利用计量型原子力显微镜进行纳米台阶高度测量

计量型原子力显微镜纳米测量系统主要由扫描器、测针位置传感器和一体化微型激光干涉三维测量系统等部分构成．针对计量型原子力显微测量系统,采用三维激光干涉测量系统作为测量基准,以实现原子力测量系统的纳米尺度量值溯源和校准工作．建立了校准模型,分析了扫描器9项主要误差项,并将该模型应用到原子力显微镜扫描器的校准中．校准后的结果表明,除z轴位置误差不超过±2nm外,其他8项的残余误差均不超过±1nm．通过台阶高度国际比对,建立了台阶高度标准计算方法及不确定度分析模型．台阶高度国际比对的测量结果表明,计量型原子力显微镜的测量值与参考值相差均小于1．5nm．     

Calibration and measurement certified capabilities of the Russian Federation included in the international database in the area of analytic chemical measurements

The organizational principles of the international system of uniformity of analytic chemical measurements implemented by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures and the Consultative Committee on Quantity of a Material – Metrology in Chemistry are described. The degree of participation of Russian metrological institutes in the implementation of the international agreement on mutual recognition of national standards and calibration certificates is considered. An estimate of the level of measurement and calibration capabilities of Russian metrological institutes is presented.     

Measurement accreditation

Reliable measurement underpins most of the activities of mankind, including manufacturing, service industries and the health service. For example, measuring instruments are used throughout manufacturing processes to ensure the quality of the product is satisfactory. It is essential for international trade that all measuring instruments throughout the world should be based on a compatible system of measurement; this is achieved by calibration and traceability. Traceability is the process by which measurements are related through an approved chain of comparisons to national and international standards. This paper describes the techniques used in the assessment of electrical measurement laboratories so as to provide assurances that the chain of measurement traceability is unbroken     

Calibration and measurement capabilities of metrological institutes: features of preparation, examination, and publication

Features of mutual recognition of national standards, calibration and measurement capabilities (CMC), basic versions and their examination stages are considered. A generalized algorithm is developed for international examination of national metrological institute CMC.     

Traceability of measurement results at different levels of metrological work

Features are considered of measurement result traceability at different levels of metrological work, that are based on existing international guides, standards and recommendations for metrology.     

Practical interpretation of metrological traceability on gauge block as to VIM 3

In ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007, i.e. the International Vocabulary of Basic and General Terms in Metrology-3rd edition (VIM 3), the term “traceability” is replaced by “metrological traceability”, giving it a new definition as property of a measurement result which can be related to a reference. In essence, “metrological traceability” can offer an evidence of measurands tracing to the primary standards which can realize the SI units, and offer a documented unbroken chain of calibrations, thus considered as one of the most important terms in VIM 3. National Measurement Laboratory (NML, Chinese Taipei) has long operated its main mission of calibration implemented along with peer assessed traceability of its measurement systems, which demonstrate a calibration hierarchy conventionally in schematic approach. In dealing with definition of the new term “metrological traceability” in VIM 3, this paper elaborates in taking additionally a newly mathematical approach rather than schematic approach only to realize the practical interpretation of “metrological traceability” to show how the unbroken calibration chain is functioning seamless and robust on the gauge block measurement system in NML. Through such study activities, we well assure our strong confidence on technology inheritance of gauge block and the other measurement systems with sufficient metrological know-how in NML, which can continually pass to each entry level metrologist.     

Metrological Traceability of Coomet Reference Materials. Part. 1. International Practice in Establishing Traceability of Reference Material Certified Values

Measurement Techniques - Many countries are currently focused on expanding the range of national means for measurement unit transfer characterized by established metrological traceability within...     

Metrological provisions for evaluation of composite nanomaterial parameters

Principles are provided for metrological provisions for evaluation of chemical compound composite nanomaterial parameters and also hierarchies of methods and measurement procedures taking account of international experience.     

毫米级纳米几何特征尺寸计量标准装置多自由度激光干涉计量系统

准确的纳米几何结构测量是提高集成电路、微纳机电系统和微纳技术产品的质量和性能的关键技术支撑,为了得到准确一致的测量结果,必须实现纳米尺度的量值溯源并建立量值的传递体系。为满足纳米几何结构计量从纳米尺度到毫米尺度的跨尺度计量需求,实验室研制了毫米级纳米几何特征尺寸计量标准装置,集成于该装置中的多自由度激光干涉计量系统,实现了测量结果向米定义SI单位的直接溯源。实验结果表明该系统能够在毫米级的测量范围内,实现纳米级的测量准确度,分辨力达到了亚纳米量级。     

End of the Transition Period in the Mutual Recognition of National Standards

In 2003, the transition period came to an end for the mutual recognition of national standards, calibration certificates, and measurements issued by national metrological institutions. The paper considers the results from international collaboration attained in that period, which were discussed at the 11th meeting of the Joint Committee of Regional Metrological Organizations and the International Bureau of Weights and Measures.     

An Automated Calibration System for Blood Pressure Measurement Traceability

The present study proposes an automated system to calibrate the measurement standards used for blood pressure traceability. Sphygmomanometers are the main devices used for noninvasive blood pressure measurement and are periodically verified in order to maintain their metrological characteristics. The verification is conducted using a working standard as reference. The calibration of those standards in an accredited laboratory ensures the traceability chain with known measurement errors and uncertainties, since both are a vital component for proper diagnosis of diseases like hypertension. The proposed system aims to decrease the influence of the metrologist over the calibrations, avoiding mistakes that may invalidate the results, as well as to optimize the workforce demanded for the increasing demand for calibration services. An interlaboratory comparison was also conducted to the Brazilian National Pressure Laboratory of INMETRO, the National Institute of Metrology in Brazil, for validation of the proposed method. The normalized error showed that the system produces reliable results. The results also showed that the inflation/deflation pump and valve are critical components of the system.     

Metrological Timelines in Traceability

There is a growing requirement for an internationally accepted system of recognition of measurement capabilities and relationships within and among countries, to facilitate seamless global commerce and trade. As a result, metrologists worldwide have recently developed increased interest in the concept and definition of traceability. Classically, traceability provides a way of relating the results of a measurement (or value of a standard) to higher level standards. Such standards are usually national or international standards, and the comparisons used to provide the traceability must have well-understood uncertainties. An additional complexity arises because all instruments and standards are subject to change, however slight, over time. This paper develops approaches for dealing with the effects of such time-dependent changes as a part of traceability statements. The use of metrological time-lines provides a means of effectively visualizing these relationships in a statement of traceability. When the rate of change in the measurement process is sufficiently small, the approach proposed here is less important. However, documented measurement assurance procedures are required at all levels so that appropriate uncertainties may be estimated with confidence. When laboratory or national boundaries are crossed in the traceability process, other factors come into play, and the original concept of traceability can become obscure. It is becoming common to hear the term “equivalence” used to describe these more complex measurement relationships.     

AC power & energy standard — NPLI measurement, calibration & testing

AC power & energy standard of National Physical Laboratory, India (NPLI) is responsible for maintenance of national measurement standard of ac power & energy and international traceability through intercomparisons. It serves as the basis for dissemination of traceability in measurement through high level calibration and measurement services to the various user organizations in the country. It also supports and helps the industries in improving the measurement assurance systems through interlaboratory proficiency testing (PT) program and in solving actual field problems. Power measurement at zero power factors using zero power factor standards is described as it is used in intercomparison. The performance of energy meters under the various influence quantities is described as a service to the industries.     

空气声高声压的激光活塞法溯源技术研究

目前空气声高声压的溯源存在空白,基于激光-活塞发声器法,采用激光直接测量高声压下活塞振速的方法进行研究,实现了180 dB下高声压的溯源,并通过试验验证了理论公式和结果的一致性,为高声压的绝对溯源提供了技术方法,保障了高声压量值的准确可靠.     

Traceability of measurement results in the nanometric range to the units of the international system of units of physical quantities

Questions involved in the assurance of the traceability of results of measurements in the nanometric range to standards included in the BIPM CMC base of measurements of geometric quantities are considered for which a set of calibrated (verified) gauges along with a chain of traceability to the standard, i.e., the metrological atomic-force microscope, are proposed. Two methods of calibration of scanning probe microscopes are also proposed, a direct method and a method that employs the Fourier transform of the measure topogram. A technique of calibration of scanning electron microscopes; the uncertainty budget and formulas for use in calculating its components in calibration relative to a relief measure in the TGQ1 nanometric range are also given.     

浅谈余氯分析仪的校准

分析了水中游离氯及总余氯测定方法的现状,从余氯测定仪校准规范的检测对象、量值溯源、方法原理等方面进行了分析探讨,对实际操作中曲线标定、干扰物消除和方法优化提出建议,对计量检定机构对余氯分析仪开展校准工作有一定的指导意义。