Late Jurassic Safer Salt Member in the Al-Jawf sub-basin of NW Sabatayn Basin,Yemen: geochemical evaluation of organic-rich oil-source rock potential

Late Jurassic Safer shales in the Al-Jawf sub-basin are analyzed to evaluate the organic matter input, depositional conditions and petroleum generation potential. The shales have high organic matter, with TOC values of 1.0-13.5% and they contain predominantly Types II and III kerogen, referring to mainly oil- and gas-prone. These kerogens are indicative for dominate marine algal component and some terrestrial organic matter input as indicated from biomarkers. Moreover, the presence of the gammacerane also confirmed a high salinity stratification condition and suggests that the dominate Type II kerogen is rich-sulphur kerogen (Type II-S). The vitrinite reflectance (VRo%) and Rock-Eval pyrolysis T_max data indicate that the analyzed shales are immature.     

DIAGENETIC-GEOCHEMICAL PATTERNS AND FLUID EVOLUTION HISTORY OF A LOWER JURASSIC PETROLEUM SOURCE ROCK, MIDDLE ATLAS, MOROCCO

Pliensbachian to earliest Toarcian marls and argillaceous limestones exposed at the surface near Aït Moussa (Boulemane Province, Middle Atlas) include the only examples of effective petroleum source rocks so far known in the Moroccan Atlas rift basins. The outcrop interval includes hemipelagic, peri‐Tethyan low latitude source rocks with Type II kerogen (total thickness of 2.5 m with mean TOC of around 3.2%). Early diagenetic, anoxic remineralisation of sedimentary organic matter resulted in hydraulic fractures, calcite cementation, a negative shift of carbon and oxygen stable isotopes relative to marine values (Δδ¹³C = ‐1.1; Δδ¹⁸O = ‐2.0), framboidal pyrite, and relative enrichment of the middle weight rare earth elements (REE). In combination, these attributes of early diagenesis may assist in the identification of other source rock intervals of similar age and setting. Progressive burial produced three generations of Fe‐calcite cemented veins, followed by three generations of replacive dolomite and concluded by ankerite replacing dolomite. Compaction fluids initially caused a slight positive shift of δ¹³C values (Δδ¹³C =+0.4), a flattening of the REE distribution pattern and an increase in REE content, together related to the dewatering of clay. Dolomitizing fluids (dol‐2 and dol‐3) record a positive shift of δ¹³C values (Δδ¹³C =+0.9) suggesting the effects of methanogenesis or an uptake of heavy δ¹³C from underlying rock formations during fluid migration. Dol‐3 is an Fe‐bearing saddle dolomite that carries a positive Eu‐anomaly (Eu/Eu*= 8.1) best explained by ascending hydrothermal fluids which are presumably of Middle Eocene age. A first migration of bitumen is recorded as fluorescent inclusions in dol‐2 (Late Jurassic ‐ Cretaceous), but bituminous fluids remained normally pressured until the establishment of inclined stylolites during Late Eocene tectonic compression. Comparative organic‐geochemical analyses (GC, NMR of inclusions, non‐expelled and expelled bitumen) indicate that thermal maturation advanced significantly after the onset of migration. Differences in terms of Pr/n‐C₁₇, Ph/n‐C₁₈ ratios and aromaticity corroborate the effects of differential expulsion. An exploration strategy should consider both secondary migration via opened tectonic stylolites in association with late‐diagenetic fractures and a persisting tightness that then could have created an unconventional oil reservoir.     

BURIAL,TEMPERATURE AND MATURATION HISTORY OF THE AUSTRAL AND WESTERN MALVINAS BASINS,SOUTHERN ARGENTINA,BASED ON 3D BASIN MODELLING

This paper presents a numerical petroleum systems model for the Jurassic‐Tertiary Austral (Magallanes) Basin, southern Argentina, incorporating the western part of the nearby Malvinas Basin. The modelling is based on a recently published seismo‐stratigraphic interpretation and resulting depth and thickness maps. Measured vitrinite reflectance data from 25 wells in the Austral and Malvinas Basins were used for thermal model calibration; eight calibration data sets are presented for the Austral Basin and four for the Malvinas Basin. Burial history reconstruction allowed eroded thicknesses to be estimated and palaeo heat‐flow values to be determined. Six modelled burial, temperature and maturation histories are shown for well locations in the onshore Austral Basin and the western Malvinas Basin. These modelled histories, combined with kinetic data measured for a sample from the Lower Cretaceous Springhill Formation, were used to model hydrocarbon generation in the study area. Maps of thermal maturity and transformation ratio for the three main source rocks (the Springhill, Inoceramus and Lower Margas Verdes Formations) were compiled. The modelling results suggest that deepest burial occurred during the Miocene followed by a phase of uplift and erosion. However, an Eocene phase of deep burial leading to maximum temperatures cannot be excluded based on vitrinite reflectance and numerical modelling results. Relatively little post‐Miocene uplift and erosion (approx. 50–100 m) occurred in the Malvinas Basin. Based on the burial‐ and thermal histories, initial hydrocarbon generation is interpreted to have taken place in the Early Cretaceous in the Austral Basin and to have continued until the Miocene. A similar pattern is predicted for the western Malvinas Basin, with an early phase of hydrocarbon generation during the Late Cretaceous and a later phase during the Miocene. However, source rock maturity (as well as the transformation ratio) remained low in the Malvinas Basin, only just reaching the oil window. Higher maturities are modelled for the deeper parts of the Austral Basin, where greater subsidence and deeper burial occurred.     

SOURCE ROCK POTENTIAL OF ORGANIC‐RICH SHALES IN THE TERTIARY BHUBAN AND BOKA BIL FORMATIONS,BENGAL BASIN,BANGLADESH

Sandstones in the Miocene Bhuban and Lower Pliocene Boka Bil Formations contain all of the hydrocarbons so far discovered in the Bengal Basin, Bangladesh. Organic‐rich shale intervals in these formations have source rock potential and are the focus of the present study which is based on an analysis of 36 core samples from wells in eight gasfields in the eastern Bengal Basin. Kerogen facies and thermal maturity of these shales were studied using standard organic geochemical and organic petrographic techniques. Organic matter is dominated by Type III kerogen with lesser amounts of Type II. TOC is 0.16–0.90 wt % (Bhuban Formation) and 0.15–0.55 wt % (Boka Bil Formation) and extractable organic matter (EOM) is 132–2814 ppm and 235–1458 ppm, respectively. The hydrogen index is 20–181 mg HC/g TOC in the Bhuban shales and 35–282 mg HC/ g TOC in the Boka Bil shales. Vitrinite was the dominant maceral group observed followed by liptinite and inertinite. Gas chromatographic parameters including the C/S ratio, n‐alkane CPI, Pr/Ph ratio, hopane Ts/Tm ratio and sterane distribution suggest that the organic matter in both formations is mainly derived from terrestrial sources deposited in conditions which alternated between oxic and sub‐oxic. The geochemical and petrographic results suggest that the shales analysed can be ranked as poor to fair gas‐prone source rocks. The maturity of the samples varies, and vitrinite reflectance ranges from 0.48 to 0.76 %VR_r. Geochemical parameters support a maturity range from just pre‐ oil window to mid‐ oil window.     

鸡西盆地下白垩统煤系烃源岩生油潜力

应用有机地球化学的多种分析方法,对鸡西盆地下白垩统烃源岩的有机岩石学特征、有机质丰度、成熟度及有机质的类型进行了讨论。有机显微组分以壳质组为主,煤岩和碳质泥岩的镜质组含量较高;有机碳、热解氢指数I_H及产烃潜量(S₁+S₂)反映烃源岩达到中等—好的级别。有机质为Ⅲ型干酪根,部分Ⅱ_B型,镜质体反射率R_o主要集中于0.5%~1.1%.依据Ⅲ型干酪根的成烃模式,正处于产生液态烃的高峰期,具备生成油气的潜力。与典型的煤成油盆地如Gippsland盆地和吐哈盆地有很好的可比性,具有很好的油气勘探前景。     

烃源岩有机质热演化过程中碳氢含量的变化

本文通过对大量地化数据(包括模拟试验数据)的回归分析,给出了根据干酪根类型和成熟度(R_o)求出烃源岩降解残碳率和氢碳原子比的经验方程。     

Thermal modeling and hydrocarbon generation of the Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous Chia Gara Formation in Iraqi Kurdistan region,northern Zagros Fold Belt

The Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous Chia Gara Formation is an important oil-source rock in Iraqi Kurdistan region. Chia Gara source rock is characterised by high organic matter and sulphur content with Type II_S kerogen. 1D basin models were integrated with geological information and geochemical data from Chia Gara Fm at four well locations in Kurdistan region, northern Iraq. The models of the burial/thermal history indicate that Chia Gara Fm is presently in the peak-oil generation window and some oil cracked to gas during Late Eocene to Late Miocene time. Onset of oil-generation began during the Middle Paleocene- Early Oligocene (60–30?Ma). Oil was generated during the Late Eocene to Late Miocene (48–9 Ma). The models also suggest that the oil was expelled from Chia Gara source rock during the Late Eocene to Late Miocene (37–9 Ma), with a transformation ratio more than 50%. The high transformation ratio of more than 80% in two wells suggests that the generated oil was cracked to gas during the end of Middle Miocene time and continued to present day. The basin modeling results further suggest that Chia Gara Formation acts as a prolific petroleum-source rock and significant of oil and limited of gas have been generated and expelled to any nearby prospect reservoir rocks in the Kurdistan region.     

煤系烃源岩热模拟演化过程的地球化学参数特征――以准噶尔盆地侏罗系煤系烃源岩为例

在准噶尔盆地侏罗系煤系烃源岩热模拟实验研究中 ,经过对原样和不同温度点热模拟残余物进行可溶有机质抽提和族组成分析、残渣干酪根处理、Ro 值测定和 TOC测定 ,并对部分样品系列进行色谱和质谱分析后发现 ,煤系烃源岩在不同热演化阶段表现出的地质地球化学特征具有相当大的差异。低演化阶段和热降解阶段天然气的形成是不同热力学条件和成气母质化学反应的结果。在低演化阶段 ,源岩镜质组反射率增长幅度并不太大 ,通常 Ro<0 .7%。原始可溶有机质和热模拟残余可溶有机质的分析结果表明 ,烃类气主要来源于原始可溶有机质的脱基团作用和大分子沥青质及干酪根边缘烃 (极性组分 )的热降解。在有机质热降解―热裂解阶段 ,烃源岩经地质埋深增温 ,热演化进程相对加快、镜质组反射率迅速递增、Ro 值从 0 .5 5 %～ 0 .70 %迅速增大到 1 .40 %～1 .70 % ,可见热动力作用足以破坏干酪根结构烃并将其降解形成油气。该阶段是干酪根经热降解大量排烃的阶段 ,其地球化学参数特征主要表现为干酪根结构烃热降解产物的特征。     

碳酸盐署生烃机制及评价研究中的几个问题

本文探讨当前海相碳酸盐岩生烃机制及其评价研究中的几大技术难题。提出高、过成熟碳酸盐岩残余有机碳恢复系数和残余生烃潜力恢复系数；干酪根芳核平均结构尺寸可作为前泥盆系海相碳酸盐岩新的热演化衡量标尺，它与镜质体反射率有良好线性关系；高演化阶段碳酸盐岩包裹体有机质仍能产生部分液态烃类，从而构成“三段式生烃模式”。     

SEVERAL CONSIDERATIONS ON HYDROCARBON GENERATION MECHANISM AND EVOLUTION OF CARBONATE ROCKS

ＳＥＶＥＲＡＬＣＯＮＳＩＤＥＲＡＴＩＯＮＳＯＮＨＹＤＲＯＣＡＲＢＯＮＧＥＮＥＲＡＴＩＯＮＭＥＣＨＡＮＩＳＭＡＮＤＥＶＯＬＵＴＩＯＮＯＦＣＡＲＢＯＮＡＴＥＲＯＣＫＳ￥ＣｈｅｎｇＫｅｍｉｎｇ；ＷａｎｇＺｈａｏｙｕｎ（ＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆ...     

ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY OF POTENTIAL SOURCE ROCKS IN THE TERTIARY DINGQINGHU FORMATION,NIMA BASIN,CENTRAL TIBET

The Tertiary Nima Basin in central Tibet covers an area of some 3000 km² and is closely similar to the nearby Lunpola Basin from which commercial volumes of oil have been produced. In this paper, we report on the source rock potential of the Oligocene Dingqinghu Formation from measured outcrop sections on the southern and northern margins of the Nima Basin. In the south of the Nima Basin, potential source rocks in the Dingqinghu Formation comprise dark‐coloured marls with total organic carbon (TOC) contents of up to 4.3 wt % and Hydrogen Index values (HI) up to 849 mg HC/g TOC. The organic matter is mainly composed of amorphous sapropelinite corresponding to Type I kerogen. Rock‐Eval T_max (430–451°C) and vitrinite reflectance (R_r) (average R_r= 0.50%) show that the organic matter is marginally mature. The potential yield (up to 36.95 mg HC/g rock) and a plot of S2 versus TOC suggest that the marls have moderate to good source rock potential. They are interpreted to have been deposited in a stratified palaeolake with occasionally anoxic and hypersaline conditions, and the source of the organic matter was dominated by algae as indicated by biomarker analyses. Potential source rocks from the north of the basin comprise dark shales and marls with a TOC content averaging 9.7 wt % and HI values up to 389 mg HC/g TOC. Organic matter consists mainly of amorphous sapropelinite and vitrinite with minor sporinite, corresponding to Type II‐III kerogen. This is consistent with the kerogen type suggested by cross‐plots of HI versus T_max and H/C versus O/C. The T_max and R_r results indicate that the samples are immature to marginally mature. These source rocks, interpreted to have been deposited under oxic conditions with a dominant input of terrigenous organic matter, have moderate petroleum potential. The Dingqinghu Formation in the Nima Basin therefore has some promise in terms of future exploration potential.     

HYDROCARBON GENERATION POTENTIAL AND DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT OF SHALES IN THE CRETACEOUS NAPO FORMATION,EASTERN ORIENTE BASIN,ECUADOR

Marine shale samples from the Cretaceous (Albian‐Campanian) Napo Formation (n = 26) from six wells in the eastern Oriente Basin of Ecuador were analysed to evaluate their organic geochemical characteristics and petroleum generation potential. Geochemical analyses included measurements of total organic carbon (TOC) content, Rock‐Eval pyrolysis, pyrolysis — gas chromatography (Py—GC), gas chromatography — mass‐spectrometry (GC—MS), biomarker distributions and kerogen analysis by optical microscopy. Hydrocarbon accumulations in the eastern Oriente Basin are attributable to a single petroleum system, and oil and gas generated by Upper Cretaceous source rocks is trapped in reservoirs ranging in age from Early Cretaceous to Eocene. The shale samples analysed for this study came from the upper part of the Napo Formation T member (“Upper T”), the overlying B limestone, and the lower part of the U member (“Lower U”).The samples are rich in amorphous organic matter with TOC contents in the range 0.71–5.97 wt% and Rock‐Eval T_max values of 427–446°C. Kerogen in the B Limestone shales is oil‐prone Type II with δ¹³C of ?27.19 to ?27.45‰; whereas the Upper T and Lower U member samples contain Type II–III kerogen mixed with Type III (δ¹³C > ?26.30‰). The hydrocarbon yield (S₂) ranges from 0.68 to 40.92 mg HC/g rock (average: 12.61 mg HC/g rock). Hydrogen index (HI) values are 427–693 mg HC/g TOC for the B limestone samples, and 68–448 mg HC/g TOC for the Lower U and Upper T samples. The mean vitrinite reflectance is 0.56–0.79% R₀ for the B limestone samples and 0.40–0.60% R₀ for the Lower U and Upper T samples, indicating early to mid oil window maturity for the former and immature to early maturity for the latter. Microscopy shows that the shales studied contain abundant organic matter which is mainly amorphous or alginite of marine origin. Extracts of shale samples from the B limestone are characterized by low to medium molecular weight compounds (n‐C₁₄ to n‐C₂₀) and have a low Pr/Ph ratio (≈ 1.0), high phytane/n‐C₁₈ ratio (1.01–1.29), and dominant C₂₇ regular steranes. These biomarker parameters and the abundant amorphous organic matter indicate that the organic matter was derived from marine algal material and was deposited under anoxic conditions. By contrast, the extracts from the Lower U and Upper T shales contain medium to high molecular weight compounds (n‐C₂₅ to n‐C₃₁) and have a high Pr/ Ph ratio (>3.0), low phytane/n‐C₁₈ ratio (0.45–0.80) with dominant C₂₉ regular steranes, consistent with an origin from terrigenous higher plant material mixed with marine algae deposited under suboxic conditions. This is also indicated by the presence of mixed amorphous and structured organic matter. This new geochemical data suggests that the analysed shales from the Napo Formation, especially the shales from the B limestone which contain Type II kerogen, have significant hydrocarbon potential in the eastern part of the Oriente Basin. The data may help to explain the distribution of hydrocarbon reserves in the east of the Oriente Basin, and also assist with the prediction of non‐structural traps.     

SHALE‐GAS POTENTIAL OF THE MID‐CARBONIFEROUS BOWLAND‐HODDER UNIT IN THE CLEVELAND BASIN (YORKSHIRE), CENTRAL BRITAIN

The shale‐gas potential of mid‐Carboniferous mudrocks in the Bowland‐Hodder unit in the Cleveland Basin (Yorkshire, northern England) was investigated through the analysis of a cored section from the uppermost part of the unit in the Malton‐4 well using a multidisciplinary approach. Black shales are interbedded with bioturbated and bedded sandstones, representing basinal‐offshore to prodelta – delta‐front lithofacies. The total organic carbon (TOC) content of the shales ranges from 0.37 to 2.45 wt %. Rock‐Eval pyrolysis data indicate that the organic matter is mainly composed of Type III kerogen with an admixture of Type II kerogen. T_max (436–454°C), 20S/(20S+20R) C₂₉ sterane ratios, and vitrinite reflectance values indicate that organic matter is in the mid‐ to late‐ mature (oil) stage with respect to hydrocarbon generation. Sedimentological and geochemical redox proxies suggest that the black shales were deposited in periodically oxic‐dysoxic and anoxic bottom waters with episodic oxic conditions, explaining the relatively low TOC values. The Rock‐Eval parameters indicate that the analysed mudrocks have a limited shale‐gas potential. However, burial and thermal history modelling, and VR_r data from other wells in the region, indicate that where they are more deeply‐buried, the Bowland‐Hodder shales will be within the gas window with VR_r > 1.1 % at depths in excess of 2000 m. Therefore although no direct evidence for a high shale‐gas potential in the Cleveland Basin has been found, this cannot be precluded at greater depths especially if deeper horizons are more organic rich.     

Petroleum Source Rock Characteristics of the Lower Tertiary Formations in the Ereğli-Ulukışla Basin,Southern Central Anatolia,Turkey

Abstract

Potential source rocks in the Ere?li-Uluk??la basin include Campanian-Maastrichtian limestones and marls, Upper Paleocene-Lower Eocene deep-marine shales, and Middle-Upper Eocene continental slope deposits, including shales and sandstones. Organic geochemical analyses and palynofacies observations show that the organic components in Upper Paleocene-Upper Eocene sediments are mainly coaly and woody, with minor herbaceous and algal-amorphous-like organic matter, indicating that they are terrigenous (mainly Type III and Type IV kerogen). The organic carbon content of these rocks ranges from 0.04 to 0.73%, and they have marginal source rock quality for oil generation. A plot of HI versus T-max values implies that the Upper Paleocene-Lower Eocene samples are in the early stage of oil generation, while the Middle-Upper Eocene samples are thermally immature. The pristane/phytane ratio for Tertiary samples corresponds to a transition from anoxic to oxic depositional conditions.     

黄骅坳陷沧东凹陷孔二段富有机质泥页岩地球化学特征

黄骅坳陷沧东凹陷孔二段（Ek₂）富有机质泥页岩十分发育,研究其地球化学特征对评价该地区页岩油资源潜力具有重要意义。 在整理大量基础资料和前人研究成果的基础上,补充采集岩心样品,并进行了有机碳含量、岩石热解、氯仿沥青“A”、干酪根显微组分及镜质体反射率等分析测试,同时开展了单井埋藏史与热演化史数值模拟及地球化学演化剖面研究。 Ek₂1,Ek₂2 和 Ek₂3 等 3 个油组富有机质泥页岩总体上均达到最好烃源岩级别,有机质类型均以Ⅰ型和Ⅱ₁ 型为主,含少量Ⅱ₂ 型和Ⅲ型。 有机质热演化程度总体上偏低,中央隆起带泥页岩处于未成熟-低成熟生烃阶段,斜坡带主要处于低成熟-成熟生烃阶段。自始新世初即开始进入未成熟-低成熟生排烃阶段,馆陶组（Ng）沉积末期达到未成熟-低成熟生排烃高峰,之后随着地层持续深埋,进入低成熟-成熟生排烃演化阶段,生烃转化率达 60%。     

SUPPRESSION OF VTRINITE REFLECTANCE IN AMORPHOUS RICH KEROGEN - A MAJOR UNRECOGNIZED PROBLEM

Vitrinite reflectance (R_o,) is regarded as one of the most, ifnot the most, powerfultools available to petroleum organic geochemistry. Yet major recognized and unrecognized problems exist concerning use of the technique. One such unrecognized problem is a major suppression of R_o by significant concentrations of exinite macerals (Type I and Type II kerogen) in association with vitrinite macerals.
R_o values have been, and are, for the most part, read from exinite-rich sediments examined in organic geochemical studies. This has led to the establishment of R₀ values of 0.6 (± 0.1) and 1.35 corresponding, respectively, to the regional rank necessary for the onset of significant hydrocarbon generation and for the thermal destruction of petroleum ("oil deadline"). These uniformly quoted R_o values, derived from exinite-rich (hydrogen-rich) kerogens, would have far different values if R_o had been read from vitrinite-rich (oxygen-rich) kerogen at the same regional rank. The serious miscalibration of the regional ranks necessary for the onset of significant petroleum generation from exinite-rich kerogen and for the "oil deadline" have major implications for assessment of frontier areas of possible petroleum reserves as well as for petroleum exploration in general and worldwide and basin-by-basin resource assessment of undiscovered petroleum reserves.     

黔南坳陷下石炭统摆佐组暗色页岩热演化与生烃史研究

为了对黔南坳陷下石炭统摆佐组暗色页岩的生烃能力进行评估,利用油气地质、地球化学资料分析以及含油气系统模拟技术等方法,对其热演化-成熟历史和生烃演化的过程进行了重建。研究表明:摆佐组页岩具有较高的有机质丰度和较低的生烃潜量,有机质类型主要为Ⅱ₂型,已经达到高-过成熟阶段;摆佐组页岩从中石炭世（约312 Ma）开始进入生烃门限,在早三叠世（约238 Ma）进入过成熟阶段,在早侏罗世（约196 Ma）达到最大埋深9 000 m,最高温度约为200℃;摆佐组页岩分别在二叠纪中期（291~270 Ma）和三叠纪后期（262~208 Ma）达到生油和生气高峰;高演化背景下的油裂解气过程,可为摆佐组页岩气的富集提供充足的甲烷气和存储空间,然而196 Ma以来的构造抬升剥蚀对页岩气的保存具有一定的破坏作用。      

东海西湖凹陷烃源岩有机相研究

烃源岩有机相按有机显微组份的组成及生烃潜量,结合沉积环境、地化相、干酪根元素原子比综合划分,确定四类有机相:类脂富氢相、脂镜富氢相、脂镜贫氢相、镜质贫氢相.按上述资料综合编制了始新统、渐新统和中新统有机相图,指出了有利油气生成的区带,得到油气勘探实践的支持.     

COMPOSITION AND PETROLEUM POTENTIAL OF LAKE FACIES IN THE FA-MS-48-73 WELL, MAE SOON STRUCTURE, FANG OILFIELD, NORTHERN THAILAND

The Fang Basin is one of a series of Cenozoic rift‐related structures in northern Thailand. The Fang oilfield includes a number of structures including the Mae Soon anticline on which well FA‐MS‐48‐73 was drilled, encountering oil‐filled sandstone reservoirs at several levels. Cuttings samples were collected from the well between depths of 532 and 1146 m and were analysed for their content of total organic carbon (TOC, wt%), total carbon (TC, wt%) and total sulphur (TS, wt%); the petroleum generation potential was determined by Rock‐Eval pyrolysis. Organic petrography was performed in order to determine qualitatively the organic composition of selected samples, and the thermal maturity of the rocks was established by vitrinite reflectance (VR) measurements in oil immersion. The TOC content ranges from 0.75 to 2.22 wt% with an average of 1.43 wt%. The TS content is variable with values ranging from 0.12 to 0.63 wt%. Rock‐Eval derived S₁ and S₂ yields range from 0.01–0.20 mg HC/g rock and 1.41–9.51 mg HC/g rock, respectively. The HI values range from 140 to 428 mg HC/g TOC, but the majority of the samples have HI values >200 mg HC/g TOC and about one‐third of the samples have HI values above 300 mg HC/g TOC. The drilled section thus possesses a fair to good potential for mixed oil/gas and oil generation. On an HI/T_max diagram, the organic matter is classified as Type II and III kerogen. The organic matter consists mainly of telalginite (Botryococcus‐type), lamalginite, fluorescing amorphous organic matter (AOM) and liptodetrinite which combined with various TS‐plots suggest deposition in a freshwater lacustrine environment with mild oxidising conditions. T_max values range from 419 to 436°C, averaging 429°C, and VR values range from ～0.38 to 0.66% R₀, indicating that the drilled source rocks are thermally immature with respect to petroleum generation. The encountered oils were thus generated by more deeply buried source rocks.     

野外露头的盆地模拟研究与地下烃源岩有机质成熟度的预测

本文在国内首次模拟了野外露头的埋藏史和地热史,并通过人工改变埋藏轨迹,预测了盆地内中侏罗统地下烃源岩的有机质成熟度.西宁盆地现今出露的中侏罗统烃源岩的镜质体反射率为0.59%,刚进人生油门限.模拟结果表明:地下同层位、同深度烃源岩的镜质体反射率为0.82%,达到了大量生油的成熟阶段.