等离子体放电气氛对WPC协同表面处理效果的影响

采用打磨、偶联剂涂覆与射流等离子体放电的协同处理方法对聚乙烯木塑复合材料(PE-WPC)进行表面处理,以改善其胶接性能。利用胶接强度测试、接触角测试、红外光谱分析和X-射线光电子能谱分析等方法研究了氮气、氧气、空气三种等离子体放电气氛对WPC协同表面处理效果的影响。结果表明:不同等离子体放电气氛的协同处理,都能在材料表面引入大量含氮、含氧和含硅的极性基团,改善其胶接性能。不同的等离子体放电气氛对材料表面协同处理效果的影响不同,氧气气氛对材料表面的氧化刻蚀作用较为明显,能引入更多的硅氧官能团;而氮气气氛对材料表面的化学改性较为突出,在材料表面引入更多的含氮和含氧基团,改善材料表面的润湿性能和胶接性能。实际胶接时可以针对不同的处理气氛匹配不同的胶黏剂以获得更好的胶接性能。     

氮气射流等离子体处理时间对PE-WPC表面性质的影响

为解决聚乙烯木塑复合材料制品之间的连接问题,采用氮气射流等离子体放电技术对复合材料表面进行处理,以改善其胶接性能。利用胶接强度测试、接触角测试以及表面红外分析和X-射线光电子能谱分析等手段对材料表面特性进行表征分析,研究氮气射流等离子体处理时间对聚乙烯木塑复合材料表面性质的影响。结果表明:经氮气射流等离子体处理,在材料表面产生大量含氧、含氮极性基团,表面接触角降低,N、O元素的相对含量增加,材料的润湿性能和胶接强度显著改善;且通过调整氮气射流等离子体处理时间,发现材料表面性能随处理时间的延长呈周期性的变化。表面性质的周期性变化主要源于氮气射流等离子体的物理刻蚀作用。     

打磨对木粉/聚乙烯复合材料射流等离子体表面处理时效性的影响

采用空气气氛的射流等离子体对木粉/聚乙烯复合材料进行表面处理,以改善胶接性能。利用接触角和胶接强度测试以及红外光谱和X-射线光电子能谱分析等方法,研究了表面打磨对复合材料等离子体表面处理时效性的影响。研究结果表明,直接等离子体处理以及打磨后再等离子体处理都可以明显提高复合材料的胶接强度,相比之下,打磨后再等离子体处理可以在复合材料表面形成更多的含氧极性基团,有利于胶接性能的改善。木粉/聚乙烯复合材料的等离子体表面处理存在一定的时效性,与直接等离子体处理的复合材料相比,随着处理试样放置时间的延长,先打磨再等离子体处理的复合材料表面接触角、含氧极性基团以及胶接强度的变化幅度更小,表现出更小的处理时效性。尽管存在处理时效性,但等离子体处理后的胶接强度仍远好于未处理的试样。     

贮存环境对PE-WPC等离子体处理时效性的影响(I)——表面结构及粘接性能

利用等离子体处理技术对聚乙烯木塑复合材料(PE-WPC)进行表面处理以改善其胶接性能,将处理后的WPC分别贮存在真空(室温)、空气(室温)和空气(低温)环境中,利用接触角、FT-IR和胶接强度测试等手段,研究了不同贮存环境对等离子体处理后材料表面时效性的影响。接触角测试结果表明,随着放置时间的延长,贮存在3种环境中的试样的表面接触角均逐渐增大,相比之下,处于真空和低温环境中的试样接触角变化较小;红外光谱分析表明,贮存于3种环境中的试样表面的-OH基团随着放置时间的延长几乎消失,-C-O和C=O基团也逐渐减少,处于真空和低温环境中的试样表面残留的极性基团较空气中的试样多。胶接强度测试结果表明,随着放置时间的延长,放置在3种环境中的试样表面粘接强度逐渐降低,其中放置于空气(室温)中的试样的粘接强度降低的幅度最大。等离子体处理尽管存在时效性,但贮存30d的试样的胶接性能仍优于未处理的试样。     

贮存环境对PE-WPC等离子体处理时效性的影响(Ⅰ)——表面结构及粘接性能

利用等离子体处理技术对聚乙烯木塑复合材料( PE-WPC)进行表面处理以改善其胶接性能,将处理后的WPC分别贮存在真空(室温)、空气(室温)和空气(低温)环境中,利用接触角、FT-IR和胶接强度测试等手段,研究了不同贮存环境对等离子体处理后材料表面时效性的影响.接触角测试结果表明,随着放置时间的延长,贮存在3种环境中的试样的表面接触角均逐渐增大,相比之下,处于真空和低温环境中的试样接触角变化较小;红外光谱分析表明,贮存于3种环境中的试样表面的-OH基团随着放置时间的延长几乎消失,-C-O和C=O基团也逐渐减少,处于真空和低温环境中的试样表面残留的极性基团较空气中的试样多.胶接强度测试结果表明,随着放置时间的延长,放置在3种环境中的试样表面粘接强度逐渐降低,其中放置于空气(室温)中的试样的粘接强度降低的幅度最大.等离子体处理尽管存在时效性,但贮存30 d的试样的胶接性能仍优于未处理的试样.     

等离子体处理工艺对聚乙烯木塑复合材料表面时效性的影响

利用射流等离子体放电对聚乙烯木塑复合材料进行表面处理以改善其胶接性能。采用接触角测试、FTIR和胶接强度测试等方法,研究了不同等离子体处理工艺对等离子体处理后材料表面时效性的影响。研究结果表明,等离子体处理后的聚乙烯木塑复合材料,随着放置时间的延长,表面接触角和表面极性基团会发生变化,表现出处理时效性。不同工艺的等离子体处理,其处理时效性各不相同;相比之下,机械打磨后再进行等离子体处理的试样处理时效性最小。尽管存在处理时效性,但经射流等离子体处理后的木塑复合材试样放置7d后,仍表现出远大于未处理试样的胶接强度。     

贮存环境对PE-WPC等离子体处理时效性的影响(Ⅱ)——表面元素分析

利用等离子体处理技术对PE-WPC进行表面处理以改善其胶接性能,将处理后的木塑复合材料分别贮存在真空(室温)、空气(室温)和空气(低温)环境中,利用XPS分析手段,研究了等离子体处理PE-WPC表面元素的变化,以此表征贮存环境对等离子体处理表面时效性的影响。结果表明,随着放置时间的延长,贮存于真空、空气(室温)和低温环境中的等离子体处理PE-WPC表面的C元素相对含量均增加,O元素则相反,O/C值降低。与空气(室温)环境相比,真空和低温环境下等离子体处理PE-WPC表面O/C值降低的幅度减缓。     

冷等离子体处理对木材胶接性能的影响

为了进一步提高木材的胶接性能,采用冷等离子体处理法对木材表面进行处理,并对处理前后木材表面的化学组成、胶接性能等进行了测定。结果表明:经N2冷等离子体处理后,木材表面的氧/碳原子浓度比增加,产生了大量含氧官能团或过氧化物,同时引入了N元素,推测有-NH2生成;经冷等离子体处理后,木材的最大胶接强度提高了20%左右;胶接强度的增幅与处理气体的类型有关,在其它条件保持不变的情况下,各种气体的表面处理效果依次为氧气氨气氮气氩气。     

表面处理对聚乙烯粘接性能的影响

为了提高聚乙烯板材的粘接性能,分别用火焰和空气等离子体处理方法对聚乙烯板材试样表面进行处理,根据拉伸剪切强度确定最佳处理工艺。采用傅立叶变换红外光谱、X射线光电子能谱、扫描电子显微镜、能谱仪、接触角检测等手段分析试样表面处理前后的化学组成、形貌、润湿性。结果表明,火焰处理最佳工艺条件:试样未打磨,处理距离1cm,处理速率0.625cm/s;空气等离子体处理最佳工艺条件:试样未打磨,放电功率500W,气体压力0.06MPa,放电气体为空气,处理距离1.5cm,处理时间4s。表面处理能够去除试样表面的弱边界层,引入含氧极性基团羟基和羧基,提高表面化学活性。经过火焰或空气等离子体处理的试样表面接触角分别降低为91.04°和22.43°,润湿性能得到改善。两种表面处理方法都能够明显提高试样的粘接性能。其中天山1956胶粘剂粘接火焰处理的未打磨试样,其拉伸剪切强度最大可达到4.063MPa,破坏方式为粘附破坏。     

氟碳等离子体技术的应用

综述以氟碳化合物为气氛的低温等离子体技术进行各种材料的表面改性的最新进展，指出等离子体技术可在各种材料表面引入含氟基团，获得低能表面，从而使材料获得各种特殊的性能。     

Atmospheric-pressure plasma treatment of polyamide 6 composites for bonding with polyurethane

An atmospheric-pressure plasma jet (APPJ)-based surface treatment process was investigated for the structural (τ_B > 15 MPa) adhesive bonding of polyamide 6 (PA6) composites. The treated surfaces were examined by contact angle measurement, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Additionally, the shear strengths of single lap specimens were determined as a function of different plasma intensities and polyurethane adhesives. Our results show that APPJ leads to an increase of the surface free energy, oxygen concentration, and number of functional groups. Furthermore, the topography of the surface was significantly modified by exposure to APPJ. AFM measurements show that special attention has to be paid to the intensity of the plasma treatment to avoid melting and flattening of the PA6 surface on the nanometer scale. With optimized multiple APPJ treatments, lap shear strength of 20 MPa was achieved for the first time for this material system, allowing the material system to be employed in future automobile applications.     

介质阻挡放电等离子体处理芳纶的表面性能研究

采用介质阻挡放电(DBD)装置对芳纶1414表面进行改性处理,探讨低温等离子体处理对纤维表面性能的影响。结果表明:经过DBD等离子体处理后,芳纶1414纤维表面粗糙程度加剧,粘结性能和浸润性能有了明显的改善;当DBD等离子体处理功率为200～300 W,时间为60 s,氩气流量为2～3 L/min时,芳纶1414的界面剪切强度从处理前的11.9 MPa上升到14.2 MPa,接触角由处理前的85.0°下降到了60.6°。     

等离子体射流载气流量大小对玻璃纤维改性效果影响的研究

通过大气压等离子体射流在玻璃纤维（GF）表面沉积氧化硅（SiOx）纳米颗粒的方法改善玻璃纤维增强聚丙烯（GFRP）复合材料的界面结合性能,利用扫描电子显微镜、原子力显微镜和X射线光电子能谱等表征分析了改性纤维的表面形貌、化学成分、润湿性能和复合材料的界面结合性能,并考察了等离子体射流载气流量大小对GF改性效果的影响。结果表明,当载气流量为40 mL/min时,GF的改性效果最好,且此时GF的表面能相比对照组提高了43.18%,GFRP复合材料的层间剪切强度提高了30.79%;经过等离子体处理后,GF的表面粗糙度增大,极性官能团增多,复合材料的界面结合性能提升。     

The effect of atmospheric‐pressure air plasma discharge power on adhesive properties of aramid fibers

After exposure to the atmospheric‐pressure air plasma at different discharge powers, the adhesion characteristics of Twaron aramid fibers were investigated. For the 12 s‐300 W plasma treatment, the interlaminar shear strength of Twaron fiber reinforced thermoplastic poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone) was increased from 46.0 to 61.7 MPa by 34.1%, and the diffusion of water molecule into the resulting composites was proved to be effectively prevented. These results showed that surface adhesive properties of the plasma‐treated aramid fibers were improved. At the power level of 300 W, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis revealed the increases in concentrations of oxygen and nitrogen polar groups on the fiber surface, and atomic force microscopy observations led to the conclusion that the fiber surface morphology was changed and the surface roughness was greatly increased. These new polar and irregular surface structures accounted for the better adhesion between the fiber and the matrix, while due to the reasonability of this discharge power level applied to the surface modification, the measured fiber tensile strength only decreased by 2.0%. POLYM. COMPOS., 37:620–626, 2016. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers     

偶联剂与等离子体协同表面处理对聚乙烯木塑复合材胶接性能的影响

采用硅烷偶联剂涂覆与等离子体协同处理的方法,对聚乙烯木塑复合材料进行表面处理以改善其胶接性能。研究了硅烷偶联剂浓度、等离子体处理时间、等离子体喷头距试件的处理距离对胶接强度的影响,优化了协同处理工艺。利用接触角测试、红外光谱分析研究了协同表面处理前后材料的表面性质变化,并对胶接接头的耐水性能进行了测试。结果表明:利用偶联剂涂覆和等离子体的协同处理,可以既提高胶接强度,又改善胶接接头的耐水性能。协同处理受偶联剂涂覆和等离子体处理的工艺因素影响较大,选取的优选处理工艺为偶联剂浓度为5%、等离子体处理时间为30s、处理距离为30mm。     

Wetting and adhesion behavior of armos fibers after dielectric barrier discharge plasma treatment

To investigate the influence of atmospheric plasma treatment on aramid fiber wetting and adhesion behavior, an air dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) was applied to the Armos aramid fiber surface at different discharge power densities. Dynamic contact angle analysis indicated that the total surface free energy was increased from 49.6 to 68.3 mJ/m 2 , an increment of 37.7%, whereas the single-fiber tensile strength testing showed that the mechanical properties of the Armos fibers were almost unaffected. With the enhancement of fiber surface wettability, the interlaminar shear strength, which was used to determine the interfacial adhesion in Armos-fiber-reinforced thermoplastic poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone) composites, increased by 17.2% to 71.4 MPa. Scanning electron microscopy photos showed that the predominant failure mode of the composites changed from interface failure to matrix and/or fiber failure after the plasma treatment. Taken together, these results suggest that the air DBD plasma was an effective technique for improving the surface and interfacial performance of the Armos fibers without damaging their bulk properties. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012     

Surface modification of armos fibers with oxygen plasma treatment for improving interfacial adhesion with poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone) resin

We introduce in this article oxygen plasma treatment as a convenient and effective method for the surface modification of Armos fibers. The effects of oxygen‐plasma‐treatment power on both the Armos fiber surface properties and Armos‐fiber‐reinforced poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone) composite interfacial adhesion were investigated. The Armos fiber surface chemical composition, surface morphology and roughness, and surface wettability as a function of oxygen‐plasma‐treatment power were measured by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electronic microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and dynamic contact angle analysis. The results show that oxygen plasma treatment introduced a lot of reactive functional groups onto the fiber surface, changed the surface morphology, increased the surface roughness, and enhanced the surface wettability. Additionally, the effect of the oxygen‐plasma‐treatment power on the composite interfacial adhesion was measured by interlaminar shear strength with a short‐beam bending test. Oxygen plasma treatment was an effective method for improving the composite interfacial properties by both chemical bonding and physical effects. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

Influence of environmental moisture on atmospheric pressure plasma jet treatment of ultrahigh-modulus polyethylene fibers

One of the main differences between low-pressure and atmospheric-pressure plasma treatments is that there is little moisture involved in the low-pressure plasma treatment, although moisture could exist at the wall of the vacuum chamber or react with the substrate after plasma treatment, while in the atmospheric-pressure plasma treatment moisture exists not only in the environment but also in any hygroscopic substrate. In order to investigate the influence of environmental moisture on the effect of atmospheric pressure plasma treatment, ultra-high-modulus polyethylene (UHMPE) fibers were treated using an atmospheric-pressure plasma jet (APPJ) with 10 l/min helium gas-flow rate, treatment nozzle temperature of 100°C and 5 W output power. The plasma treatments were carried out at three different relative humidity levels, namely 5, 59 and 100%. After the plasma treatments, the surface roughness increased while the water-contact angle decreased with increasing relative humidity. The number of oxygen containing groups increased as the environmental moisture content increased. The interfacial shear strength of the UHMPE fiber/epoxy system was significantly increased after the plasma treatments, but the moisture level in the APPJ environment did not have a significant influence on the adhesion properties. In addition, no significant difference in single fiber tensile strength was observed after the plasma treatments at all moisture levels. Therefore, it was concluded that the environmental moisture did not significantly influence the effect of atmospheric-pressure plasma treatment in improving interfacial bonding between the fiber and epoxy. The improvement of the interfacial shear strength for the plasma-treated samples at all moisture levels was mainly due to the increased surface roughness and increased surface oxygen and nitrogen contents due to the plasma etching and surface modification effect.     

An Investigation of the Effect of Plasma Treatment on the Surface Properties and Adhesion in Sheet Molded Composite (SMC) Material

Sheet molded composite was treated with different plasmas (oxygen, dry air, nitrogen, and argon). Plasma treatment of SMC alters the surface properties in a manner dependent on the type of plasma used and the time of treatment. The surface properties were evaluated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectros-copy (FTIR). A two-part urethane adhesive was used to prepare lap shear specimens. Untreated SMC, plasma-treated SMC, and primer-treated SMC were prepared, bonded and tested. The surface properties of the failed specimens were measured. The adhesion characteristics of SMC and the surface properties of the failed specimens were correlated with the type of treatment and the surface properties of treated SMC. Comparison of the surface and adhesive properties of plasma-treated samples with those for untreated samples indicates a) an increase in roughness, b) an increase in the level of SMC surface oxidation, and c) an increase in the failure force for lap shear tests.     

An Investigation of the Effect of Plasma Treatment on the Surface Properties and Adhesion in Sheet Molded Composite (SMC) Material

Sheet molded composite was treated with different plasmas (oxygen, dry air, nitrogen, and argon). Plasma treatment of SMC alters the surface properties in a manner dependent on the type of plasma used and the time of treatment. The surface properties were evaluated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectros-copy (FTIR). A two-part urethane adhesive was used to prepare lap shear specimens. Untreated SMC, plasma-treated SMC, and primer-treated SMC were prepared, bonded and tested. The surface properties of the failed specimens were measured. The adhesion characteristics of SMC and the surface properties of the failed specimens were correlated with the type of treatment and the surface properties of treated SMC. Comparison of the surface and adhesive properties of plasma-treated samples with those for untreated samples indicates a) an increase in roughness, b) an increase in the level of SMC surface oxidation, and c) an increase in the failure force for lap shear tests.