Integrating algae building technology in the built environment: A cost and benefit perspective

Energy consumption rates have been rising globally at an escalating pace since the last three decades. The exploration of new renewable and clean sources of energy globally is thus gaining prime importance. In Australia, coal is still the primary source of energy, which, during the process of energy production, generates greenhouse gases, subsequently resulting in environmental degradation. Within this context, the paper compares the economic and environmental benefits of utilizing two renewable energy production sources: algae building technology (ABT) and solar PV panels. A case study site for retrofitting a specified area on the front façade of a multi-storied building at the University of Technology Sydney, City Campus, Australia was thus chosen for the study. A cost and benefit analysis model using the following performance indicators; return on investment, payback period as well as net present value of the two systems, was thus initiated. Annual revenue generation of both systems which included tangible and intangible benefits of both systems were simultaneously calculated. The investment and operation and maintenance costs of both systems were calculated based on market research as well as quantitative data adapted from our literature review. Our conclusions show that closed tubular photobioreactor systems have more benefit than solar panel system from an environmental impact perspective considering Australia's current struggle with water scarcity, drought, air pollution and carbon emission reduction goals.     

Exergetic life-cycle assessment (ELCA) for resource consumption evaluation in the built environment

Resource management becomes a key issue in the development of sustainable technology. This paper envisages a quantification of all energy and material needs for a family dwelling, both for the construction aspects (‘embodied energy and materials’) and usage aspects. To do so, an exergetic life-cycle assessment has been carried out that enables the quantification of all necessary natural energy and material resources simultaneously. The case study covered 65 optimized Belgian family dwelling types with low energy input (56 MJ/(m³ year)). The study shows that cumulative annual exergy demand is of the order of 65 GJ_exergy/year, with a limited dependency on the construction type: cavity wall, external insulation or wooden frame. For the cavity wall and external insulation building type, non-renewable inputs are dominant for the construction with 85–86% of the total exergy to be extracted out of the environment. For the wooden frame, non-renewable resource intake for construction remains 62%. Despite the low-energy building type, heating requirements during the use phase are dominant in the overall resource intake with a 60% of the total annual exergy consumption. In order to make family dwellings less fossil resource dependant, the study learns that particularly reduction of heating requirements should be envisaged.     

极地无人机研究文献的调研与分析

本文运用情报学分析方法 ,利用Wo K平台,搜集无人机应用在极地研究方面的相关文献,通过文献计量和社会网络分析方法对这些相关文献的作者、机构、研究主题、国家等方面作分析,以期透过情报学分析方法了解无人机在南北极的应用情况,辅助我国极地科技发展战略的制定。     

传统测量与无人机技术在管线测量中的应用与对比

通过传统测量在固原地区城乡水源工程的技术实施,概述了工程测量的平面和高程控制测量方法,同时应用高端智能无人机技术测绘了带状地形图,并对比了传统测量和无人机技术在水利纵横断面及地形图测量中的应用特性和精度,指出无人机技术在管线测量中可作为传统测量的补充。     

Understanding the impact of built environment on metro ridership using open source in Shanghai

A growing body of research using the direct demand model has explored the impact of the built environment on transit ridership. However, empirical studies identified various significant factors in different cities with different datasets. This study adopts points-of-interest (POIs) data to identify the physical environmental factors affecting metro ridership in Shanghai. Independent variables in terms of the rail transit system, external connectivity, intermodal connection, and land use factors within 286 metro stations' catchment areas were selected. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to group POIs into 6 components for dimensionality reduction. The results from ordinary least squares (OLS) regression analysis emphasize the dominating role of commercial land use and rail transit system factors, together with bus stops, tourist spots and healthcare factors, positively impact both weekday and weekend metro ridership; however, the effect of job-related land use is significant only on weekdays. Distinctively, the variable of intersection density is not positively associated with ridership as expected, revealing that street network measurements may not explain walking to rail transit in the citywide Shanghai context, so we suggest a new requirement: a multilevel-based walkability index in dense cities. The latter finding also implied that residences in central locations are less reliable than those in suburban locations. Finally, we conclude with strategies to encourage balanced trip demands other than simply increasing ridership, which has potential implications on urban planning and transit-oriented development (TOD) in China.     

Considerations for lighting in the built environment: Non-visual effects of light

Light is defined as that part of the electromagnetic spectrum (∼380–780 nm) that gives rise to a visual sensation. Lighting in buildings, whether through use of daylight or by artificial means, is designed primarily for the visual needs of the occupants and their expected tasks within a given space. However, solar radiation, and, depending on spectral output of the source, artificial radiation, has other effects on human physiology and behaviour. Blue light affects the circadian rhythm, mood and behaviour; at shorter wavelengths in the ultraviolet (UV) the detriments of photoaging and sunburn are balanced by the benefits of Vitamin D synthesis.     

Gazes in dispute: visual representations of the built environment in Ankara postcards

Developing the argument that representations of urban space generate visual identifications, this paper discusses the co-existence of conflicting representations of Ankara in the early republican period. Whilst the earliest photographic images were dominated by Orientalist imagery depicting the alleged backwardness of the Orient, the visual representations of Ankara produced by the nation state were charged with new ideological meanings, since the process in which the city was made into the capital of the Turkish Republic was perceived as a reflection of the nation-building process. After the 1930s, various government publications proudly published images of Ankara under construction and the city's new architecture. These images of the nation's capital introduced a frame through which the city as the symbol of the republic should be seen and identified with.

What complicated this process of identification were the photographs of Ankara which were produced by local photographers and circulated in the form of real photographic postcards, so-called because they were individually printed in small numbers. These postcards were naïve in subject matter and insignificant in artistic value. Yet, precisely for the same reasons, they were much more powerful than mass-produced postcards in allowing consumers to identify with the images. Although the subjects of such postcards were similar to the photographs in government publications, they presented subtle deviations in terms of the representation of the built environment. They disrupted the gaze of the state, allowing the appropriation of the image of the city. It is shown throughout the paper that these postcards opened up the possibility of an active agency in terms of choosing, sending or collecting such representations. In this regard, real photographic postcards present a significant case of resistance to the state-controlled visual representation of the capital.     

Shaking for innovation: The (re)building of a (smart) city in a post disaster environment

This paper begins by exploring a smart city approach in post-earthquake Christchurch, New Zealand, by telling the city's story so far. We take the position of critical scholars who are engaged in a live smart cities project that involves the measurement of air quality by using sensor tools. As the project is still ongoing, the final results of the work are yet to be seen, but, nonetheless worth documenting. This article is composed as an early analysis of the air quality sensing project as a framework for the larger smart city story of Christchurch. It provides an overview of the experiences and lessons learned about the implementation of new technologies in a post-disaster environment. We examine how the narrative of the smart city is constructed, with focus on the terminology used by citizens, academicians, government and corporations. We then argue that top-down technocratic solutions to urban problems alone do not suffice to improve life in the city; rather, they can result in misaligned expectations or outcomes for stakeholders at the government and citizen level. We conclude by suggesting that citizen-led initiatives may be a way to promote more nuanced and inclusive ways of addressing local urban problems in a smart cities context.     

Assessment of exposed elements in a changing built environment by using an integrated model of debris flow initiation and runout (Kalimpong region,Himalaya)

Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment - The impact of debris flow is not only limited to the source area but it is also significantly governed by the runout. It is evident in many...     

The universal and the local: some new features in the built environment of contemporary China

By identifying and examining a number of different but related approaches that have had significant impact on the character of the built environment in contemporary China, this paper addresses the phenomenon of the universalisation of the local. This universalising process has brought about a problematic resemblance between places across distant regions. This resemblance partakes of the logic of modernist uniformity, a result of the elimination of ornament and the simplification of form. Place resemblance engendered by the repeated and cross-regional employment of a very limited number of highly standardised and simplified motifs and elements in the built environment, purportedly being regarded as ‘traditional’, is not exclusively a contemporary Chinese phenomenon, but it seems more conspicuous and widespread in that country. Thus it is the Author’s hope that discussions such as this can help win better awareness of the challenges that the planners and designers in China and elsewhere are facing in the contemporary world of commercialisation and consumerism.     

建筑环境设计模拟分析软件DeST第4讲建筑热过程中的太阳辐射相关模型

太阳辐射是影响建筑热状况的重要外扰，在建筑热过程分析时，必须加以准确的考虑。太阳辐射可以被不透明建筑围护结构表面吸收，也可以直接透过建筑的半透明围护结构进入室内，这就需要解决两个问题：有多少太阳辐射量能够到达建筑的表面；到达半透明围护结构表面的太阳辐射有多少能够穿过半透明围护结构直接进入室内。详细介绍了DeST在建筑动态热过程分析中，与建筑表面吸收太阳辐射情况密切相关的建筑表面阴影计算方法和散射辐射的考虑方法，并对半透明围护结构的辐射透过模型与传热模型进行了细致分析。     

建筑环境设计模拟分析软件DeST第14讲应用DeST辅助商业建筑设计实例

商业建筑设计中,一方面要保证室内的高舒适性,另一方面又要重视空调系统节能问题。针对商业建筑的特点,DeST专门开发出辅助商业建筑设计的版本,可以在建筑及空调系统设计的各个阶段对设计方案进行模拟,为设计者提供设计的参考及依据。以一栋商业建筑为例,应用DeST进行模拟分析,解决该建筑在设计的不同阶段遇到的一些问题,并介绍了应用DeST辅助建筑及空调系统设计的方法。     

建筑环境设计模拟分析软件DeST 第6讲建筑环境控制方案模拟分析

建筑环境控制方案的设计是保证实现环境控制要求的最重要环节，而目前的方案设计往往由于缺乏详细的校核和分析造成难以达到设计要求、设备闲置、系统运行效率低下等问题。针对这些问题提出了环境控制方案的全工况分析方法。通过对环境控制方案设计的物理过程的分析，提出了环境控制方案全工况模拟的数学模型和求解方法，并结合实际算例，介绍了环境控制方案的全工况模拟分析和优化的全过程。     

建筑环境设计模拟分析软件DeST第5讲 影响建筑热过程的各种外界因素的取值方法

除供暖和空调系统的作用外，影响建筑物内热状况的外界因素主要是室外的气象条件、建筑周围的环境热状况以及室内发热量。在建筑热环境的动态模拟过程中，这些外界因素的数量大小和随时间的变化将对模拟结果产生较大的影响，因此各项因素的取值方法必须准确反映其数量大小和随时间的变化。讨论了这些外界因素的取值方法，详细介绍了DeST中对室外气象参数的取值方法。     

建筑环境设计模拟分析软件DeST第3讲建筑热环境动态模拟结果的验证

首先介绍了建筑热环境模拟软件容易出现问题的三个方面以及针对这三方面的问题所发展出的验证方法：理论验证、程序间对比验证及实验验证。在此基础上，详细介绍了DeST所进行的这三种验证的验证特点、验证方法及验证结果。通过上述验证，说明了DeST模拟计算结果的准确性和可靠性。     

建筑环境与设备工程专业本科教育设置平台课程的研究

随着国家高等院校专业的调整、经济的转型及毕业生就业形势的转变,建筑环境与设备工程专业原有的专业课程体系已经不能适应形势的发展。为此,文章提出了改变建筑环境与设备工程专业课程体系,设置专业平台课的重要意义与作用：同时,介绍了建筑环境与设备工程专业的两门平台课程——流体输配管网、热质交换原理与设备,以及它们的主要内容、基本教学要求、教学方法等。     

Measuring the built environment of green transit-oriented development: A factor-cluster analysis of rail station areas in Singapore

Green transit-oriented development (TOD) is an evolution of the TOD theory, influenced by sustainable development and green urbanism. This advancement expands the environmental and ecological dimensions of conventional TOD. However, relevant research has only just started, particularly in combination with high-density cities in Asia. This study measures the built environment of Green TOD and identifies the key factors and characteristics of the Green TOD built environment. An evaluation method for the Green TOD built environment is developed on the basis of the 5D (density, diversity, design, destination, and distance) built environment framework and combined with green urbanism theories. Data from 23 rail station areas in Singapore were collected and analyzed using factor and cluster analysis. Five factors, namely, neighborhood spatial form factor, facility completeness factor, open space factor, high-density mixed land-use factor, and walking amenity factor, are extracted. Twenty-three station areas are classified into five clusters. The characteristics and optimization strategies of each cluster are analyzed on the basis of the statistical and graphical analyses. This research displays the characteristics and typology of the Green TOD built environment in an empirical way and offers a foundation for further research in diverse urban contexts.     

空气传播的生化袭击与建筑环境安全(3):生化毒剂的剂量反应关系

针对生化袭击,提出应当依据生化毒剂的剂量和剂量反应关系来指导通风空调系统的设计与运行。介绍了剂量的基本概念、生化毒剂侵入机体的主要途径和常见的剂量描述参数;简述了生化毒剂剂量反应关系的基本概念和相关的流行病学和毒理学模型,介绍了一种通用的剂量反应关系模型,并基于该模型绘制了炭疽杆菌和沙林毒气的剂量反应关系曲线作为示例;以室内持续释放炭疽杆菌和沙林毒气这两类代表性的袭击情景为例,计算了六种通风工况下室内毒剂浓度与人员累积死亡率随时间的变化关系,通过分析讨论得到了一些初步规律,并提出相关建议。     

The Cultural Politics of Aerial Vision: Le Corbusier in Brazil (1929)

Abstract

The early twentieth-century invention of the airplane brought on a cultural euphoria that influenced the works and writings of urbanists, architects, artists, and science-fiction writers during the 1920s and 1930s. Le Corbusier's urban design for Rio de Janeiro—which he sketched, so he claimed, from an airplane—offers a visual basis to study how the aesthetic experience of flight was translated spatially, visually, and politically into his design of the future city. The polemics informing Le Corbusier's aerial “discovery” of South American geography revealed that there was a new empowerment in the act of looking from above, and that the spatial characteristics of his subsequent design interventions evoked that empowerment.