Developing an evacuation evaluation model for offshore oil and gas platforms using BIM and agent-based model

Accidents on offshore oil and gas platforms (OOGPs) usually cause serious fatalities and financial losses considering the demanding environment where such platforms are located and the complicated topsides structure that the platforms have. Conducting evacuation planning on OOGPs is challenging. Computational tools are considered as a good way to plan evacuation by emergency simulation. However, the complex structure of OOGPs and various evacuation behaviors can weaken the advantages of computational simulation. Therefore, this study develops a simulation model for OOGPs to evaluate different evacuation plans to improve evacuation performance by integrating building information modeling (BIM) technology and agent-based model (ABM). The developed model consists of four parts: evacuation model input, simulation environment modeling, agent definition, and simulation and comparison. Necessary platform information is extracted from BIM and then used to model the simulation environment by integrating matrix model and network model. In addition to essential attributes, environment sensing and dynamic escape path planning functions are developed and assigned to agents in order to improve simulation performance. Total evacuation time for all agents on an offshore platform is used to evaluate the evacuation performance of each simulation. An example OOGP BIM topsides with different emergency scenarios is used to illustrate the developed evacuation evaluation model. The results show that the developed model can accurately simulate evacuation and improve evacuation performance on OOGPs. The developed model is also applicable to other industries such as the architecture, engineering, and construction industry, where there is an increasing demand for evacuation planning and simulation.     

火场人员疏散的虚拟现实模拟研究

虚拟现实技术的发展使得观察者能够借助计算机模拟增强对危险场景的理解与认识。本文针对火灾场景下的人员疏散,结合虚拟现实与数值模拟开发了原型系统AutoEscape。系统采用FDS对火场的发生发展进行模拟,基于GIS技术设计并实现了疏散计算引擎。在此基础上,构建了虚拟现实表现模块,结合数值模拟结果对场景各要素的分布状况及行为特征进行综合描述。应用实例表明,系统有助于观察者对火场人员疏散形成深入全面的认识,从而为应急疏散演习、消防救援指挥等提供虚拟训练环境。     

城市区域建筑群地震灾害场景仿真的高真实感可视化方法研究

地震灾害场景仿真是提高城市综合抗震防灾能力的重要手段,建筑震害高真实感的可视化是地震灾害场景仿真的重要内容。为提高城市区域建筑群震害模拟结果的可视化效果,研究采用易于获取的城市3D多边形模型,开发了建筑对象识别算法和楼面外形生成算法,实现了建筑外形数据自动获取;提出建筑位移插值和建筑外形网格重划分处理方法,实现了建筑群震害的高真实感可视化;并将该方法运用于北京CBD建筑群的震害结果高真实感可视化,该可视化的结果显著优于常规的2.5D可视化方法。文中的成果可为地震灾害场景仿真研究提供参考。     

城市避震疏散交通系统及评价方法体系研究

城市避震疏散是城市防灾系统的重要组成部分,是抗震救灾的关键,对地震发生期间避震疏散交通类型、特点及各相关系统展开研究,分析整个系统的构成及特点,探讨疏散交通与疏散空间、疏散通道以及相互之间的关系,在总结前人在避震疏散规划理论和方法的基础上进行梳理和补充,尝试性地建立起一套相对较为完整的评价方法体系,包括了对避震疏散空间的服务覆盖、服务重复和服务质量等,避震疏散通道的通达性和可靠性,以及避震疏散空间与疏散通道相互配合的吻合情况和服务的薄弱度等方面的综合评价。希望通过本研究,为城市进行更加科学合理的避震疏散规划和震前预防、震中避难和震后救援等各项部署提供帮助。     

基于GIS城市防震减灾系统的设计

介绍的城市防震减灾动态管理系统,采用当前最流行的ArcGIS Engine组件式开发技术,以Mi-crosoft.net为开发平台,利用C#语言进行编程,并且以城市社区为震害评价和震情信息管理的基本单位,该系统拥有数据的管理、分析、表达、查询等功能,图文一体化的实现了在防震减灾工作中建筑物经济损失和人员伤亡预测等基本功能,可满足城市防灾辅助工作的需要。     

浅谈抵御地震灾害减少损失的地震保险新理念

地震保险是各级政府、地震部门和保险公司相结合,共同推进综合防震减灾工作的一项重大措施,目的在于,在发生地震后能够为参加财产保险的单位或家庭提供及时、充分的经济补偿,支持受灾企业及时恢复生产经营,帮助受灾群众重建家园,而且还能起到安定人心、稳定社会的作用。本文针对地震保险的现实意义,分析讨论了国外国内开展地震保险的情况和经验,结合我国的实际,提出建立地震保险制度,并对其中的问题做了进一步的探讨,还对今后地震保险研究存在的问题提出具有现实意义的建议。     

桥梁结构震害及抗震设计理念浅议

通过历次地震的震害调查,指出桥梁结构等生命线工程的损坏对救灾行动以及灾后恢复均有极大的影响,总结了桥梁震害的各类情况,对现有的抗震设计理念进行了论述,以期指导桥梁结构抗震设计工作。     

工业厂房结构形式与其抗震性能的关系分析研究

主要基于对四川灾区工业企业厂房受灾情况的调研,在汇总分析不同结构形式排架厂房的震害特点的基础上,分析了各结构构件对厂房受损的影响,讨论了其抗震性能与结构形式的关系。     

工程结构抗震与防灾课程教学改革及疫情期教学实践分析

工程结构抗震与防灾课程建设对培养德才兼备的防灾减灾综合型人才至关重要。为了落实立德树人的根本任务,丰富教学素材与授课方法,提升课堂活跃度,保证课程教学质量,文章结合典型工程灾害案例,通过专业化解读与课堂小组的讨论分析,建立了"浸润式"思政课堂教学模式,采用课程教师主讲与国际知名专家专题授课相结合的教学方式,开展了课程的双语互动教学实践,加强课程实践教学,促进学生对工程结构抗震与防灾知识的理解与思考,建设课程教学资源平台,实现优质教学资源内容实时共享。此外,探索了新冠疫情期间课程教学对策,以期为重大疫情期间工程结构抗震与防灾课程教学对策有效性提供参考。     

大型公共建筑非结构构件抗震性能及#br# 韧性提升研究综述

大型公共建筑既是保障震后救灾及城市系统功能恢复的基础设施系统,又是地震灾害的重要承灾体。地震一旦发生,大型公共建筑中非结构构件会造成严重的地震灾害,影响建筑的使用功能、造成巨大的经济损失,甚至给人员疏散和安置带来潜在威胁。文章从理论分析、数值模拟及试验研究等3个方面系统总结非结构构件抗震性能分析方法的研究进展。以吊顶、幕墙及电梯为例阐述非结构构件的地震响应及破坏特征。探讨大型公共建筑中非结构构件抗震性能研究的新思路：结合材料科学、控制科学及交叉学科的发展,不断创新非结构构件的抗震性能分析方法;结合大数据和人工智能技术形成非结构构件震害评价方法和智能识别技术,为非结构构件的抗震韧性评估提供依据;发展非结构构件地震韧性提升技术,为大型公共建筑的安全运行提供技术保障。     

汶川大地震对西安市安全供水的启示

2008年5月12日发生的汶川大地震导致重灾区多座城市供水中断,使得重要基础设施的抗震以及震后应急和恢复成为社会焦点。西安市紧邻汶川地震区,地处地震频发带,结合汶川及数次大地震对供水系统的震损统计和应急经验,模拟西安发生类似汶川地震的情景,对地表水源（金盆水库）、输水渠道、水厂、管网系统等进行了地震脆弱性分析,有针对性地提出了提高系统抗震能力的技术措施,结合西安市供水系统的特点确定了震后临时、应急及恢复供水方案。     

A Model for Simulating Human Behavior During Emergency Evacuation Based on Classificatory Reasoning and Certainty Value Handling

Abstract: A computational model that simulates human behavior under fire and earthquake emergencies has been developed, using the object-oriented language Smalltalk-80. The present model consists of a space model, a scenario model and a human model. In the space model, the spaces in which people can move are represented by nodes connected by links. The nodes incorporate exit, guidelight and staircase facility data. Also, they feature environmental data including the darkness of the lighting system and the density of smoke. Seismic hazards such as a power failure and occurrence and expansion of fire and smoke are represented in the scenario model. This kind of information is then furnished from the scenario model to the space model as obstruction information. In the human model, a suitable knowledge-based model has been constructed for representing evacuation behavior: people choose the evacuation path based on the production rules with certainty values, and move to the target exit along the evacuation links. The present simulation model is experimentally applied to examine the behavior which masses of people take in an underground structure under an emergency condition caused by an earthquake, and the results obtained confirm that the model is able to simulate correctly the principal human behavior enacted in an emergency evacuation.     

新世纪不能让唐山地震悲剧重演

阐述了山西与全国的地震和当前的震情形势、以往惨重的建筑工程震害、成功的抗震实绩。提出单体工程抗震是“点”,抗震防灾规划是“面”;城市抗震是“点”,广阔的农村抗震是“面”。通过对双“点”双“面”依法齐抓共管,城乡齐头并进,提高全社会的抗震与防灾能力。     

地下捷運場站災變事故防救災對策之研究

地下捷運場站一旦災害發生,現行的工程設計單位、捷運管理單位與轄區消防隊甚至地方政府相關機關彼此在防救災準備、緊急應變規劃與災害搶救協調上是否足夠,亟需進上步去瞭解,俾找出問題並研擬對策。針對地下捷運系統埸站發生災變時,平時防災規劃設計内容、避難逃生作業準則、緊急應變與救災支援體系及運作方式進行研究,期能在防災準備、初期應變、緊急避難與消防救災等體制作為下,有效控制災損並達成維護旅客生命安全、站體設施防護及確保安全營運管理之目的。     

建筑火灾结构安全数值模拟框架

为了模拟建筑火灾过程中的火灾发展、结构响应及其相互作用提出了该模拟框架。该框架以现有的火灾模拟和结构分析数值模拟软件为基础,通过对其输入文件和模拟结果文件所含信息进行重新建模构成建筑火灾过程的数据环境,根据物理实验研究成果开发了材料高温强度退化和结构破坏方面的数值分析模块,与基础模拟软件一起构成覆盖灾难全过程的数值环境。该框架采用了面向对象的数据建模方法和系统集成技术,使得不同模拟模块的数据对象相互对应并协调工作,并能自动控制各模块实现对火灾过程的模拟,实现了在一个数据环境和一个软件平台上进行建筑火灾结构安全模拟。该框架为建筑火灾研究提供了数值实验方法,具有廉价和快速的特点,也是将实验室研究成果应用于具体建筑仿真的途径,对于建筑火灾性能化设计,消防救援预案的确定和火灾风险评估具有实用价值。     

中国大陆建筑物地震灾害风险分布研究

宏观掌握我国建筑物分布和抗震能力现状,震前对政府指导建设规划、建筑物抗震加固和民众提高防灾意识,震时指挥地震应急、损失评估等工作有重要指导意义。该文在对我国各地区建筑物抗震能力开展大量抽样调查的基础上,研究经济、土地利用、设防情况、人口密度和行政区划属性等因素与区域建筑物抗震能力的相关性,建立中国大陆区域建筑物抗震能力综合分区分类方法;利用实际地震震害资料、震害预测资料及建筑物群体震害预测方法,建立不同地区各种结构类型的建筑物地震易损性矩阵;结合不同区域内所具有的各类建筑物存量,基于GIS软件平台,计算并绘制在基本设防烈度地震作用下中国大陆地震灾害风险损失分布图。文中提出一套评估区域建筑物地震灾害风险损失较为完整的思路和方法,可为生命线地震灾害风险损失和人员伤亡分布等研究提供借鉴。     

Simulation of high-rise building evacuation considering fatigue factor based on cellular automata: A case study in China

Stair evacuation plays a crucial role in building evacuation since stairs are generally the only means to evacuate high-rises on fire. To ensure safety stair design, the Life Safety Code suggests using a performance-based design approach, which requires evacuation simulations. Most of existing simulations, however, do not consider the structure of stairs and fatigue of evacuees, and these simulations are not validated by real emergency events or experiments. This paper is on improving the simulation of pedestrian flow in the stairs of high-rises by addressing these issues. A new Cellular Automata simulation model is developed where the simulation map is divided into zones based on the stair structure, and the rule of evacuees’ movement for each zone is appropriately defined to simulate turning behavior. To validate the simulation, a fire drill was held in two high-rise buildings. In this drill, evacuees felt tired after a walk. The simulation results demonstrate that, compared with the simulation without fatigue factor, our simulation can predict the evacuation time more accurately. Building designers can make evacuation plans and strategies based on the new simulation.     

浅析汶川地震中教学楼建筑震害原因

通过整理汶川地震震害资料,对汶川地震中教学楼建筑的震害进行了归纳,探讨了不同结构形式教学楼建筑震害的原因,并通过震害案例分析得到一些关于抗震设计的经验和教训。     

An Intelligent Evacuation,Rescue and Recovery Concept

Recent terrorist incidents have demonstrated that personnel responsible for decision-making in post-attack and structural fire evacuation, rescue and recovery (ERR) activities can significantly benefit from an expert decision support system. In this paper, a concept is proposed for such an expert system that, through the use of sensor technology, can permit real-time assessment of the extent of blast and fire damage to a building, can recommend immediate actions that can be taken to mitigate the situation and prevent further deterioration, can monitor the growth and spread of fire and smoke, and can be used to aid the rescue workers and evacuees in rescue efforts and safe egress. This comprehensive system, once fully operational, can be used for training, blast damage assessment (BDA), target vulnerability assessment (TVA), pre-event emergency preparedness planning, and post-attack ERR operations. The key capabilities of this system stem from the electronic integration of two critical components: a near real-time intelligent BDA/TVA tool and on-line ERR-related optimization techniques. The implementation of this concept will support faster and more efficient evacuation of a building, ship, or other large structure in the event of military attack, fire, natural disaster, chemical attack, discovery of hazardous materials or biological agents, or other circumstances warranting quick escape.     

A dynamic approach for evacuees' distribution and optimal routing in hazardous environments

In a complex built environment, the situation changes rapidly during an emergency event. Typically, available systems rely heavily on a static scenario in the calculation of safest routes for evacuation. In addition, egress route calculation and evacuation simulations are performed separately from path-finding for rescue teams. In this paper, we propose a state-of-the-art dynamic approach, which deals not only with a 3D environment, shape of spaces and hazard locations, but also with the dynamic distribution of occupants during evacuation. A database of densities and information about hazard influence are generated and used to calculate optimal paths for rescue teams. Three simulation scenarios were rigorously compared in this study, namely static with constant density values determined for subsequent stages of evacuation, semi-dynamic with densities representing an actual people distribution in a building during evacuation simulation, and dynamic with temporal distribution of evacuees stored in a database, and dynamically used in optimal path calculations. The findings revealed that static simulation is significantly different from semi-dynamic and dynamic simulations, and each type of simulation is better suited for the decision task at hand. These results have significant implications on achieving a rapid and safe evacuation of people during an emergency event.