广南县石漠化地区治水思路初探

广南县石漠化面积占全县面积的23.57%,解决好"水"问题是石漠化地区扶贫攻坚的一个重要切入点。在分析广南县石漠化现状的基础上,提出了石漠化地区"一统筹、二寻找、三利用、四突破、五结合"的治水思路和措施建议,即开展石漠化地区治水课题研究和试点,单列石漠化地区治水投入,以规划作统领整合力量进行实施,探索群众参与建设和管理的新模式,及切实加强领导。     

贵州织金县石漠化防治对策及效益分析

岩溶地区石漠化的发展已成为当今生态建设中面临的一个突出问题,严重制约了当地经济社会的可持续发展。针对贵州西部岩溶地区织金县石漠化的成因及防治现状,基于石漠化治理的基本原则,提出了适合项目区实际情况的石漠化治理对策与模式。最后指出,通过实施石漠化综合治理项目,项目区将会取得显著的经济效益、生态效益和社会效益。     

水利部副部长魏山忠到广西调研水利扶贫工作

正2月11日至12日,水利部副部长魏山忠率调研组到广西调研石漠化片区脱贫攻坚和水利扶贫工作,了解农村饮水安全巩固提升工作情况,倾听基层群众的意见和建议,看望慰问水利部挂职扶贫干部。魏山忠一行深入广西百色市田东县,现场查看了田东县作登乡农村饮水安全家庭水柜工程和林逢镇那王规模化节水灌溉增效示范项目芒果灌片工程,并召开广西石漠化片区脱贫攻坚和水利扶贫工作调研     

广西防治石漠化刻不容缓

根据广西石山地区石漠化严重的现状,分析了石漠化的形成原因,提出治理石漠化的六大对策。     

广西石漠化片区脱贫攻坚成效分析及发展对策

正按国务院《滇桂黔石漠化片区区域发展与扶贫攻坚规划(2011—2020年)》,滇桂黔石漠化片区包括云南、广西、贵州的15个州市80个连片特困县(另有11个天窗县)、人口3 427.2万人,总面积22.8万km~2,广西石漠化片区实施规划范围为河池、百色、南宁、柳州、崇左、来宾、桂林7市共35个县(区)、416个乡镇、5 027个行政村,规划覆盖人口1 246.4万人,土地面积10.02万km~2。评估"十三五"以来     

水利扶贫应精准聚焦石漠化弄场内涝问题——以河池市为例

正弄场意为四周高山包围的山间小平地。由于特殊的地理地貌环境,弄场星罗棋布的分布在千山万弄的石漠化地区。由于弄场类似碗状的环境,每次强降雨,这些地区就极易遭受洪涝灾害。广西自治区河池市是典型的石漠化贫困地区,全市11个县(市、区)中有10个为石漠化片区县,其中国家贫困县7个,自治区贫困县与天窗县3个。因水致贫     

中国西南喀斯特石漠化治理现状及对策

我国西南喀斯特地区石漠化问题严重,虽然通过石漠化治理措施遏制了整体扩张趋势,但是治理形势并不乐观,生态环境质量有待进一步改善。针对中国西南石漠化治理存在的治理成果难以有效维持、无法彻底消除人地矛盾、治理难度不断提高等问题,在系统梳理西南喀斯特地区的特殊性、石漠化成因、西南喀斯特地区石漠化综合治理模式的基础上,从重视区域整体治理与系统修复、探索喀斯特生态产品价值实现机制与途径、加强喀斯特地区生态补偿、探索喀斯特地区社会-生态系统的协同机制四方面,提出了面向区域整体治理与绿色发展的对策建议,为我国西南地区生态环境和社会经济协同高质量发展提供科学参考。     

西南喀斯特地区石漠化生态修复综合治理模式研究

在阐述了西南地区喀斯特石漠化现状的基础上,系统分析了喀斯特地区石漠化发生的成因规律,根据其不同立地条件及石漠化程度,因地制宜地提出了石漠化相关治理措施和辅助工程的思路和方法,并进一步提出喀斯特石漠化生态修复的对策及综合治理模式,实现喀斯特地区生态和经济的可持续发展.     

石漠化地区过滤收集路面雨水的公路利用系统

石漠化是土地退化的一种极端形式。西南地区是我国遭受石漠化最为严重的地区,也是我国石漠化治理的重点地区,缺水、少土和土质贫瘠是造成该地区土地石漠化的主要原因,特别是2010年遭遇百年一遇的干旱使石漠化更加严     

基于GIS和BP神经网络模型的长江中上游地区石漠化危险性评价

通过构建的长江中上游地区石漠化危险性评价指标体系及模型,对长江中上游地区50个市（县）的石漠化危险性进行了评价,利用GIS中的空间插值法对长江中上游地区的石漠化危险程度进行了分区。结果表明：长江中上游地区的石漠化危险程度呈现出从西部向东部逐渐减轻的大致趋势。其中,重度石漠化危险区大致分布于贵州西南部及云南东部一带,甘肃东南部嘉陵江上游地区及重庆的部分地区也有少量分布。石漠化危险程度属于中度的区域大致分布于西南地区的四川东南部、四川东部、重庆西部、贵州大部以及嘉陵江中上游部分地区。轻度石漠化危险区域主要分布于四川盆地及其周围山地丘陵区、陕西南部部分地区、重庆东部以及湖北、湖南的西部地区。无石漠化危险地区主要分布于湖北北部、东部、湖南东部及江西大部分地区。研究结果为长江中上游地区今后大规模开展石漠化防治工作提供了理论依据。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

浅谈天湖水电站水轮机运行故障及处理措施

简述天湖水电站投运以来各种故障的表现形式，分析其原因，提出了相应的处理方法及措施，并对合理利用国内外设备提出建议。