铬酸钠碳氨转化过程中铬的析出形式

根据测定的Na^ ，NH4^ ∥CrO4^2-，HCO3^---H2O体系相图对铬酸钠碳氨转化过程中CrO4^2-析出形式进行分析，并结合实验研究提出相应的分离方法。结果表明铬酸钠碳氨转化过程中首先析出碳酸氢钠，铬会依次以铬酸铵钠和铬酸铵结晶形式析出，利用铬酸铵钠结晶与碳酸氢钠结晶的粒度和密度差别可用水力旋流器分离。     

重铬酸铵清洁生产新工艺

将铬酸钠碳氨转化得到的NaNH4CrO4.2H2O复盐结晶,经低温热分解得到铬酸钠和重铬酸铵,以这2个产物为原料经重结晶可以制备重铬酸铵产品。测定了Na2CrO4-(NH4)2Cr2O7-H2O体系的溶解度和相图,并以此为依据对热分解产物的重结晶分离制备重铬酸铵过程进行分析。结果表明:铬酸钠和重铬酸铵混合物经高温(100℃)溶解-冷却(50℃)结晶可以制备得到高纯度的重铬酸铵产品,收率为76.8%,母液可以蒸氨制备重铬酸钠,氨可在工艺中循环。该工艺具有清洁、环保的特点。     

硫酸钙-硫酸钠-铬酸钙-铬酸钠-水体系中复盐的生成研究

为配合化工产品新工艺的开发,研究了25～70 ℃硫酸钙-硫酸钠-铬酸钙-铬酸钠-水体系中复盐的生成规律.摇床实验及X射线衍射分析发现,将固体铬酸钙加入不同浓度的硫酸钠和铬酸钠溶液中时,除生成CaSO4·2H2O外,还可能生成4种复盐沉淀,即CaSO4·Na2SO4,CaSO4·Na2SO4·4H2O,CaSO4·2Na2SO4·2H2O和5CaSO4·Na2SO4·3H2O.当温度和溶液浓度发生变化时,复盐的形式会相应变化,低温稀溶液中只有CaSO4·2H2O沉淀,没有复盐沉淀析出,而高温浓溶液中,4种复盐都会析出.     

由铬酸钾制备铬酸钠结晶分离过程研究

以铬酸钾中间体为原料,系统地研究了采用结晶分离等常规手段制备铬酸钠产品的清洁制备方法。应用等温法分别测定了KNO3在Na2CrO4水溶液中和Na2CrO4在KNO3水溶液中的相平衡数据,绘制了溶解度曲线,确定采用先冷却结晶后蒸发结晶的方法制备铬酸钠晶体产品。考察了冷却结晶终点温度和物料配比,分析了分步蒸发结晶产品,确定了结晶最佳操作条件:K2CrO4与NaNO3的质量比在1∶(0.9～1.2),冷却结晶的终点温度控制在4℃。提出铬酸钾通过结晶方式转化为铬酸钠的整体工艺流程,并进行了全流程循环实验。采用重结晶法对铬酸钠产品进行精制,获得高纯度的铬酸钠晶体,质量分数由81.4%提高到92.2%,且粒径较大,粒度均匀。     

诱导拆分法合成D（-）-酒石酸的工艺研究

介绍了诱导拆分法合成D（-）-酒石酸的合成工艺、操作过程和控制条件,发现拆分的最优条件为：在28℃放晶种,缓慢冷却到有晶体开始析出1分钟后立即过滤,即可将外消旋酒石酸铵钠拆分成左旋酒石酸铵钠和右旋酒石酸铵钠,再利用置换反应就能得到D（-）-酒石酸。旋光度为[α]2D0-12.19°（c=20,H2O）,拆分率大有提高,为46.5%。     

Na2O-CrO3-Al2O3-H2O 四元水盐体系高碱区相图

在28℃和80℃温度下研究了Na2O浓度大于410g／L时的Na2O－CrO3－Al2O3－H2O四元体系高碱区相图,发现在高碱区范围内,Na2O,CrO3和Al2O3没有复盐生成,且液相线的位置随温度的变化较大．     

镀铬液中Cr3+离子交换分离、过铬酸戊醇体系萃取分光光度法测定

介绍了用离子交换法分离镀铬液中Cr3+离子,在硝酸介质中Cr3+被H2O2氧化为蓝色的过铬酸(H2CrO6),然后被戊醇萃取.建立了镀铬液中直接测定微量三价铬的新方法.其桑德尔灵敏度为0.098μg/cm2,Cr3+含量在1.0×10-5g/ml～1.2×10-4g/ml范围内符合比耳定律,能准确测定镀铬液中Cr3+离子.     

电催化合成重铬酸钠过程中氯离子的变化规律

利用电催化合成技术从铬酸钠制备重铬酸钠,研究了阳极溶液中氯离子的变化规律和脱除效果,并对氯离子的脱除原理进行了分析。结果表明,电催化合成重铬酸钠技术能够有效脱除原料溶液中的氯离子。氯离子集中在电催化反应后期(钠铬物质的量比1.2,阳极电解液p H4.8)发生氧化反应,以氯气形式自溶液中逸出。当反应时间5.4 h时,阳极电解液中氯离子含量已经极低。其析出原理可能是电催化合成反应后期,阳极电解液不断增大的酸度提高了H2O/O2反应的过电位,导致氯离子在阳极优先失去电子,被氧化成氯气集中析出。     

Cr2O3-Na2CO3-O2体系固相反应的热分析研究

用热分析法对Cr2O3-Na2CO3体系在氧气氛中的固态反应进行了研究。在反应的初始阶段生成CrO3。氧化物再转变为中间物，表现在DSC在310℃和420℃之间有放热反应，在495℃和570℃分别有可逆吸热变化。甚至在950℃ Cr2O3转化为Na2CrO4也不完全。制样方法影响反应过程。     

Na2CrO4-NaOH-H2O体系中Na2CrO4 蒸发结晶工艺研究

以90 ℃的Na2CrO4-NaOH-H2O体系相图为依据,采用蒸发盐析结晶的方法从体系中分离铬酸钠晶体,研究了搅拌强度、蒸发速度、结晶温度、晶种添加等因素对工艺过程的影响规律,得到最优工艺操作条件：搅拌强度为能使晶体离底悬浮所需的最小转速;每1 050 g原料的蒸发速率约为140 mL/h;结晶温度为90 ℃;并添加一定量的晶种。在以上操作条件下制备出的铬酸钠晶体粒度较大,尺寸均一。同时研究了不同氢氧化钠浓度下体系压力与沸点间的关系,为铬酸钠结晶过程的温度控制提供了基础数据。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。