不破碎颗粒材料三轴数值试验的模拟

水工材料的力学特性和细观机理难以用现有的连续体力学理论予以解释,颗粒滑移是影响水工材料强度和变形的一个重要因素。该文以钢珠构成的颗粒材料的室内三轴试验为基础,采用颗粒流方法对其细观力学特性及变形破坏过程开展一系列三轴数值试验研究,初步探讨不破碎散体材料一些细观变形机理。研究结果表明：围压越高,初始模量越大,初始泊松比越小;当摩擦系数大,颗粒刚度比小时,初始模量较大;加载过程中孔隙比随轴向应变的增大而增大,且孔隙比增大的速率随围压的增大而减小;低围压条件下,应力变形曲线呈小幅软化和硬化交替波动的形式。高围压条件下,应力变形曲线表现为以硬化为主要趋势的软化和硬化交替波动的形式;应力～应变曲线的波动主要是由于颗粒间局部咬合结构的破坏和重新调整所至。     

考虑颗粒强度尺寸效应的堆石体缩尺效应研究

统计分析了国内外堆石体尺寸效应室内试验研究成果,认为采用相同试验颗粒来源及相同制样方法时,缩尺效应主要是由颗粒强度的尺寸效应所产生。将能够描述不同粒径颗粒的强度表达式引入到服从Weibull分布的生存概率模型,并以此来考虑颗粒强度的尺寸效应。采用连续-离散耦合分析方法,研究了颗粒强度的尺寸效应对堆石体室内试验缩尺效应的影响,从细观层面揭示了室内试验尺寸效应的产生机制。数值模拟结果表明:缩尺效应主要是由法向接触力各向异性差异造成的;在相同颗粒强度尺寸效应参数?下,峰值内摩擦角随最大粒径的增大而减小,而破坏点对应的体积应变呈现出相反的变化趋势;对于同一尺寸试验,峰值内摩擦角随颗粒强度尺寸效应参数?的减小而减小,体积应变随?的减小而增大;考虑颗粒强度尺寸效应后,颗粒强度c?随粒径的增大而减小,颗粒平均法向和切向接触力随最大粒径的增大而增大,因此不同尺寸试样表现出明显的缩尺效应。     

考虑颗粒强度尺寸效应的堆石体缩尺效应研究北大核心CSCD

统计分析了国内外堆石体尺寸效应室内试验研究成果,认为采用相同试验颗粒来源及相同制样方法时,缩尺效应主要是由颗粒强度的尺寸效应所产生。将能够描述不同粒径颗粒的强度表达式引入到服从Weibull分布的生存概率模型,并以此来考虑颗粒强度的尺寸效应。采用连续-离散耦合分析方法,研究了颗粒强度的尺寸效应对堆石体室内试验缩尺效应的影响,从细观层面揭示了室内试验尺寸效应的产生机制。数值模拟结果表明:缩尺效应主要是由法向接触力各向异性差异造成的;在相同颗粒强度尺寸效应参数?下,峰值内摩擦角随最大粒径的增大而减小,而破坏点对应的体积应变呈现出相反的变化趋势;对于同一尺寸试验,峰值内摩擦角随颗粒强度尺寸效应参数?的减小而减小,体积应变随?的减小而增大;考虑颗粒强度尺寸效应后,颗粒强度c?随粒径的增大而减小,颗粒平均法向和切向接触力随最大粒径的增大而增大,因此不同尺寸试样表现出明显的缩尺效应。     

超细镍颗粒银镍触头材料的组织和性能

研究超细镍颗粒(≤8μm) AgNi(10)材料的微观组织、机械物理性能及电接触性能,并与常规镍颗粒(≤20μm) AgNi(10)材料进行对比分析。结果表明:超细镍颗粒AgNi(10)材料镍颗粒尺寸更加细小,分布更加均匀,对银基体的弥散强化作用效果更优,从而使超细镍颗粒AgNi(10)材料具有更高的强度和硬度;在电接触特性方面,超细镍颗粒AgNi(10)材料具有较低且稳定的接触电阻和融焊力,在电寿命测试中表现出更高的电寿命。     

水膜对静电除尘器内部微细颗粒分布及运动特性的影响研究

建立了一个静电除尘器微细颗粒分布与运动特性研究平台,通过改造的静电低压撞击器对电除尘器极板有/无水膜状态下的微细颗粒浓度变化进行实时测试,结合静电除尘器内部不同区域微细颗粒的受力分析,研究了水膜对静电除尘器内部颗粒的分布状况、运动轨迹、沉积情况、分级效率及力学行为等的影响。研究表明,水膜对近壁区微细颗粒的力学行为影响显著,均布水膜后近壁区的电场力、热泳力、浓度梯度力均有不同程度的增大,且颗粒与收尘极之间的相互作用转变为气固两相流与水膜之间的扩散过程;有/无水膜状态下静电除尘器内部微细颗粒浓度从中心到壁面均呈现递减的趋势,均布水膜后截面浓度梯度更大(特别是近壁区域)且随着气流的发展近壁面处的低浓度区增大;均布水膜后颗粒沿程浓度的变化主要由粒径为0.1~1μm范围内的颗粒浓度变化引起,浓度降低的最大幅度为30%;有/无水膜状态下微细颗粒物分级脱除效率的曲线形状和变化趋势相似,颗粒粒径为0.3μm时脱除效率最小,当颗粒直径减小或增大时,颗粒脱除效率迅速增大,水膜对小颗粒的脱除效果更显著,较无水膜状态下提高20%左右。     

基于不规则颗粒离散元的砾石土三轴数值模拟

心墙砾石土的力学性质直接影响土石坝心墙沉降变形及结构安全。针对目前对其影响因素的研究多集中于砾石掺配比例和空间分布,且存在缺乏考虑砾石形状对砾石土力学性质影响的问题,提出基于不规则砾石形态的砾石土离散元数值分析方法,探究砾石形状对砾石土力学性质的影响。首先,基于三维激光扫描技术构建不规则三维形态砾石模型库,并提出三变量形状评定标准对砾石形状特征进行判定;然后,提出颗粒原位替换法构建砾石土颗粒流模型;最后,进行不同砾石形状的三轴压缩数值试验,分析砾石土的力学性质。结果表明,提出的三变量形状评定标准简单有效,能够精确识别不规则砾石的多重形状特性;砾石形状对砾石土的宏观力学性质影响显著,不同形状砾石数量的均匀性有助于提高试样强度。研究可为改善心墙砾石土力学性质提供参考。     

混凝土冲击劈拉实验与细观离散元数值仿真

本文进行了混凝土霍普金森压杆冲击劈拉实验,实验结果反映了混凝土动态抗拉强度的应变率效应,实验观察到高应变率下混凝土的动态劈拉破坏模式。采用本文作者提出的基于背景网格的混凝土细观力学预处理方法,建立了混凝土颗粒离散元细观力学模型,对实验进行了细观数值仿真模拟;无论是在动强度提高规律还是动态破坏模式方面,细观数值仿真与实验结果均符合得较好,验证了该模型研究高应变率条件下混凝土材料动态力学性能的合理性与有效性;通过对不同应变率条件下数值仿真模型能量消耗的分析,说明在高应变率条件下,更加分散的裂纹形态与能量需求的增加是导致混凝土动强度提高的主要机理,加深了对混凝土材料动力特性的认识。     

绝缘子表面对污秽颗粒的粘附力及长程吸引力

不同绝缘材料对污秽颗粒的粘附力差异会导致绝缘子积污结果存在差异。为此,利用原子力显微镜研究了不同污秽颗粒在不同绝缘材料(硅橡胶、瓷和钢化玻璃)表面的粘附力,以及表面荷电对颗粒粘附力的影响。结果表明,粘附力的大小与材料特性、粗糙度、表面电荷、颗粒粒径等因素有关。与瓷和钢化玻璃相比,硅橡胶对污秽颗粒的粘附力最大,且粘附力随着颗粒粒径的增大而增大。绝缘材料对导电颗粒的粘附力大于不导电颗粒。此外,绝缘材料表面较易荷电,这些电荷会对污秽颗粒产生较大的长程吸引力。硅橡胶表面电势越大,长程吸引力也越大。     

典型尘土颗粒对电接触的影响

尘土污染是导致电接触故障的主要原因之一.选择具有代表性尘土颗粒进而研究尘土颗粒对电接触的影响至关重要,本文选取了三种尘土颗粒——石英、云母和方解石,采用触头样片接触对来模拟触点进行试验.本文研究了接触对中只有单个尘土颗粒时,尘土颗粒自身物理特性对电接触的影响;以及颗粒种类、尺寸、分布密度和接触压力等多因素对电接触的影响...     

云母颗粒机械特性对电触点可靠性的影响

大气中尘土颗粒是导致电接触故障的主要原因之一。通过以云母颗粒为研究对象;对云母颗粒静态、动态电触点失效机理进行理论分析;采用微动实验研究云母的形状、尺寸参数对电接触可靠性的影响。结果表明云母的片状形状使云母颗粒更易进入触点界面,面积大的颗粒造成静态电阻失效概率高,厚度小的云母导致电触点微动失效更严重。     

The study of the performance of an electrostatic valve used forbulk transport of particulate materials

In many mass transfer processes, it is necessary to accurately control the flow of particulate materials. Commonly used mechanical valves have serious drawbacks which can be overcome by the use of electric field, which can locally originate interparticle compressive forces throughout the bulk material as a result of the greatly enhanced electric field and charge flux densities occurring at the contact points between the particles or between the particles and the boundary. Such interparticle electroclamping forces can be established by applying an electric potential gradient between a separated pair of conductive electrode grids placed perpendicularly across the flow within the duct where the material flows. The flow control of particulate materials is, thus, achieved using no moving parts. When an electric field is applied to a packed bed of particulate solids, several types of electrical force (electrostatic attractive force, dielectrophoretic force, and electroclamping force) may be generated, depending on the bulk and surface resistivities of the particle, the geometry of the electrodes, as well as the nature of the applied field. The influence of the electrode geometry on flow control was investigated using computer modeling of the potential based on finite element techniques. Furthermore, the effect of the applied field with respect to the magnitude, frequency, pulsewidth, and pulse shape on flow controllability was experimentally investigated. The influence of the moisture content of turnip seeds on flow controllability and specific charge was investigated, and the results obtained are discussed in this paper     

Experimental Investigation of Electrostatic Effects in the Adhesion of Dry Dusts

It is supposed that in two-stage electrostatic precipitation, electrostatic forces arising from contact potential differences are important in the adhesion of talc, silica, flyash, and similar materials. ThiS idea is based on observation indicating that these particles have surfaces with different work functions. If these electrostatic forces are dominant, a rough correlation should exist between adhesive force and charge transfer during a contact, and the magnitude of the charge transferred should be sufficient to account for the measured forces. Described are the design and construction of an apparatus to measure the adhesive force between small particles and the charge transferred during that contact, and the results of those measurements. Adhesive forces of 1O-9 N and charges of 11 electrons can be measured. Adhesive forces for a specific set of materials vary over an order of magnitude. Charge transfer is usually only tens of electrons except for some tests with gallium arsenide. No material tested shows any correlation between force and charge transfer, and in some cases the charge is too small to account for the measured force. The charge transferred during an adhesive contact does not appear to affect the adhesion in the materials tested.     

干湿循环下红土力学性质劣化的多尺度试验

针对干湿循环下红土力学性质劣化的多尺度效应,开展了重塑红土的压汞试验、扫描电镜试验、细观裂隙试验和三轴剪切试验,分析了土体微细观结构损伤及宏观力学性质劣化规律,探讨了土体力学性质劣化的多尺度机制.研究结果表明:(1)重塑红土微观结构受干湿循环影响损伤明显,土颗粒丰度稍有增加,颗粒多被改造为近圆形和圆形;颗粒定向频率有所...     

Numerical Modeling of Insulating Particles Trajectories in Roll-type Corona-Electrostatic Separators

The trajectories of the insulating particles in roll-type corona-electrostatic separators depend on the configuration of the electrode system, the applied high voltage, the roll speed, the size of the particles and the relative humidity of the ambient air. The aim of this work was to point out how numerical modeling can be of use in the study of the effects of these factors. Particle charging is modeled using the Pauthenier?s equation for spheres in uniform electric field. The equation of particle discharging was obtained after an experimental study of the surface potential decay of a granular layer of insulating material in contact with an electrode. The trajectories are computed based on the balance equation of the electrical and mechanical forces that act on such charged particles. The numerical results are in good agreement with the experimental findings.     

Induction charging of granular materials in an electric field

It is well known that particles can be freely levitated in an electric field due to the charge induced on the particles by the external field. The charge depends upon the electric field strength and particle properties. This paper studies some of these factors to investigate the fundamentals of induction charging for granular materials. An experimental apparatus was set up to collect the levitated particles in a filter contained in a Faraday pail and the charge-to-mass (Q/M) ratio was obtained based on the charge and mass measurements for the samples in the filter. Furthermore, the particle size distribution was measured and analyzed by laser diffraction and microscopy and the surface mean diameter (D/sub s/) and volume mean diameter (D/sub v/) were obtained. In these experiments irregular shaped Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ particles and spherical glass beads with a size range of 42-390 /spl mu/m were used and tested at different electric field strengths. By combining the results of Q/M, D/sub s/ and D/sub v/, the charge per particle was calculated and the results compared with theoretical values. It was confirmed that the particle charge is dependent upon the electric field strength and the particle properties of size, shape, density, resistivity, and adhesive force.     

FEATURE ARTICLE Conducting Polymer Composites

Conducting polymer composites become increasingly important for technical applications. In this article, the resulting electrical properties of such materials are illustrated by a variety of experimental examples. It is shown that the combined mechanical, thermal and electrical interaction between the filler particles via their electrical contacts and the surrounding polymer host matrix are responsible for the properties of the composite material. A short review is given of the theoretical background for the understanding of the electrical transport in such materials. The arrangement of the filler particles and the resulting conductivity can be described either by percolation or by effective medium theories. It can also be related to different types of charge carrier transport processes depending on the internal composite structure. Special emphasis is given to the microstructure of the filler particles such as size, hardness, shape and their electrical and thermal conductivities. A detailed analysis of the physics of the contact spots and the temperature development during current flow at the contact is given. It is shown that the polymer matrix has a strong influence on the electrical conductivity due to its elastic properties and the response to external thermal and mechanical stimulation. Strong changes in the electrical conductivity of conducting polymer composites can be realized either by thermal stimuli, leading to a positive and negative temperature coefficient in resistivity, or by applying mechanical stress. By using nonlinear fillers an additional degree of functionality can be achieved with conducting polymers.     

Dielectrophoretic manipulation of particles

We have demonstrated that, in general, the dielectrophoretic (DEP) force experienced by a particle has two components. The first depends upon inhomogeneities in the applied electrical field strength and upon the in-phase part of the resultant dipole moment induced in the particle and can be identified with the conventional dielectrophoretic (cDEP) force. The second relates to nonuniformities in the phase distribution of the applied field and to the out-of-phase part of the induced dipole moment. A nonuniform phase distribution corresponds to a field that travels through space. This second force component gives rise to traveling-wave dielectrophoresis (twDEP). In this paper, we describe several electrode configurations designed to produce electric fields capable of inducing cDEP and twDEP forces for the purpose of manipulating particles. Using DS19 Friend murine erythroleukemia cells as test particles having well-characterized dielectric properties, we investigated the electrokinetic behaviors for these electrodes as a function of frequency and electrode excitation mode. Several characteristic cell electrokinetic behaviors were identified, including trapping, linear motion, levitation, and circulation of the cells, depending on the excitation characteristics of the electrodes and the cell dielectric properties. We describe these findings and rationalize them in terms of the field distributions produced by the electrodes, the particle dielectric properties, and generalized dielectrophoresis theory. The biotechnological applications of dielectrophoretic manipulation are then discussed     

Cu-25Cr合金触头材料中Cu/Cr相界面的特性

用透射电子显微镜(TEM)的选区电子衍射、衍衬及X射线能谱分析了真空熔铸Cu-25Cr合金触头材料和烧结CuCr25粉末合金触头材料中Cu/Cr两相界面及其显微组织。一些细小的Cr二次枝晶与Cu基体有择优取向关系,即(110)Cr∥(111)Cu和[011]Cr∥[112]Cu,间距约6nm的单列错配位错分布在Cr/Cu两相的半共格界面上,这表明Cu-25Cr合金材料中Cr/Cu两相的界面具有更好的协调性。与Cu-25Cr合金材料相反,CuCr25粉末合金烧结材料中Cu/Cr粒子之间形成的是非共格界面,且有少量的Al2O3和Cr2O3等夹杂物聚集在松散的Cu/Cr颗粒间的界面上。据此,本文讨论了CuCr触头材料中Cu/Cr两相间的界面结构对材料机械性能、断裂特性及电接触性能的影响。