技术组合工艺的国内外开发研究情况.     

饮用水中药品和个人护理用品的研究进展

饮用水中残留药品和个人护理用品(PPCPs)正在成为一种普遍性的污染,已引起人们越来越多地关注。近年来在世界各地的饮用水中不断检出了ng/L水平的PPCPs。常规的混凝、沉淀和过滤等工艺不能有效去除PPCPs;氯和二氧化氯消毒能够部分去除PPCPs;粒状活性炭吸附去除PPCPs的效果优于粉末活性炭吸附;臭氧化等高级氧化工艺能高效去除大多数PPCPs;反渗透和纳滤能高效去除PPCPs,而微滤和超滤效果不佳。目前还缺乏PPCPs在饮用水处理中降解转化中间产物方面的数据。确定饮用水中PPCPs健康效应,建立安全标准,优化现有处理技术,开发新型处理技术和分析中间转化产物等将是行业面临的重要挑战和研究课题。     

臭氧化-生物活性炭深度处理工艺安全性研究

介绍了采用臭氧化 生物活性炭处理的饮用水生物稳定性 ,同时对水的致突变性和消毒副产物前质等问题进行分析。研究结果表明 ,采用臭氧化工艺会导致AOC有所升高 ,但后续生物活性炭工艺将有利于提高出水的生物稳定性 ,并明显降低水的致突变活性 ;臭氧化对三卤甲烷前质和卤乙酸前质均具有很好的去除效果 ,生物活性炭对卤乙酸前质表现出较好去除效果 ,但对三卤甲烷前质的去除效果有限。总之 ,臭氧化 生物活性炭处理工艺充分发挥了臭氧化和生物活性炭两种水处理技术的优点 ,并相互促进和补充 ,是一种高效的除污染技术 ,能够充分保证饮用水的安全性     

再生水补充饮用水的水质要求及处理工艺发展趋势

城市污水经深度处理后补充饮用水是实现水资源循环利用的有效方法之一,保障健康安全是再生水补充饮用水的关键.其水质常规指标难以满足健康安全要求,还需关注微量有毒有害污染物、病原微生物等,世界上许多国家和地区提出了严格的水质标准以保障再生水安全性和公众健康.目前,再生水补充饮用水在美国、欧洲、新加坡等国家和地区均有成功应用,且范围逐渐扩大,相关研究不断深入.再生水工艺也从早期的二级处理后增加单一消毒工艺发展为双膜工艺(微滤/超滤—反渗透)和高级氧化工艺的组合.再生水补充饮用水还面临许多新的挑战,深入研究新兴有毒有害化学污染物和高风险病原微生物的健康风险及其在水处理工艺中的去除机制和控制技术具有重要意义.     

饮用水水质处理技术在农村饮水安全工程中的应用研究

根据地下水铁锰超标的机理，结合辽宁省农村饮水不安全现状及农村饮水工程现状，探讨铁锰超标饮用水的水处理技术，比较传统的氧化法除铁锰技术与离子交换法除铁锰技术的优缺点，通过实际应用，研究适宜于农村饮用水的水质处理技术。     

臭氧催化氧化改善水质安全性指标中试与生产性研究

从水的生物稳定性、遗传毒性、颗粒物去除、臭氧氧化副产物以及催化剂的稳定性等方面研究了臭氧催化氧化-生物活性炭技术在净水处理过程中的安全性问题.结果表明,催化剂具有优良的物理化学稳定性,能够催化臭氧氧化进一步控制AOC及其前质,减小了活性炭的污染物负荷;与生物活性炭联用可以明显减小有害有机物穿透水处理工艺的能力,进一步消减了水的遗传毒性;联用工艺可以显著地去除水中与致病原生动物相关性极大的2～10 μm颗粒物,进一步提高了饮用水的卫生安全性;催化剂对剩余臭氧的消减抑制了BrO-3生成.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

浅谈天湖水电站水轮机运行故障及处理措施

简述天湖水电站投运以来各种故障的表现形式，分析其原因，提出了相应的处理方法及措施，并对合理利用国内外设备提出建议。