孟加拉盆地油气分布特征及主控因素

孟加拉盆地是发育在印度次大陆东北角比较典型的残留洋盆地,其经历了裂陷期、裂后期和前渊期。在残留洋盆地形成阶段发育了最重要的生储盖组合,主要烃源岩是渐新统Jenam组和中新统Bhuban组页岩;主要储集层是中新统Surma群Bhuban组和Boka Bil组陆架到潮控三角洲砂岩;盖层主要为中新统—上新统的海相页岩,分布广泛;圈闭类型以背斜为主。孟加拉盆地以天然气为主,绝大部分气田平面上分布在Surma坳陷、Tangail凸起、Hatia坳陷和东部褶皱带。天然气富集层位主要位于中新统Bhuban组和Boka Bil组。气田的分布与残留洋盆地的形成密切相关,盆地演化控制了含气层系的发育,盆地结构控制了天然气的平面分布。今后勘探的重点为盆地东部Surma坳陷及周缘、Hatia坳陷和东部褶皱带,处于压力过渡带的Surma群砂岩储层应是油气勘探的重点层系。通过对孟加拉盆地演化、石油地质条件和油气分布特征以及天然气成藏规律和主控因素的研究,可为残留洋盆地油气勘探提供借鉴和参考。     

HYDROCARBON GENERATION POTENTIAL AND DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT OF SHALES IN THE CRETACEOUS NAPO FORMATION,EASTERN ORIENTE BASIN,ECUADOR

Marine shale samples from the Cretaceous (Albian‐Campanian) Napo Formation (n = 26) from six wells in the eastern Oriente Basin of Ecuador were analysed to evaluate their organic geochemical characteristics and petroleum generation potential. Geochemical analyses included measurements of total organic carbon (TOC) content, Rock‐Eval pyrolysis, pyrolysis — gas chromatography (Py—GC), gas chromatography — mass‐spectrometry (GC—MS), biomarker distributions and kerogen analysis by optical microscopy. Hydrocarbon accumulations in the eastern Oriente Basin are attributable to a single petroleum system, and oil and gas generated by Upper Cretaceous source rocks is trapped in reservoirs ranging in age from Early Cretaceous to Eocene. The shale samples analysed for this study came from the upper part of the Napo Formation T member (“Upper T”), the overlying B limestone, and the lower part of the U member (“Lower U”).The samples are rich in amorphous organic matter with TOC contents in the range 0.71–5.97 wt% and Rock‐Eval T_max values of 427–446°C. Kerogen in the B Limestone shales is oil‐prone Type II with δ¹³C of ?27.19 to ?27.45‰; whereas the Upper T and Lower U member samples contain Type II–III kerogen mixed with Type III (δ¹³C > ?26.30‰). The hydrocarbon yield (S₂) ranges from 0.68 to 40.92 mg HC/g rock (average: 12.61 mg HC/g rock). Hydrogen index (HI) values are 427–693 mg HC/g TOC for the B limestone samples, and 68–448 mg HC/g TOC for the Lower U and Upper T samples. The mean vitrinite reflectance is 0.56–0.79% R₀ for the B limestone samples and 0.40–0.60% R₀ for the Lower U and Upper T samples, indicating early to mid oil window maturity for the former and immature to early maturity for the latter. Microscopy shows that the shales studied contain abundant organic matter which is mainly amorphous or alginite of marine origin. Extracts of shale samples from the B limestone are characterized by low to medium molecular weight compounds (n‐C₁₄ to n‐C₂₀) and have a low Pr/Ph ratio (≈ 1.0), high phytane/n‐C₁₈ ratio (1.01–1.29), and dominant C₂₇ regular steranes. These biomarker parameters and the abundant amorphous organic matter indicate that the organic matter was derived from marine algal material and was deposited under anoxic conditions. By contrast, the extracts from the Lower U and Upper T shales contain medium to high molecular weight compounds (n‐C₂₅ to n‐C₃₁) and have a high Pr/ Ph ratio (>3.0), low phytane/n‐C₁₈ ratio (0.45–0.80) with dominant C₂₉ regular steranes, consistent with an origin from terrigenous higher plant material mixed with marine algae deposited under suboxic conditions. This is also indicated by the presence of mixed amorphous and structured organic matter. This new geochemical data suggests that the analysed shales from the Napo Formation, especially the shales from the B limestone which contain Type II kerogen, have significant hydrocarbon potential in the eastern part of the Oriente Basin. The data may help to explain the distribution of hydrocarbon reserves in the east of the Oriente Basin, and also assist with the prediction of non‐structural traps.     

ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY OF POTENTIAL SOURCE ROCKS IN THE TERTIARY DINGQINGHU FORMATION,NIMA BASIN,CENTRAL TIBET

The Tertiary Nima Basin in central Tibet covers an area of some 3000 km² and is closely similar to the nearby Lunpola Basin from which commercial volumes of oil have been produced. In this paper, we report on the source rock potential of the Oligocene Dingqinghu Formation from measured outcrop sections on the southern and northern margins of the Nima Basin. In the south of the Nima Basin, potential source rocks in the Dingqinghu Formation comprise dark‐coloured marls with total organic carbon (TOC) contents of up to 4.3 wt % and Hydrogen Index values (HI) up to 849 mg HC/g TOC. The organic matter is mainly composed of amorphous sapropelinite corresponding to Type I kerogen. Rock‐Eval T_max (430–451°C) and vitrinite reflectance (R_r) (average R_r= 0.50%) show that the organic matter is marginally mature. The potential yield (up to 36.95 mg HC/g rock) and a plot of S2 versus TOC suggest that the marls have moderate to good source rock potential. They are interpreted to have been deposited in a stratified palaeolake with occasionally anoxic and hypersaline conditions, and the source of the organic matter was dominated by algae as indicated by biomarker analyses. Potential source rocks from the north of the basin comprise dark shales and marls with a TOC content averaging 9.7 wt % and HI values up to 389 mg HC/g TOC. Organic matter consists mainly of amorphous sapropelinite and vitrinite with minor sporinite, corresponding to Type II‐III kerogen. This is consistent with the kerogen type suggested by cross‐plots of HI versus T_max and H/C versus O/C. The T_max and R_r results indicate that the samples are immature to marginally mature. These source rocks, interpreted to have been deposited under oxic conditions with a dominant input of terrigenous organic matter, have moderate petroleum potential. The Dingqinghu Formation in the Nima Basin therefore has some promise in terms of future exploration potential.     

PETROLEUM PROSPECTIVITY OF CRETACEOUS FORMATIONS IN THE GONGOLA BASIN,UPPER BENUE TROUGH,NIGERIA: AN ORGANIC GEOCHEMICAL PERSPECTIVE ON A MIGRATED OIL CONTROVERSY

Organic geochemical studies of Cretaceous formations in the Gongola Basin, northern Nigeria, show TOC values that are generally higher than the minimum (0.5 wt %) required for hydrocarbon generation. Data from Rock‐Eval pyrolysis and biomarker studies indicate the presence of both terrestrial and marine derived Types II and III organic matter, which is immature in the Gombe Formation and of marginal maturity in the Yolde Formation. Immature Type III to IV OM is present in the Pindiga Formation; and Type III OM, with a maturity that corresponds to the conventional onset (or perhaps peak) of oil generation occurs in the Bima Formation. However, Bima Formation samples from the 4710 – 4770 ft (1435.6 – 1453.9 m) depth interval within well Nasara‐1 indicate Type I OM of perhaps lacustrine origin (H31R/H30 ratio generally ≤0.25). Although the Nasara‐1 well was reported to be dry, geochemical parameters (high TOCs, S₁, S₂ and Hls, low Tmax compared to adjacent samples, a bimodal S₂ peak on the Rock‐Eval pyrogram, a dominance of fluorinite macerals), together with generally low H3IR/H30 biomarker ratios within the 4710–4770 ft (1435.6–1453.9 m) interval, suggest the presence of migrated oil, perhaps sourced by lacustrine shales in the Albian Bima Formation located at as‐yet unpenetrated depths. The presence of the migrated oil in the Bima Formation and its possible lacustrine origin suggest that the petroleum system in the Gongola Basin is similar to that of the Termit, Doba and Doseo Basins of the Chad Republic, where economic oil reserves have been encountered.     

SOURCE ROCK POTENTIAL AND ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY OF CENOMANIAN-TURONIAN BLACK SHALES,WESTERN TAURUS,SW TURKEY

The depositional environment and hydrocarbon source rock potential of Cenomanian-Turonian black shales of the Dereköy and Ballik Formations in SW Turkey were investigated by organic geochemical methods. In detail, 33 samples from three section of the Dereköy Formation, and 15 samples from one section of the Ballik Formation were analysed for elemental (TOC, Rock -Eval pyrolysis), C₁₅₊-lipid and biomarker compositions. Based on maximum pyrolysis degradation temperatures of not more than 420°C, all the shale samples are classified as immature, corresponding to a vitrinite reflectance of less than 0.45% R_r and a lignite to sub-bituminous coal stage. This is confirmed by relatively high isoprenoid to n-alkane ratios as well as by high biomarker contents. According to this maturity stage, and both total organic carbon contents of 6–41% and hydrogen indices of 255–708 mg HC/g TOC, the Cenomanian-Turonian black shales exhibit fair to excellent source rock potential with mixed Type II and Type I kerogen. Relatively high isoprenoid to n-alkane ratios may indicate at least partial (bio-) degradation/evaporation/waterwashing and selective modification of the lipid composition due to the nature of the outcrop. However, very similar unimodal n-alkane distributions in the gas chromatograms of four selected shale samples, with a predominance in the C₁₆ to C₁₇ region, clearly point to a significant contribution of algal and/or bacterial type organic matter with low terrigenous organic input. C₂₇, C₂₈ and C₂₉ steranes in shales from both formations have similar distributions (C₂₉>C₂₇>C₂₈). High C₃₁ R homohopane / C₃₀ hopane ratios indicate a marine depositional environment. This is confirmed by the presence of gammacerane in all the black shales investigated which in general indicates salinity. Pregnanes in one sample (BA-6) may point to hypersaline conditions.     

UPPER TRIASSIC POTENTIAL SOURCE ROCKS IN THE QIANGTANG BASIN,TIBET: ORGANIC GEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS

Upper Triassic coal‐bearing strata in the Qiangtang Basin (Tibet) are known to have source rock potential. For this study, the organic geochemical characteristics of mudstones and calcareous shales in the Upper Triassic Tumengela and Zangxiahe Formations were investigated to reconstruct depositional settings and to assess hydrocarbon potential. Outcrop samples of the Tumengela and Zangxiahe Formations from four locations in the Qiangtang Basin were analysed. The locations were Xiaochaka in the southern Qiangtang depression, and Woruo Mountain, Quemo Co and Zangxiahe in the northern Qiangtang depression. At Quemo Co in the NE of the basin, calcareous shale samples from the Tumengela Formation have total organic carbon (TOC) contents of up to 1.66 wt.%, chloroform bitumen A contents of up to 734 ppm, and a hydrocarbon generation capacity (Rock‐Eval S₁+ S₂) of up to 1.94 mg/g. The shales have moderate to good source rock potential. Vitrinite reflectance (R_r) values of 1.30% to 1.46%, and Rock‐Eval T_max values of 464 to 475 °C indicate that the organic matter is at a highly mature stage corresponding to condensate / wet gas generation. The shales contain Type II kerogen, and have low carbon number molecular compositions with relatively high C_21?/C₂₁₊ (2.15–2.93), Pr/Ph ratios of 1.40–1.72, high S/C ratios (>0.04) in some samples, abundant gammacerane (GI of 0.50–2.04) and a predominance of C₂₇ steranes, indicating shallow‐marine sub‐anoxic and hypersaline depositional conditions with some input of terrestrial organic matter. Tumengela and Zangxiahe Formation mudstone samples from Xiaochaka in the southern Qiangtang depression, and from Woruo Mountain and Zangxiahe in the northern depression, have low contents of marine organic matter (Type II kerogen), indicating relatively poor hydrocarbon generation potential. R_r values and T_max data indicate that the organic matter is overmature corresponding to dry gas generation.     

准噶尔盆地东南缘油页岩有机地球化学特征及含气潜力

准噶尔盆地页岩气尚属于研究起步阶段,勘探程度低,还未发现页岩气藏。通过对准噶尔盆地东南缘雅玛里克山、水磨沟、三工河等地区上二叠统芦草沟组油页岩样品进行有机地球化学特征系统分析,认为：芦草沟组油页岩有机碳平均含量为9.71%,油页岩氢指数(I_H)平均值为471.56mgHC/g_TOC,有机质类型主要为Ⅱ型,处于低熟—成熟热演化阶段。通过与北美五大页岩气系统地球化学参数和地质参数对比,初步确定准噶尔盆地东南缘存在发育热成因页岩气藏的条件,部分区域可能有生物成因气生成。3个地区中,以三工河地区油页岩有机质丰度最高,有可能成为研究区页岩气勘探开发的有利区域。     

ORGANIC-RICH SHALES IN THE UPPER TRIASSIC ZANGXIAHE FORMATION,NORTHERN QIANGTANG DEPRESSION,NORTHERN TIBET: DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT AND HYDROCARBON GENERATION POTENTIAL

This study reports on the organic geochemical characteristics of high-TOC shales in the Upper Triassic Zangxiahe Formation from a study area in the north of the Northern Qiangtang Depression, northern Tibet. A total of fifty outcrop samples from the Duoseliangzi, Zangxiahe South and Zangxiahe East locations were studied to evaluate the organic matter content of the shales and their thermal maturity and depositional environment, and to assess their hydrocarbon generation potential. Zangxiahe Formation shales from the Duoseliangzi profile have moderate to good source rock potential with TOC contents of up to 3.4 wt.% (average 1.2 wt.%) and potential yield (S₁+S₂) of up to 1.11 mg HC/g rock. Vitrinite reflectance (R_o) and T_max values show that the organic matter is highly mature, corresponding to the condensate/wet gas generation stage. The shales contain mostly Types II and I kerogen mixed with minor Type III, and have relatively high S/C ratios, high contents of amorphous sapropelinite, low Pr/Ph ratios, high values of the C₃₅ homohopane index (up to 3.58%), abundant gammacerane content, and a predominance of C₂₇ steranes. These parameters indicate a saline, shallow-marine depositional setting with an anoxic, stratified water column. The source of organic matter was mainly aquatic OM (algal/bacterial) with subordinate terrigenous OM. Zangxiahe Formation shale samples from the Zangxiahe East and Zangxiahe South locations have relatively low TOC contents (0.2 to 0.8 wt.%) with Type II kerogen, suggesting poor to medium hydrocarbon generation potential. R_o and T_max values indicate that organic matter from these locations is overmature. The discovery of organic-rich Upper Triassic shales with source rock potential in the north of the Northern Qiangtang Depression will be of significance for oil and gas exploration elsewhere in the Qiangtang Basin. Future exploration should focus on locations such as Bandaohu to the SE of the study area where the organic-rich shales are well developed, and where structural traps have been recorded together with potential reservoir rocks and thick mudstones which could act as seals.     

HYDROCARBON POTENTIAL AND PALAEO‐DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT OF LACUSTRINE SOURCE ROCKS: MIDDLE JURASSIC SHIMENGOU FORMATION,NORTHERN QAIDAM BASIN,NW CHINA

The Middle Jurassic Shimengou Formation in the Qaidam Basin, NW China, includes coals and lacustrine source rocks which locally reach oil shale quality (i.e. yielding >3.5 % oil on low‐temperature distillation). In the present study, the palaeo‐depositional environment and hydrocarbon potential of the 84.5 m thick Shale Member of the Shimengou Formation are investigated based on bulk geochemical parameters, organic petrographic data, biomarker analysis, and stable isotope geochemistry of 88 core samples. The Shale Member was deposited in an anoxic freshwater lake which formed following the drowning of a precursor low‐lying mire. Variations in bulk geochemical parameters allow four informal units to be identified, referred to (from the base up) as Units 1 to 4. These contain intervals of oil shale of varying thicknesses. In Unit 1, mudstones in the interval referred to as oil shale Layer 1 (true thickness [TD]: 2.06 m) are OM‐rich as a result of algal blooms and photic zone anoxia, and correspond to an initial flooding event. Subsequently, productivity of aquatic organisms decreased, resulting in the deposition of organic‐lean mudstones in Unit 2. Oil shale Layers 2 (TD: 2.03 m) and 3 (TD: 8.03 m) near the base of Unit 3 were deposited during maximum water depths. As with Layer 1, high productivity by algal blooms resulted in photic zone anoxia in a stratified water column. The shales in the upper part of Unit 3 are characterized by high TOC contents and a gradual increased input of terrigenous OM, and were deposited in a stable semi‐deep lake. Finally, organic‐lean mudstones in Unit 4 were deposited in shallow lacustrine conditions. The reconstruction of depositional environments in thick, non‐marine shale‐rich successions by mineralogical, petrographic and inorganic geochemical methods may be challenging as a result of the homogenous composition of component mudstones. The results of this study indicate, however, that sub‐division and basin‐wide correlation of such intervals can be achieved by organic geochemical analyses. Oil shales and organic‐rich mudstones in Units 1 and 3 of the Shimengou Formation Shale Member are excellent oil‐prone source‐rocks with a Source Potential Index of 3.2 t HC/m². Considering the large area covered by the Shimengou Formation in the northern Qaidam Basin (～34,000 km²), the results of this study highlight the regional significance for future petroleum exploration. They indicate that variations in organic productivity and dilution by minerals are key factors controlling the abundance and type of organic matter in the formation. An understanding of these factors will assist with the identification of exploration targets.     

SHALE‐GAS POTENTIAL OF THE MID‐CARBONIFEROUS BOWLAND‐HODDER UNIT IN THE CLEVELAND BASIN (YORKSHIRE), CENTRAL BRITAIN

The shale‐gas potential of mid‐Carboniferous mudrocks in the Bowland‐Hodder unit in the Cleveland Basin (Yorkshire, northern England) was investigated through the analysis of a cored section from the uppermost part of the unit in the Malton‐4 well using a multidisciplinary approach. Black shales are interbedded with bioturbated and bedded sandstones, representing basinal‐offshore to prodelta – delta‐front lithofacies. The total organic carbon (TOC) content of the shales ranges from 0.37 to 2.45 wt %. Rock‐Eval pyrolysis data indicate that the organic matter is mainly composed of Type III kerogen with an admixture of Type II kerogen. T_max (436–454°C), 20S/(20S+20R) C₂₉ sterane ratios, and vitrinite reflectance values indicate that organic matter is in the mid‐ to late‐ mature (oil) stage with respect to hydrocarbon generation. Sedimentological and geochemical redox proxies suggest that the black shales were deposited in periodically oxic‐dysoxic and anoxic bottom waters with episodic oxic conditions, explaining the relatively low TOC values. The Rock‐Eval parameters indicate that the analysed mudrocks have a limited shale‐gas potential. However, burial and thermal history modelling, and VR_r data from other wells in the region, indicate that where they are more deeply‐buried, the Bowland‐Hodder shales will be within the gas window with VR_r > 1.1 % at depths in excess of 2000 m. Therefore although no direct evidence for a high shale‐gas potential in the Cleveland Basin has been found, this cannot be precluded at greater depths especially if deeper horizons are more organic rich.     

THERMAL MATURITY AND SOURCE-ROCK POTENTIAL OF THE SEDIMENTARY SUCCESSION FROM THE DRAKE FIELD, SVERDRUP BASIN, ARCTIC CANADA

The thermal maturity and source-rock potential of the sedimentary succession in the Drake field, Melville Island, Arctic Canada, have been studied using reflected-light microscopy and Rock-Eval pyrolysis. The Mesozoic sediments are immature to mature (% Ro = 0.35-0.80). Vitrinite reflectance in Cretaceous sediments ranges from 0.35 to 0.56%; in Jurassic sediments, it ranges from 0.40 to 0.66%, and in Triassic sediments, from 0.50 to 0.80%. The Triassic Schei Point Group shales and siltstones contain organic matter of marine origin, whereas the predominantly plant-derived organic matter present in the Jameson Bay, Ringnes and Deer Bay Formations has higher TOC. Among the Schei Point Group sediments, the Eden Bay Member of the Hoyle Bay Formation has high TOC content (approx. 5.0%) and high HI values (in excess of 600 mg HC/g Corg). It is followed by the Cape Richards Member and the Cape Caledonia Member of the Murray Harbour Formation (approx. 5.0% TOC).
Regional variations in the level of thermal maturity of Mesozoic sediments in the Sverdrup Basin are mainly a function of burial depth. Thermal subsidence, uplift, erosion and heat associated with periods of diapiric and igneous intrusions may have been responsible for the thermal maturity pattern in the Drake field. The Jurassic Jameson Bay, Ringnes and Deer Bay Formations are immature to marginally mature, and have limited oil-generation potential due to their high terrestrial input. The organic matter is these formations has good gas potential.     

江汉盆地潜江凹陷潜江组盐间页岩油储层矿物组成与脆性特征研究

应用X射线衍射分析技术对潜江组潜二-四段的页岩岩心样品进行了矿物组成与脆性特征研究,以及有机地球化学实验,结果表明,各样品具有差异的矿物组成和地球化学特征。潜二段页岩有机质以腐泥型为主,TOC平均值为1.38%,总体处于未熟-低熟阶段(R_o为0.26%~0.5%),矿物中蒸发岩类矿物含量高;潜三段页岩有机质以腐泥型和腐殖腐泥型为主,TOC平均值为2.53%,总体处于低熟-中等成熟阶段(R_o为0.5%~0.88%),矿物中石英和黏土含量较高;潜四段页岩有机质以腐泥型和腐殖腐泥型为主,TOC平均值为0.69%,总体处于中等成熟-成熟范围(R_o为0.55%~1.3%),碳酸盐矿物含量较高。与北美及中国其他地区的页岩相比,潜江组盐间页岩具有"低黏土矿物、低石英、高碳酸盐、低脆性矿物"的特征,但其中潜三段的脆性矿物含量较高(平均56%),脆性指数较大(平均75.3%),具有较好的脆性,是潜江组盐间页岩最有利的勘探层段。      

Crude oil and condensate in the Ordovician–Silurian formations of the Eastern European: The Western Black Sea Basin

The Lower Paleozoic sediments of Eastern Europe extend from Poland to the Black Sea Coasts. The Lower Ordovician Bakacak Formation and Middle Ordovician–Silurian Karadere, Ketencikdere, and F?nd?kl? formations of the Western Black Sea Basin contain mudstones and black shales with sandstone and limestone intervals. The mudstones of the Lower Ordovician do not display any potential. But some intervals of the Middle Ordovician–Silurian black shales have potential for unconventional exploration because total organic carbon (TOC) of organic matter contents ranges from 0.11% to 1.94%. Hydrogen index (HI) values of the Karadere, Ketencikdere, and F?nd?kl? formations are ranging 0–139 mg oil/g TOC. Vitrinite reflection equivalent (Roe) estimation from HI shows that the shales locate within the oil, wet gas-condensate, and dry gas zone. In-situ oil and condensate volumes of the black shales have been calculated between 0 and 2812 mg HC/g TOC. These volumes indicate presence of potentially producible hydrocarbon in the some intervals of the Middle Ordovician–Silurian shales. Mineralogical properties of the Karadere, Ketencikdere, and F?nd?kl? formations are suitable for hydraulic fracturing because the shales are dominated by quartz/carbonate. Quartz ratio ranges from 12% to 91% with an average 53%. Total calcite/dolomite content is an average of 13/0.5%. Total clay mineral chance between 0% and 39% with an average of 21%.     

A PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF JURASSIC SOURCE ROCK POTENTIAL IN KUWAIT

Jurassic sedimentary rocks in Kuwait are generally assigned to the Marrat, Dhruma, Sargelu and Najmah Formations (mainly limestones and calcareous shales) and the overlying Hith and Gotnia Formations which are composed of anhydrites and evaporites. This paper reports the results of organic-geochemical analyses of Jurassic carbonate and shale samples recovered from ten wells in Kuwait. Analytical techniques included TOC analysis, elemental analyses of kerogen, density separation and petrographic analyses. The thermal history of Kuwait was modelled and calibrated with maturity indicators from the studied wells.
The analytical results point to the presence of marine kerogen between Types II and III. Generally, the formations show amorphous rich sapropelic organic matter with high H/C ratios and low densities. Biodegradation of some samples resulted in elevated O/C ratios. The results of maturity studies indicate that most of the Jurassic Succession is mature, maturity differences being due to depth variations. Oil generation began in Late Cretaceous to Eocene time when structural traps had already been formed. Jurassic source rocks may therefore have supplied reservoir units in Kuwait. In particular, the Najmah Formation includes well-preserved amorphous marine algal type organic matter. The high TOC values and thermal maturity of this formation make it one of the most important potential sources of oil in Kuwait.     

辽河油田东部凹陷页岩气成藏条件及含气性评价

通过类比国外页岩气盆地的页岩有机质类型、有机碳含量、热演化程度、厚度等指标,初步确定辽河油田东部凹陷存在发育页岩气藏的条件。页岩吸附气量实验研究表明,东部凹陷页岩吸附气量与暗色泥页岩有机碳含量和热演化程度呈正比关系,东部凹陷页岩吸附气量为0.2～1.2 m³/t,与加拿大Gordondale页岩和中国四川盆地下志留统龙马溪组页岩基本相当。利用气测全烃值,结合有机碳含量、热演化程度、含气页岩厚度等指标,对不同层系页岩含气性进行了整体评价。依据评价结果,指出驾掌寺-二界沟洼陷为东部凹陷内页岩气勘探的首选目标。     

HIGH‐RESOLUTION STRATIGRAPHY,PALYNOFACIES AND SOURCE ROCK POTENTIAL OF THE ÁGUA DE MADEIROS FORMATION (LOWER JURASSIC), LUSITANIAN BASIN,PORTUGAL

In the Lusitanian Basin (central‐western Portugal), the Lower Jurassic carbonate‐dominated succession is thought to have significant source rock potential. One of the most important units is the Água de Madeiros Formation (Upper Sinemurian – lowermost Pliensbachian) which is composed of alternating organic‐rich marls and limestones including black shale horizons. This paper is based on a study of this formation at its type locality at S. Pedro de Moel in western Portugal. Data includes Total Organic Carbon (TOC) measurements, palynofacies analyses and results of Rock‐Eval pyrolysis presented within a high‐resolution lithostratigraphic framework. TOC contents were measured in some 200 samples from the Água de Madeiros Formation covering a stratigraphic interval of 58 m, and vary widely up to a maximum of about 22 wt %. Kerogen assemblages are dominated by marine amorphous organic matter with varying contributions by phytoclasts and palynomorphs. A majority of the 85 samples analyzed by Rock‐Eval pyrolysis have S₂ values above 10 mg HC/g rock, reaching a maximum of 78 mg HC/g rock. These high S₂ values are correlative with maximum values of the Hydrogen Index which averages 355 mg HC/g TOC (maximum of 637 mg HC/g TOC). However in spite of these indicators of source‐rock potential, the Água de Madeiros Formation in the study area is thermally immature or very early mature, as indicated by T_max values below 437 °C and average vitrinite reflectance values of 0.43 % R_o.     

焦石坝区块五峰组与龙马溪组一段页岩有机孔隙结构差异性

焦石坝区块五峰组和龙马溪组一段海相富有机质页岩中纳米有机孔隙十分发育,有机孔隙成为该页岩气储层的重要储集空间。应用场发射扫描电镜（FE-SEM）和ImageJ统计软件以及气体吸附测试,对五峰组和龙马溪组一段下部和上部3套页岩的20块样品有机孔隙结构（孔隙形状、数量、孔径分布）进行了观察和参数统计分析,并对有机质面孔率进行了计算。根据利用FE-SEM观察到的孔径分布在2~900 nm,主要在10~900 nm的有机孔隙特征发现五峰组、龙马溪组一段下部和上部页岩的纳米有机孔隙结构存在明显的差异性。五峰组页岩有机孔隙形状多为不规则棱角形,而龙马溪组一段页岩有机孔隙形状多呈椭圆形和近圆形。五峰组页岩样品孔径在10~50 nm有机孔隙相对最发育,其次是龙马溪组一段上部;而龙马溪组一段下部页岩样品孔径在50~900 nm的有机孔隙相对最发育,其次是龙马溪组一段上部。根据孔径主要在10~900 nm的6 1400余个有机孔隙的统计结果,页岩样品平均单颗粒有机质面孔率与有机碳含量（TOC）有粗略的正相关性,但五峰组页岩样品平均有机质面孔率相对略偏小。根据气体吸附孔径测定及分析,页岩样品中孔径在0.3~1.5 nm和2~10 nm范围的纳米孔隙发育程度与TOC具有明显的正相关性。焦石坝区块五峰组、龙马溪组一段下部和上部页岩有机碳含量的差异性、五峰组页岩处于挤压滑脱层底部且经历了更明显的分层滑脱改造以及改造引起的部分超压释放,可能是3个层位页岩有机孔隙结构差异性的原因。     

SOURCE ROCK POTENTIAL AND DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT OF MIDDLE – UPPER JURASSIC SEDIMENTARY ROCKS,BLUE NILE BASIN,ETHIOPIA

This study investigates the hydrocarbon generation potential, kerogen quality, thermal maturity and depositional environment of Middle – Upper Jurassic sedimentary rocks in the Blue Nile Basin, Ethiopia, using organic petrography, Rock-Eval pyrolysis and molecular organic geochemistry. Thirty-seven outcrop samples were analysed for their total organic carbon (TOC) and inorganic carbon (TIC) contents. The samples came from a Toarcian – Bathonian transitional glauconitic shale-mudstone unit, the overlying Upper Bathonian Gohatsion Formation, and the Lower Callovian – Upper Tithonian Antalo Limestone Formation. Thirteen samples with sufficient TOC contents for further analysis of the organic matter, eight from the Antalo Limestone Formation and five from the glauconitic shale-mudstone unit, were selected and analysed using Rock-Eval pyrolysis. Vitrinite reflectance (VR_r) was measured on random particles, and qualitative maceral analysis was performed under normal incident and UV light. Nine samples were selected for molecular organic-geochemical analyses. All the samples originating from the Gohatsion Formation showed TOC values which were too low for further analyses of the organic matter. The TOC contents of shales and limestones from the Antalo Limestone Formation and and of shales from the glauconitic shale-mudstone unit were 3.43-6.43% (average 4.85%) and 0.76-3.15% (average 1.72%), respectively, and two coaly shale samples from the latter unit have average TOC values of 18.48%. HI values are very high for shales in the Antalo Limestone Formation (average 575 mg HC/g TOC) but lower for the shales in the glauconitic shale-mudstone unit. The vitrinite reflectance of shales from the Antalo Limestone Formation ranged between 0.21% and 0.47%; coaly shales from the glauconitic shale-mudstone unit have VR_r% of between 0.29% and 0.35%. Pr/Ph ratios for samples of the Antalo Limestone Formation shales ranged from 0.8 to 1.1, indicating anoxic to suboxic depositional conditions; while shales in the glauconitic shale-mudstone unit show higher values of up to 4.9. In terms of organic petrography, the Antalo Limestone Formation samples are dominated by finely dispersed liptinite particles and alginite; the organic material in the glauconitic shale-mudstone unit is of higher land plant origin, with abundant vitrinite and inertinite. Sterane and hopane biomarker ratios suggest an anoxic/suboxic depositional environment for the Antalo Limestone Formation shales and limestones. These values together with Rock-Eval Tmax (average 414 °C), the high ratio of pristane and phytane over the n-alkanes C₁₇ and C₁₈, and hopane biomarker ratios indicate that the Middle – Upper Jurassic succession is of low thermal maturity in the central parts of the Blue Nile Basin. The Antalo Limestone Formation shales have a high petroleum generation potential, making them a viable target for future exploration activities.     

POTENTIAL PETROLEUM SOURCE ROCKS IN THE TERMIT BASIN,NIGER

Potential source rocks from wells in the Termit Basin, eastern Republic of Niger, have been analysed using standard organic geochemical techniques. Samples included organic‐rich shales of Oligocene, Eocene, Paleocene, Maastrichtian, Campanian and Santonian ages. TOC contents of up to 20.26%, Rock Eval S₂ values of up to 55.35 mg HC/g rock and HI values of up to 562 mg HC/g TOC suggest that most of the samples analysed have significant oil‐generating potential. Kerogen is predominantly Types II, III and II–III. Biomarker distributions were determined for selected samples. Gas chromatograms are characterized by a predominance of C₁₇– C₂₁ and C₂₇– C₂₉ n‐alkanes. Hopane distributions are characterized by 22S/(22S+22R) ratios for C₃₂ homohopanes ranging from 0.31 to 0.59. Gammacerane was present in Maastrichtian‐Campanian and Santonian samples. Sterane distributions are dominated by C₂₉ steranes which are higher than C₂₇ and C₂₈ homologues. Biomarker characteristics were combined with other geochemical parameters to interpret the oil‐generating potential of the samples, their probable depositional environments and their thermal maturity. Results indicate that the samples were in general deposited in marine to lacustrine environments and contain varying amounts of higher plant or bacterial organic matter. Thermal maturity varies from immature to the main oil generation phase. The results of this study will contribute to an improved understanding of the origin of the hydrocarbons which have been discovered in Niger, Chad and other rift basins in the Central African Rift System.     

HYDROCARBON POTENTIAL OF THE LATE CRETACEOUS GONGILA AND FIKA FORMATIONS,BORNU (CHAD) BASIN,NE NIGERIA

The hydrocarbon potential of possible shale source rocks from the Late Cretaceous Gongila and Fika Formations of the Chad Basin of NE Nigeria is evaluated using an integration of organic geochemistry and palynofacies observations. Total organic carbon (TOC) values for about 170 cutting samples range between 0.5% and 1.5% and Rock-Eval hydrogen indices (HI) are below 100 mgHC/gTOC, suggesting that the shales are organically lean and contain Type III/IV kerogen. Amorphous organic matter (AOM) dominates the kerogen assemblage (typically >80%) although its fluorescence does not show a significant correlation with measured HI. Atomic H/C ratios of a subset of the samples indicate higher quality oil- to gas-prone organic matter (Type II-III kerogens) and exhibit a significant correlation with the fluorescence of AOM (r²= 0.86). Rock-Eval T_max calibrated against AOM fluorescence, biomarker and aromatic hydrocarbon maturity data suggests a transition from immature (<435°C) to mature (>435°C) in the Fika Formation and mature to post-mature (>470°C) in the Gongila Formation. The low TOC values in most of the shales samples limit their overall source rock potential. The immature to early mature upper part of the Fika Formation, in which about 10% of the samples have TOC values greater than 2.0%, has the best oil generating potential. Oil would have been generated if such intervals had become thermally mature. On the basis of the samples studied here, the basin has potential for mostly gaseous rather than liquid hydrocarbons.