天然包装材料在食品包装设计中的应用

针对塑料、纸质、金属等食品包装材料各自的弊端和问题,阐述了食品包装材料减量化、单一化、轻型化、无毒无害化发展趋势,指出天然包装材料在食品包装中的应用范围及性能,揭示了天然包装材料的审美价值,提出了天然包装材料的选用原则和应用原则。     

Benzoyl chloride modified ionomer films as antimicrobial food packaging materials

Modified ionomer films were prepared and their antimicrobial abilities were investigated. The anhydride linkage of the modified films was manufactured via the reaction of acid/base-treated films with benzoyl chloride as evidenced by the specific anhydride absorption (–CO–O–CO–, 1807 cm⁻¹ and 1741 cm⁻¹; –C–O–C–, 1009 cm⁻¹) in Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra. Release of benzoic acid from the modified ionomer films either immersed in buffer solutions or buried between two layers of potato dextrose agar (PDA) media was detected by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) that implied the feasibility of the modified ionomer films as an antimicrobial food packaging material. It showed that the base-treated modified films expressed better choice as an antimicrobial food packaging materials than the acid-treated ones because of the higher amount of benzoic acid released from the former than from the later. The antimicrobial ability of modified ionomer films was further demonstrated by its inhibition against the growth of Penicillium sp. and Aspergillus niger . The modified ionomer films successfully exhibited high efficiency in the inhibition of microbial growth.     

Loss of AM additives from antimicrobial films during storage

Films based on linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) containing linalool or methylchavicol were prepared by extrusion film blowing. Film rolls of LLDPE containing linalool or methylchavicol were stored at ambient temperature for 1 year. Samples of these films were then evaluated for the amount of linalool or methylchavicol retained and for their antimicrobial (AM) activity by the agar disc diffusion assay. In addition, film rolls of LDPE-EVA (LDPE-ethylene vinyl acetate) containing linalool or methylchavicol were stored at 25 and 35 °C. Samples of these films were periodically collected to quantify the amount of linalool or methylchavicol retained as a function of time. For the AM LLDPE films, a decrease in additive retention was observed but there was no statistically significant difference in their AM activity against Escherichiacoli at the beginning and after 1 year of storage. For the AM LDPE-EVA films, the amount of additive in the film decreased with time and the additive retention in all films tended to deviate from the theoretical first-order decay. These findings suggest that an amount of linalool or methylchavicol that is sufficient to maintain AM activity remained in the polymeric matrix after the storage period. This study confirms the potential use of polymeric films containing basil constituents as AM films for enhancing quality and safety as well as the extension of the shelf life of foods.     

Biopolymer-based antimicrobial packaging: a review

The term antimicrobialpackaging encompasses any packaging technique(s) used to control microbial growth in a food product. These include packaging materials and edible films and coatings that contain antimicrobial agents and also techniques that modify the atmosphere within the package. In recent years, antimicrobial packaging has attracted much attention from the food industry because of the increase in consumer demand for minimally processed, preservative-free products. Reflecting this demand, the preservative agents must be applied to packaging in such away that only low levels of preservatives come into contact with the food. The film or coating technique is considered to be more effective, although more complicated to apply. New antimicrobial packaging materials are continually being developed. Many of them exploit natural agents to control common food-borne microorganisms. Current trends suggest that, in due course, packaging will generally incorporate antimicrobial agents, and the sealing systems will continue to improve. The focus of packaging in the past has been on the appearance, size, and integrity of the package. A greater emphasis on safety features associated with the addition of antimicrobial agents is perhaps the next area for development in packaging technology.     

Effectiveness of antimicrobial food packaging materials

Antimicrobial additives have been used successfully for many years as direct food additives. The literature provides evidence that some of these additives may be effective as indirect food additives incorporated into food packaging materials. Antimicrobial food packaging is directed toward the reduction of surface contamination of processed, prepared foods such as sliced meats and Frankfurter sausages (hot dogs). The use of such packaging materials is not meant to be a substitute for good sanitation practices, but it should enhance the safety of food as an additional hurdle for the growth of pathogenic and/or spoilage microorganisms. Studies have focused on establishing methods for coating low-density polyethylene film or barrier films with methyl cellulose as a carrier for nisin. These films have significantly reduced the presence of Listeria monocytogenes in solutions and in vacuum packaged hot dogs. Other research has focused on the use of chitosan to inhibit L. monocytogenes and chlorine dioxide sachets for the reduction of Salmonella on modified atmosphere-packaged fresh chicken breasts. Overall, antimicrobial packaging shows promise as an effective method for the inhibition of certain bacteria in foods, but barriers to their commercial implementation continue to exist.     

Temperature-sensitive polyurethane (TSPU) film incorporated with carvacrol and cinnamyl aldehyde: antimicrobial activity,sustained release kinetics and potential use as food packaging for Cantonese-style moon cake

Temperature-sensitive polyurethane (TSPU) films incorporated with carvacrol and cinnamyl aldehyde were prepared for the potential use of food packaging. The antimicrobial properties and sustained release kinetics of carvacrol and cinnamyl aldehyde in TSPU film were investigated. Results indicated that cinnamyl aldehyde and carvacrol had favourable antimicrobial properties at relatively low addition ratio. The diffusion and release of carvacrol were linearly related to temperature and its addition ratio. The release rates of carvacrol from TSPU film increased from 0.6% to 2.2% with the increase of addition ratio and temperature. The first-order kinetic equation could be used to describe its diffusion and sustained release process. TSPU films could significantly prolong the shelf life of Cantonese-style moon cakes by effectively inhibiting microbial growth and decreasing lipid oxidation comparing with commonly used polyethylene food packaging. Results obtained in the present work can provide technical guide of sustained release food packaging films with antimicrobial properties.     

Trends in the use of natural antioxidants in active food packaging: a review

The demand for natural antioxidant active packaging is increasing due to its unquestionable advantages compared with the addition of antioxidants directly to the food. Therefore, the search for antioxidants perceived as natural, namely those that naturally occur in herbs and spices, is a field attracting great interest. In line with this, in the last few years, natural antioxidants such as α-tocopherol, caffeic acid, catechin, quercetin, carvacrol and plant extracts (e.g. rosemary extract) have been incorporated into food packaging. On the other hand, consumers and the food industry are also interested in active biodegradable/compostable packaging and edible films to reduce environmental impact, minimise food loss and minimise contaminants from industrial production and reutilisation by-products. The present review focuses on the natural antioxidants already applied in active food packaging, and it reviews the methods used to determine the oxidation protection effect of antioxidant active films and the methods used to quantify natural antioxidants in food matrices or food simulants. Lastly consumers’ demands and industry trends are also addressed.     

Development of cellulose acetate based antimicrobial food packaging materials for controlled release of lysozyme

Antimicrobial packaging materials were obtained by incorporation of lysozyme into cellulose acetate (CA) films. In order to achieve controlled release of lysozyme, the structure of the films was changed from highly asymmetric and porous to dense by modulating the composition of the initial casting solution. The highest release rate, soluble lysozyme activity and antimicrobial activity were obtained with the film prepared from 5% CA solution including 1.5% lysozyme. Increasing CA content in the casting solution decreased the porosity of the films, hence, reduced the release rate, maximum released lysozyme activities and the antimicrobial activities of the films. In contrast, immobilized lysozyme activities and the tensile strength of the films increased. The incorporation of lysozyme did not cause significant reductions in tensile strength and elongation at break values except in films prepared with 15% CA. This study showed the good potential of asymmetric CA films to achieve controlled release in antimicrobial packaging.     

Sustainable edible packaging systems based on active compounds from food processing byproducts: A review

The global food processing industries represent a challenge and a risk to the environment due to the poor handling of residues, which are often discarded as waste without being used in further sidestreams. Although some part of this biomass is utilized, large quantities are, however, still under- or unutilized despite these byproducts being a rich resource of valuable compounds. These biowastes contain biopolymers and other compounds such as proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, pigments, micronutrients, and minerals with good nutritional values and active biological properties with applications in various fields including the development of sustainable food packaging. This review offers an update on the recent advancement of food byproducts recycling and upgrading toward the production of food packaging materials, which could be edible, (bio)degradable, and act as carriers of biobased active agents such as antimicrobials, antioxidants, flavoring additives, and health-promoting compounds. This should be a global initiative to promote the well-being of humans and achieve sustainability while respecting the ecological boundaries of our planet. Edible films and coatings formulations based on biopolymers and active compounds extracted from biowastes offer great opportunities to decrease the devastating overuse of plastic-based packaging. It has become evident that a transition from a fuel-based to a circular bio-based economy is potentially beneficial. Therefore, the exploitation of food discards within the context of a zero-waste biorefinery approach would improve waste management by minimizing its generation, reduce pollution, and provide value-added compounds. Most importantly, the development of edible packaging materials from food byproducts does not compete with food resources, and it also helps decrease our dependency on petroleum-based products. Practical Application Almost 99% of current plastics are petroleum-based, and their continuous use has been devastating to the planet as plastic-derived components have been detected in all trophic levels. Besides, the increasing amounts of food by-products are a socioeconomic and environmental challenge, and halving food loss and waste and turning it into valuable products has become necessary to achieve sustainability and economic circularity. The development of new packaging systems such as edible materials could be one of the solutions to limit the use of persistent plastics. Edible films and coatings by-products-based could also enhance food packaging performance due to their compounds' bioactivities.     

Characterization of antimicrobial properties on the growth of S. aureus of novel renewable blends of gliadins and chitosan of interest in food packaging and coating applications

The biocide properties of chitosan-based materials have been known for many years. However, typical antimicrobial formulations of chitosan, mostly chitosonium salts, are known to be very water sensitive materials which may impair their use in many application fields such as food packaging or food coating applications. This first work reports on the development and characterization of the antimicrobial properties of novel fully renewable blends of chitosan with more water-resistant gliadin proteins isolated from wheat gluten. Chitosan release to the nutrient broth from a wide range of blends was studied making use of the ninhydrin method. The results indicated that both pure chitosan and its blends with gliadins presented significant antimicrobial activity, which increased with increasing the amount of chitosan in the composite formulation as expected. The gliadins-chitosan blends showed good transparency and film-forming properties and better water resistance than pure chitosan. The release tests revealed that dissolution of the biocide glucosamine groups, i.e. the chitosan water soluble fractions, also increased with the amount of chitosan present in the formulation. The release of these groups was for the first time directly correlated with the antimicrobial properties exhibited by the blends. Thus, incorporation of chitosan into an insoluble biopolymer matrix was revealed as a very feasible strategy to generate novel chitosan-based antimicrobial materials with potential advantages, for instance active food packaging applications.     

Silk fibroin-based films in food packaging applications: A review

Plastic pollution is a significant concern nowadays due to wastes generated from non-biodegradable and non-renewable synthetic materials. In particular, most plastic food packaging material ends up in landfills, creating mass wastes that clog the drainage system and pollute the ocean. Thus, studies on various biopolymers have been promoted to replace synthetic polymers in food packaging and consequently, the high number of research in biopolymers food packaging, especially in the characterization, properties and also the development of the biopolymer. For biopolymer-based food packaging, silk fibroin (SF) has been highlighted because of its biodegradability and low water vapor permeability properties. This review focuses on the different properties of SF films prepared through solution casting and electrospinning for food packaging. Discussions encompassed chemical properties, mechanical properties, permeability, and biodegradability. This review also discussed the studies that used SF as the biomaterial for food packaging.     

Development of mono and multilayer antimicrobial food packaging materials for controlled release of potassium sorbate

In this study, cellulose acetate (CA) based mono and multilayer films including potassium sorbate (Psb) as an antimicrobial agent were prepared using dry phase inversion technique. To achieve appropriate controlled release of Psb, the structure of the films was changed by manipulating the film preparation conditions. In particular, the initial casting composition, wet casting thickness and drying temperature were varied. Results indicate that Psb release rate decreased as the CA content in the casting solution, the wet casting thickness and the drying temperature for both mono and multilayer films were increased. Compared to the results for the monolayer films, a significant decrease of Psb release rate through the multilayer films was recorded. Drying-induced crystallization was observed in the monolayer films. As a consequence of this, a fast initial release of Psb, controlled by Fickian diffusion, was followed by a slower release controlled by dissolution of Psb crystals. In multilayer films, no crystals were detected in the structure and the release rate was regulated only by diffusion of Psb through the film. The results suggest that the films prepared in this study can be used as food packaging materials for achieving controlled and extended release of Psb.     

Nanobiotechnology perspectives. Role of nanotechnology in the food industry: a review

Nanotechnology is becoming increasingly important for the food sector. Promising results and applications are already being developed in the areas of nutrient delivery systems through bioactive nanoencapsulation, biosensors to detect and quantify pathogens organic compounds, other chemicals and food composition alteration, and even edible film to preserve fruit or vegetables. This article reviews the application and the benefits of nanotechnology in different areas of food industry that include bioactive nanoencapsulation, edible thin film, packages and nanosensors. It is possible to conclude from the review that the nanotechnology advances increase the safety and quality of food and mainly decrease the time for pathogen detection.     

食品包装视觉信息传达

为进一步形成科学的食品包装设计方法,为消费者提供更准确、快速的食品包装信息,文章通过整合国内外相关文献,综合分析了食品包装信息传达的三类关键线索：文字信息、食品意象和跨模态对应,指出文字信息在传达信息过程中更具优势,正面标语更具影响力,而其他详细信息会减少消费者认知偏差。文字更适合表达食品功能,而图片更适合表达感官诉求;其次,包装意象对消费者感知和反应的影响显著,视觉逼真度意味着更健康的选择;消费者对包装上食品的感知会影响其对包装内容物的评价,而跨模态对应研究是包装设计方法走向更科学、具体、精准的重要路径。     

ICP-MS法测定食品、食品添加剂及食品包装材料中重金属元素的研究进展

电感耦合等离子体质谱法（ICP-MS）是检测痕量重金属最有效的方法之一,其所具备的灵敏度高、线性范围广、检出限低、多元素同时检测等优点,使其广泛应用于复杂基质中重金属含量的检测。该文综述了近年来ICP-MS在食品基质中重金属含量测定方面的应用现状,对其检测原理、运行参数及应用领域等进行了总结,同时还展望了ICP-MS在食品、食品添加剂及食品包装材料中重金属检测的发展趋势,以期为ICP-MS技术在食品重金属检测领域更广泛的应用提供参考,同时为保障食品安全提供技术借鉴。     

Influence of factors on release of antimicrobials from antimicrobial packaging materials

Antimicrobial packaging materials (films or coatings) (APMs) have aroused great interest among the scientists or the experts specialized in material science, food science, packaging engineering, biology and chemistry. APMs have been used to package the food, such as dairy products, poultry, meat (e.g., beef), salmon muscle, pastry dough, fresh pasta, bakery products, fruits, vegetables and beverages. Some materials have been already commercialized. The ability of APMs to extend the shelf-life of the food depends on the release rate of the antimicrobials (AMs) from the materials to the food. The optimum rate is defined as target release rate (TRR). To achieve TRR, the influencing factors of the release rate should be considered. Herein we reviewed for the first time these factors and their influence on the release. These factors mainly include the AMs, food (or food simulant), packaging materials, the interactions among them, the temperature and environmental relative humidity (RH).     

Advances in green synthesis of selenium nanoparticles and their application in food packaging

The past decade has seen nanotechnology progressively being adopted by the food industry. Its wide application in food packaging has redefined conservative food packaging with active and intelligent packaging. Nanomaterials do not only influence food quality and safety but also offer health-related benefits. Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) have been preferred in recent years because of their high biological activity. However, they are generally synthesised using physicochemical methods which are associated with toxicity. In the past decade, efforts have been directed towards advancement of green synthesis of SeNPs to minimise hazardous by-products. The antioxidant and biocidal effects of SeNPs are generally investigated by direct contact between the oxidisable matter and/or test organisms. Lately, there is focus on the effect SeNPs incorporated into packaging films. This paper will review developments on SeNPs synthesised via plant extracts from the year 2010 to present and their potential application in active food packaging.     

食品塑料包装材料中单体和添加剂及其检测技术

近年来,食品安全问题备受关注,食品包装材料的安全性与食品安全密切相关。以近些年国内外发表的食品塑料包装材料相关文献为基础,分析总结了三个方面的内容:食品塑料包装材料中常见残留单体、降解物、添加剂及其有害性;国内外食品塑料包装材料卫生标准;食品塑料包装材料中常见有害物质的检测技术,以便为相关领域的研究工作提供参考。      

Electrohydrodynamic processing of natural polymers for active food packaging: A comprehensive review

The active packaging materials fabricated using natural polymers is increasing in recent years. Electrohydrodynamic processing has drawn attention in active food packaging due to its potential in fabricating materials with advanced structural and functional properties. These materials have the significant capability in enhancing food's quality, safety, and shelf-life. Through electrospinning and electrospray, fibers and particles are encapsulated with bioactive compounds for active packaging applications. Understanding the principle behind electrohydrodynamics provides fundamentals in modulating the material's physicochemical properties based on the operating parameters. This review provides a deep understanding of electrospray and electrospinning, along with their advantages and recent innovations, from food packaging perspectives. The natural polymers suitable for developing active packaging films and coatings through electrohydrodynamics are intensely focused. The critical properties of the packaging system are discussed with characterization techniques. Furthermore, the limitations and prospects for natural polymers and electrohydrodynamic processing in active packaging are summarized.     

Nanoencapsulation and immobilization of cinnamaldehyde for developing antimicrobial food packaging material

Use of antimicrobial coatings on food packaging is one of the important technologies of active packaging for improving food safety. There is growing demand for natural antimicrobials because of fear of adverse health effects of synthetic preservatives. The objectives of this study were to compare antibacterial properties of free and nanoencapsulated cinnamaldehyde in solution; polylactic acid (PLA) surfaces cast with cinnamaldehyde; and glass and PLA surfaces coated with cinnamaldehyde nano-liposomes. Cinnamaldehyde was nano-encapsulated by lipid bilayers of polydiacetylene – N-hydroxysuccinimide (PDA–NHS) nano liposomes and immobilized on glass slides and PLA films. Glass surfaces immobilized with nano-encapsulated cinnamaldehyde showed significant antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli W1485 and Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579, with reductions of 2.56 log₁₀ CFU/ml and 1.59 log₁₀ CFU/ml respectively in 48 h. PLA films cast with cinnamaldehyde also showed significant antibacterial activities against E. coli W1485 (2.01 log₁₀ CFU/ml reduction) and B. cereus (4.81 log₁₀ CFU/ml reduction). However, when the liposomal encapsulated cinnamaldehyde was immobilized on PLA films, it did not show any antibacterial activity. Glass surfaces coated with nano-encapsulated cinnamaldehyde may be used as an active packaging material in preserving liquid foods; however, further study is required to improve antimicrobial activities of PLA surfaces.