基于计算机视觉技术的结构表面裂缝检测方法研究

计算机视觉技术用于混凝土结构表面裂缝检测,具有现场检测方便、效率高、客观性强的特点,但图像数据分析是该技术的核心,其中裂缝提取与定量测量较为复杂。为提高裂缝图像处理效率和准确率,将深度学习和数字图像处理技术相结合,提出一种裂缝检测方法。建立基于深度卷积神经网络的裂缝识别模型,在图像上自动定位裂缝并结合图像局域阈值分割方法提取裂缝。在裂缝宽度定量测量方面,采用双边滤波算法和三段线性变换对裂缝图像进行预处理,提高了裂缝边缘识别的精确度。通过改进边缘梯度法,实现裂缝最大宽度的定位和裂缝最大宽度的自动获取。该研究为全自动识别裂缝图像及高精度测量裂缝宽度提供了一种解决方法。     

Concrete Crack Detection by Multiple Sequential Image Filtering

Abstract: This article presents a new robust automated image processing method for detecting cracks in surface images of concrete structures. This method involves two steps: (1) development of an image filter for detecting major cracks using genetic programming (GP), and (2) elimination of residual noise after filtering and detection of indistinct cracks by iterative applications of the image filter to the local regions surrounding the cracks. The proposed method can be used for the accurate detection of cracks in surface images recorded under various conditions. Moreover, the widths of the detected cracks can be quantified on the basis of the spatial derivatives of the brightness patterns. The estimated crack widths are in good agreement with those measured manually.     

Zernike‐moment measurement of thin‐crack width in images enabled by dual‐scale deep learning

Although crack inspection is a routine practice in civil infrastructure management (especially for highway bridge structures), it is time‐consuming and safety‐concerning to trained engineers and costly to the stakeholders. To automate this in the near future, the algorithmic challenge at the onset is to detect and localize cracks in imagery data with complex scenes. The rise of deep learning (DL) sheds light on overcoming this challenge through learning from imagery big data. However, how to exploit DL techniques is yet to be fully explored. One primary component of practical crack inspection is that it is not merely detection via visual recognition. To evaluate the potential risk of structural failure, it entails quantitative characterization, which usually includes crack width measurement. To further facilitate the automation of machine‐vision‐based concrete crack inspection, this article proposes a DL‐enabled quantitative crack width measurement method. In the detection and mapping phase, dual‐scale convolutional neural networks are designed to detect cracks in complex scene images with validated high accuracy. Subsequently, a novel crack width estimation method based on the use of Zernike moment operator is further developed for thin cracks. The experimental results based on a laboratory loading test agree well with the direct measurements, which substantiates the effectiveness of the proposed method for quantitative crack detection.     

Image quality evaluation method for surface crack detection based on standard test chart

The use of automated equipment for surface crack detection based on digital image acquisition is becoming increasingly popular in the inspection industry. While researchers typically focus on improving the accuracy of recognition methods, the image quality is essential to the effectiveness of the algorithm. However, evaluating the quality of crack images has received little attention in computer-aided civil and infrastructure engineering. A prominent issue is whether surface cracks are visible and measurable in images. This study proposes an image quality evaluation method using an original standard test chart that simulates cracks of different widths and directions. Geometric transformations and preprocessing techniques are employed in a full-reference strategy to process the acquired crack images. The resulting information provides quantitative scores for crack visibility and measurability. The proposed Crack Structural Similarity Index is more in line with human perception and offers an accurate evaluation of real image quality. The study shows that Gaussian blur disturbance and random noise disturbance primarily affect measurability and visibility, respectively. Furthermore, the study finds that the quality of the crack image improves with increasing sensor pixel size and using a prime lens over a zoom or long zoom lens. This approach enables comparing image quality collected by different devices in the field environment and provides guidance for optimizing field acquisition parameters. In the future, the results of this study can be applied to facilitate the application of automated testing equipment and improve overall performance.     

重载交通条件下装配式RC板桥抗裂性分析

为研究重载交通条件下RC板桥的抗裂性能,以煤运干线宣大高速公路某大桥所采集的动态称重（WIM）数据为基础,提取出883个特重车荷载工况,借助自主研发的三维动力可视化分析软件BDANS计算特重车荷载工况作用下RC板桥的正弯矩效应,并按照现行桥梁规范的裂缝宽度计算方法计算每个特重车工况作用下RC板桥跨中截面的裂缝宽度。结果表明:RC板桥跨中截面的裂缝宽度均介于0.1~0.2 mm之间,未超越现行桥梁规范所规定的最大裂缝宽度,但该类型裂缝的存在将为混凝土碳化、钢筋的电化学腐蚀提供有利的发生环境;为保证结构的正常使用并延长其服役期,应对已有裂缝进行修复处理并对公路桥梁车辆荷载进行限载研究。     

Image‐based crack assessment of bridge piers using unmanned aerial vehicles and three‐dimensional scene reconstruction

Crack assessment of bridge piers using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) eliminates unsafe factors of manual inspection and provides a potential way for the maintenance of transportation infrastructures. However, the implementation of UAV‐based crack assessment for real bridge piers is hindered by several key issues, including the following: (a) both perspective distortion and the geometry distortion by nonflat structural surfaces usually appear on crack images taken by the UAV system from the pier surface; however, these two kinds of distortions are difficult to correct at the same time; and (b) the crack image taken by a close‐range inspection flight UAV system is partially imaged, containing only a small part of the entire surface of the pier, and thereby hinders crack localization. In this paper, a new image‐based crack assessment methodology for bridge piers using UAV and three‐dimensional (3D) scene reconstruction is proposed. First, the data acquisition of UAV‐based crack assessment is discussed, and the UAV flight path and photography strategy for bridge pier assessment are proposed. Second, image‐based crack detection and 3D reconstruction are conducted to obtain crack width feature pair sequences and 3D surface models, respectively. Third, a new method of projecting cracks onto a meshed 3D surface triangular model is proposed, which can correct both the perspective distortion and geometry distortion by nonflat structural surfaces, and realize the crack localization. Field test investigations of crack assessment of a real bridge pier using a UAV are carried out for illustration, validation, and error analysis of the proposed methodology.     

Automated image processing technique for detecting and analysing concrete surface cracks

In the present work, an image processing technique that automatically detects and analyses cracks in the digital image of concrete surfaces is proposed. The image processing technique automates the measurement of crack characteristics including the width, length, orientation and crack pattern. In the proposed technique, a morphological technique was applied to correct the non-uniform brightness of the background, and enhanced binarisation and shape analysis were used to improve the detection performance; furthermore, detailed algorithms to calculate the crack width, length, orientation and an artificial neural network to recognise crack patterns including horizontal, vertical, diagonal (?45°), diagonal (+45°), and random cracks are proposed. An image processing program was developed for the proposed algorithm and a series of experimental and analytical investigations were performed to assess the validity of the algorithm. Then, the crack characteristics measured using the proposed technique were compared with those obtained using a conventional technique. The test results showed that the crack characteristics can be accurately measured and analysed using the proposed technique.     

Real‐time crack assessment using deep neural networks with wall‐climbing unmanned aerial system

Crack information provides important evidence of structural degradation and safety in civil structures. Existing inspection methods are inefficient and difficult to rapidly deploy. A real‐time crack inspection method is proposed in this study to address this difficulty. Within this method, a wall‐climbing unmanned aerial system (UAS) is developed to acquire detailed crack images without distortion, then a wireless data transmission method is applied to fulfill real‐time detection requirements, allowing smartphones to receive real‐time video taken from the UAS. Next, an image data set including 1,330 crack images taken by the wall‐climbing UAS is established and used for training a deep‐learning model. For increasing detection speed, state‐of‐the‐art convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are compared and employed to train the crack detector; the selected model is transplanted into an android application so that the detection of cracks can be undertaken on a smartphone in real time. Following this, images with cracks are separated and crack width is calculated using an image processing method. The proposed method is then applied to a building where crack information is acquired and calculated accurately with high efficiency, thus verifying the practicability of the proposed method and system.     

考虑海洋环境损伤的钢筋混凝土框架节点受火性能试验研究

为了研究海洋环境下锈胀裂缝对钢筋混凝土框架节点受火性能的影响,设计了5个配筋相同的足尺钢筋混凝土框架节点试件,以沿梁、柱箍筋方向裂缝宽度最大值为损伤指标,通过快速氯离子侵蚀试验模拟海洋环境下氯离子侵蚀,使4个试件产生不同宽度的锈胀裂缝,然后对4个已损伤框架节点试件以及未损伤的对比节点试件进行火灾试验。结果表明：通过快速氯离子侵蚀试验产生了横向裂缝,其位置与箍筋位置大致相同,其间距与箍筋间距大致相等;初始裂缝宽度对构件高温下的梁、柱端位移变化速率影响显著,锈胀裂缝越宽,构件高温下梁、柱端位移变化速率越快;裂缝的存在加快了热量的传输,导致截面温度场发生畸变;裂缝的存在也会提高钢筋和混凝土的升温速度,加快其力学性能退化,对构件高温下的承载力退化影响显著。     

配置高强钢筋的后张有黏结预应力梁短期裂缝试验研究

进行了29根配置500MPa级钢筋的后张有黏结预应力混凝土梁的受弯性能试验,获得了29组裂缝间距和96组短期裂缝宽度数据;收集了国内外29根后张有黏结预应力梁的裂缝试验数据。采用以上试验数据,分析了后张有黏结预应力混凝土梁的短期裂缝特征,并评估了GB 50010—2010《混凝土结构设计规范》中裂缝计算公式的适用性。研究结果表明：规范GB 50010—2010的短期裂缝计算方法仍适用于配置高强钢筋的后张有黏结预应力梁,按其公式计算的平均裂缝间距、平均裂缝宽度和最大裂缝宽度较试验值普遍偏大,二者之比的均值分别为1.086、1.313和1.263。因此,建议对GB 50010—2010规范公式部分参数进行修正,并建议将计算裂缝宽度明确为梁侧面最外排受拉钢筋中心处、钢筋应力取为最外排受拉钢筋的应力。通过参数回归分析,得到裂缝宽度的修正计算公式,并提出梁侧面最外排受拉钢筋中心处与受拉边缘、预应力筋中心处的裂缝宽度的换算关系式,建议公式的计算值和试验值符合较好。     

配置500 MPa钢筋后张有黏结预应力混凝土梁不同位置处裂缝宽度研究

以8根配置500MPa钢筋后张有黏结预应力混凝土梁的弯曲裂缝宽度试验为基础,对不同位置处的裂缝宽度进行统计分析,得到各位置处的短期裂缝宽度扩大系数,比较了不同位置处的裂缝宽度关系;根据试验结果并收集整理相关文献试验数据,建议了不同位置处裂缝宽度换算的计算式。结果表明：各位置处的裂缝宽度均服从正态分布,各位置处的短期裂缝宽度扩大系数基本相同;在梁侧面,预应力筋重心高度处裂缝宽度小于纵向受拉非预应力筋重心高度处裂缝宽度;在梁受拉底面,当裂缝量测点至最近的纵向受拉非预应力筋重心的距离较小时,纵向受拉非预应力筋对量测点处的裂缝具有较好的约束作用;建议计算式可以较好地对不同位置处裂缝宽度进行换算。     

高强不锈钢绞线网-渗透性聚合砂浆加固梁抗弯裂缝试验研究

高强不锈钢绞线网-渗透性聚合砂浆加固技术是一项新型加固工艺,具有耐火、耐腐蚀、耐老化等优点。针对采用该工艺加固的河北沧州某大桥,采用缩尺比例模型,进行了4根该工艺加固的钢筋混凝土T形梁和1根对比梁的抗弯性能试验研究,分析了加固对梁裂缝的影响以及裂缝的发展情况。结果表明,采用该材料加固梁,可有效降低梁裂缝宽度,并延迟裂缝的出现。在试验研究的基础上。给出了此类加固梁最大裂缝宽度计算公式,可用于实际工程计算。     

高强钢筋轻骨料混凝土梁短期裂缝试验研究

进行了10根配置400MPa和500MPa高强纵筋的陶粒轻骨料混凝土梁受弯性能试验,获得了10组裂缝间距和39组短期裂缝宽度数据,并收集了国内外27根高强钢筋轻骨料混凝土梁的裂缝试验数据。采用以上数据,分析了钢筋轻骨料混凝土梁的裂缝特征,并评估了JGJ 12—2006《轻骨料混凝土结构技术规程》中裂缝计算公式的适用性。结果表明,JGJ 12—2006的短期裂缝特征值计算方法仍适用于高强钢筋轻骨料混凝土梁,但按其公式计算的平均裂缝间距、平均裂缝宽度和最大裂缝宽度与试验值有一定偏差,二者之比的均值为0.992、1.276和1.037,因此建议对JGJ 12—2006中公式的部分参数进行修正。通过对试验数据的回归分析,得到了梁侧面受拉纵筋中心处裂缝宽度的修正计算式,以及梁侧面受拉钢筋中心处与受拉边缘裂缝宽度的换算关系式,建议公式计算得到的裂缝宽度和试验值吻合较好。     

高强不锈钢绞线网-渗透性聚合砂浆抗弯加固的试验研究

高强不锈钢绞线网-渗透性聚合砂浆加固法是一种新型加固工艺,它具有耐火、耐腐蚀、耐老化的优点。本文对6根 用该工艺加固的钢筋混凝土梁和1根对比梁进行了受弯性能试验研究。试验结果表明,该加固措施有效地提高了梁的受 弯承载力和刚度,较好地约束了裂缝的发展,具有良好的加固效果。在试验研究的基础上,本文给出了利用这种方法进行 加固的受弯承载力及刚度的设计计算公式,编制了计算机程序进行了理论分析,并给出了最大弯曲裂缝宽度的计算方 法。理论计算结果与试验结果吻合较好,可以满足实际工程设计的需要。     

The effects of hydraulic pressure and crack width on water permeability of penetration crack-induced concrete

Cracks in concrete generally interconnect flow paths and increase the permeability of concrete. The increase of permeability due to gradual crack growth allows more water or aggressive chemical ions to penetrate the concrete and facilitate deterioration. This research aims to study water permeability and how it is affected by hydraulic pressure and crack widths in cracked concrete.Tests were carried out as a function of hydraulic pressure and crack width, using the splitting and reuniting method to manufacture concrete specimens with controlled crack widths. Crack widths were examined using a microscope. The results showed a considerable increase in water transport as crack width and hydraulic pressure increased. But when the crack width was smaller than 50 μm, it had little effect on concrete permeability. Due to autogenous healing, the water flow through such cracks was gradually reduced over time. However, when the crack width was between 50 and 100 μm and hydraulic pressure was greater than 0.025 MPa, concrete permeability increased rapidly.     

配置500MPa钢筋混凝土梁长期荷载裂缝宽度试验研究

为了研究500MPa钢筋受弯构件在长期荷载作用下的裂缝宽度发展规律,对8根配置500MPa钢筋的T形截面简支梁进行了在长期荷载下的裂缝宽度试验,观测了裂缝的长期发展过程,分析了各变化参数对裂缝宽度的影响,并与同条件下配置335MPa钢筋试件的长期裂缝宽度进行了对比。试验结果表明：配置500MPa钢筋试件的裂缝形态以及裂缝分布特点与配置335MPa级钢筋试件基本相同,但长期裂缝宽度明显加宽,而在正常使用状态下,配置500MPa钢筋试件的裂缝间距实测值以及具有95%保证率下梁的长期裂缝宽度均小于GB 50010-2002《混凝土结构设计规范》的计算值;对比试验表明：在受压区配置纵向受力钢筋能够有效抑制受压区混凝土的徐变,在一定程度上抑制裂缝宽度发展。此外,尽管具有不同工作应力的钢筋试件中的裂缝宽度不同,但随时间发展裂缝宽度的变化趋势没有明显区别;根据试验结果,给出了长期裂缝宽度扩大系数τl建议值。图9表6参15     

Machine vision-based automated earthquake-induced drift ratio quantification for reinforced concrete columns

This paper presents a novel method for estimating the seismic peak interstory drift ratio (IDR) in reinforced concrete (RC) columns after an earthquake using surface crack image analysis. The quantitative representation of the complexity and irregularity of crack images in damaged RC columns is obtained through the consideration of the generalized fractal dimensions. The authors have compiled a comprehensive database consisting of 445 crack maps obtained from cyclic experiments conducted on 110 rectangular RC column specimens exhibiting double-curvature deformation mode. This database is utilized by the authors to develop and validate the proposed procedure. The research database contains a wide range of structural and geometric features. Five closed-form equations are developed with the objective of estimating the peak IDR experienced by the RC columns during a seismic event. The predictive equations are derived through the utilization of symbolic regression technique, with the input parameters varying according to the availability of columns characteristic parameters. Results reveal that generalized fractal dimensions, especially D₋₁, are strong vision-based indicator of damage in RC columns having correlation coefficients with IDR ranging from 0.82 to 0.92 across the considered plans. The seismic peak IDR obtained through the empirical equations can serve as the input engineering demand parameter (EDP) in the seismic loss estimation frameworks. This allows for the determination of the probability of exceeding damage states for structural and nonstructural components of concrete buildings. Finally, the practical implementation of the methodology is examined by its application to an actual case of a damaged column during the Kermanshah earthquake of magnitude 7.3 that occurred in 2017.     

带裂缝混凝土的吸水性能及防水处理的影响

对小尺寸钢筋混凝土梁诱导了不同宽度的裂缝,通过吸水试验研究了带裂缝混凝土的吸水性能,以及混凝土表面涂覆硅烷和内掺硅烷对水分侵入的抑制效果.结果显示,带裂缝混凝土在吸水4 h内,其吸水量与时间平方根呈良好的线性关系;混凝土吸水系数随裂缝宽度的增大而增大,且呈"S"形状;经表面防水处理的混凝土,水分以气态形式沿裂缝进入混凝土,贯穿憎水区后逐渐凝结并最终与外界建立吸水通道,防水效果取决于憎水层厚度和裂缝宽度;内掺硅烷的混凝土整体憎水,即使裂缝宽度达0.4 mm,其防水效果仍保持不变.     

结构表面裂缝数字图像法识别研究综述与前景展望

裂缝反映结构受力状态与安全性、耐久性,是结构现场安全性检测监测以及结构模型试验研究的重要指标之一.现有的人工裂缝识别技术难以满足工程现场与实验室需求,操作中存在测不准、高空多、效率低、记不全等缺点.相比之下,采用数字图像法进行结构表面裂缝识别,具有便捷、自动、定量、准确等优势.文章对结构表面裂缝数字图像法识别研究进行系...     

高强不锈钢钢筋混凝土梁短期受弯裂缝宽度和刚度计算方法研究

部分国产500 MPa不锈钢热轧带肋钢筋具有高延性、低弹性模量的特点,为研究配置此类不锈钢钢筋混凝土梁的短期裂缝与刚度特征,进行了6根配置不锈钢钢筋和2根配置普通钢筋的混凝土梁受弯性能试验,并分析不同混凝土强度和纵筋配筋率对短期裂缝和刚度的影响。试验结果表明：其他条件相同下,不锈钢钢筋梁与普通钢筋梁的裂缝形态基本相同,但不锈钢钢筋梁侧纵筋中心位置和梁底处的裂缝宽度均大于普通钢筋梁的;钢筋屈服前,不锈钢钢筋梁纯弯段的弯矩-平均曲率曲线呈双折线,但其开裂后刚度较普通试件的偏低,二者刚度之比平均为0.63;增加纵筋配筋率可减小裂缝宽度并提高受弯刚度。进一步收集相关文献中9根配置同类型国产不锈钢钢筋梁的试验数据,并对GB 50010—2010中短期裂缝与刚度计算公式的适用性进行评估。分析结果表明,按GB 50010—2010中的短期裂缝宽度公式计算得到的梁侧面纵筋位置处的平均裂缝宽度与最大裂缝宽度较试验值偏大,计算值与试验值之比平均分别为1.348和1.588;短期受弯刚度计算值较试验值偏小,二者之比平均为0.890,有必要对相关公式进行修正。建议将不锈钢钢筋梁的裂缝宽度控制位置调整至受拉边缘,且将裂缝宽度限值取为0.4 mm。通过统计分析,提出短期受弯裂缝宽度和刚度计算公式的修正建议。建议公式计算值与试验值吻合较好。