Influence of welding consumables on high cycle fatigue life of flux cored Arc welded high strength,quenched and tempered steel joints

Quenched and tempered (Q&T) steels are prone to hydrogen induced cracking after welding. Austenitic stainless steel (ASS) welding consumables are traditionally used for welding of high hardness, Q&T steels as they have higher solubility for hydrogen in the austenitic phase. The use of stainless steel consumables for a non stainless steel base metal is not economical. Hence, in the present work, an attempt was made to explore alternate consumables for welding Q&T steels. Flux cored arc welding process was used to fabricate the joints using austenitic stainless steel and low hydrogen ferritic steel consumables. The joints fabricated using low hydrogen ferritic steel consumables exhibited superior fatigue performances than the joints fabricated using ASS consumables.     

HIGH-TEMPERATURE LOW CYCLE FATIGUE BEHAVIOR OFNICKEL BASE SUPERALLOY GH536

1. IntroductionGH536 is a nickel base superalloy with good oxidation and corrosion resistances. Atelevated temperature up to 900wr, it has middle stress-rupture and creep strengths. Thisalloy has been widely used for flame and other high temperature parts in aircraft engines.Since these components are operated in high temperature and subjected to varying loads,the damage from high temperature low cycle fatigue is one of the factors affecting theservice life of these componellts. Many research…     

HG50钢焊接接头疲劳特性

通过对国产HG5 0钢焊接接头疲劳性能的试验研究 ,建立了HG5 0钢焊接接头S -N曲线和应变 -寿命 (Δε -Nf)曲线。当Nf>1 0 5周次时 ,疲劳寿命主要决定于弹性应变Δεe,为弹性损伤为主的疲劳寿命 ,即进入高周疲劳寿命区。低周疲劳及高周疲劳的疲劳寿命随循环应力变化的速率不同 ,即二者的疲劳特性不同。为焊接结构的抗疲劳设计提供了重要的基础数据     

Effect of Welding Consumables on Fatigue Performance of Shielded Metal Arc Welded High Strength, Q&T Steel Joints

Quenched and Tempered (Q&T) steels are widely used in the construction of military vehicles due to their high strength-to-weight ratio and high hardness. These steels are prone to hydrogen-induced cracking in the heat affected zone (HAZ) after welding. The use of austenitic stainless steel consumables to weld the above steel was the only remedy because of higher solubility for hydrogen in austenitic phase. Recent studies proved that high nickel steel and low hydrogen ferritic steel consumables can be used to weld Q&T steels, which can give very low hydrogen levels in the weld deposits. In this investigation an attempt has been made to study the effect of welding consumables on high cycle fatigue properties of high strength, Q&T steel joints. Three different consumables namely (i) austenitic stainless steel, (ii) low hydrogen ferritic steel, and (iii) high nickel steel have been used to fabricate the joints by shielded metal arc (SMAW) welding process. The joints fabricated using low hydrogen ferritic steel electrodes showed superior fatigue properties than other joints.     

新型22Cr-15Ni奥氏体耐热钢高温低周疲劳行为

22Cr15Ni3.5CuNbN新型奥氏体耐热钢是为620 ~ 650 ℃的超(超)临界电站锅炉管道制造而研发的新型奥氏体耐热钢,其高温性能的优劣对机组的安全可靠运行具有重要意义. 文中通过22Cr15Ni3.5CuNbN钢在650 ℃下的低周疲劳试验,研究了其在不同应变幅条件下的应力?应变关系及疲劳寿命. 通过对断口形貌的分析研究了其断裂机理. 结果表明,22Cr15Ni3.5CuNbN钢在高温下表现出明显的循环硬化行为,且没有明显的应力饱和现象出现. 其硬化行为与材料内部位错密度的增加有关. 采用基于塑性应变能密度对其疲劳寿命进行了预测,取得了良好的预测效果. 疲劳断口可以分为3个区域:裂纹源区、裂纹扩展区以及瞬断区. 在较高的应变幅条件下,在断口处可观察到多个裂纹源. 多个裂纹源的形成和二次裂纹的产生是导致其疲劳寿命下降的重要原因.     

One-Step Quenching and Partitioning Heat Treatment of Medium Carbon Low Alloy Steel

This paper presents the results of novel one-step quenching and partitioning (Q&P) heat treatment conducted on medium carbon low alloy steel sheet. Samples were austenitised at 1193 K followed by interrupted quenching at 473 K for different partitioning times and finally they were quenched in water. Dilatometry was employed for selection of treatment temperatures. Optical and scanning electron microscopy was carried out to examine the microstructural changes. Volume fraction of retained austenite was measured by x-ray diffraction technique. Resulting microstructures were correlated with the mechanical properties such hardness, tensile strength, elongation, impact absorbed energy, etc. The notch tensile and fracture toughness properties of Q&P steels are still lacking therefore notch tensile strength and plain strain fracture toughness tests were conducted and results are reported here. Results of Q&P treatments were also compared with the properties obtained by conventional Quenching and Tempering (Q&T) and normalizing treatments. Optimum strength-ductility balance of about 2000 MPa tensile strength with 11% elongation was achieved in samples quenched at 473 K and isothermally partitioned for 100 s. Higher ductility of Q&P steel was attributed to the presence of 6.8% film-type interlath retained austenite. Fine-grained martensitic structure with high density of interphase boundaries imparted ultrahigh strength. It was further noted that the impact toughness, notch tensile strength and fracture toughness of 1000 s partitioned samples was higher than 100 s partitioned samples. Possible reasons for high toughness are synergetic effect of recovery of dislocations, partial loss of martensite tetragonality and precipitation of fine transition carbides.     

热处理对Al-Si-Cu-Mg铸造铝合金低周疲劳行为的影响

为了确定固溶处理及固溶+时效处理对金属型铸造A1-Si-Cu-Mg铝合金低周疲劳行为的影响,在不同外加总应变幅下进行应变控制的室温低周疲劳试验.结果表明:金属型铸造Al-Si-Cu-Mg铝合金可表现为循环应变硬化、循环应变软化和循环稳定;固溶处理及固溶+时效处理可以有效地提高金属型铸造Al-Si-Cu-Mg铝合金的疲劳寿命,且固溶处理对疲劳寿命提高的幅度更大;铸态及固溶态Al-Si-Cu-Mg铝合金的弹性应变幅、塑性应变幅与疲劳断裂时的载荷反向周次之间分别呈直线关系,固溶+时效态Al-Si-Cu-Mg铝合金的弹性应变幅与疲劳断裂时的载荷反向周次之间呈直线关系,但其塑性应变幅与疲劳断裂时的载荷反向周次之间呈双线性关系;不同处理状态的铸造Al-Si-Cu-Mg铝合金的循环应力幅与塑性应变幅之间呈线性关系.     

Dynamic fracture toughness (JId) behavior of armor-grade Q&T steel weldments: Effect of weld metal composition and microstructure

Austenitic stainless steel, low hydrogen ferritic steel and high nickel steel consumables are used for the welding of armor-grade quenched and tempered (Q&T) steels. The use of such consumables in the welding of armorgrade Q&T steel leads to the formation of distinct microstructures in the respective welds and has a major influence on the dynamic fracture toughness. Hence, this paper examines how shielded metal arc welding consumables affect the dynamic fracture toughness (J_1d) of armor-grade Q&T steel joints. The J_1d values of joints fabricated with high nickel steel joints are superior than all other joints.     

Modified strain-life equation to consider the effect of different prestrain paths for dual phase sheet steel

Fatigue tests of dual phase sheet steel (DP600) were conducted with strain controlled mode of fully reverse loading conditions at room temperature. The specimens were fabricated with three different prestrain paths such as as-received, uniaxial prestrain and plane strain prestrain. Fatigue properties for the all prestrain paths were determined from the fatigue test results. The strain-life curve equations were depended on the prestrain levels and paths. In this study a universal strain-life equation was proposed based on the experimental data to predict the fatigue life of dual phase sheet steel with different prestrain paths. The proposed model utilized fatigue properties of the as-received condition coupled with prestrain levels in the length, width, and thickness of the test specimen. The effectiveness of the proposed universal strain-life equation was demonstrated with a simple metal formed part that experienced various prestrain paths.     

退火工艺路径对980 MPa级高强钢组织及性能的影响

为了提升980 MPa级高强钢局部成形性能,采用万能试验机、场发射扫描电镜(SEM)、电子背散射衍射(EBSD)及综合成形试验机等研究了不同退火工艺路径的980 MPa高强钢微观组织和力学性能,并评价了其扩孔及局部成形性能。结果表明,除了有铁素体和马氏体两相外,新型Q&T工艺的组织结构还存在回火马氏体中间相,铁素体和马氏体平均晶粒尺寸分别为3.14μm和2.62μm,马氏体面积分数为61.0%,而传统工艺下为典型的铁素体及马氏体双相组织,铁素体和马氏体平均晶粒尺寸分别为4.77μm和2.77μm,马氏体面积分数为35.8%。两种工艺伸长率相差不大,但屈服强度和扩孔率具有明显差异,新型Q&T工艺下获得了更高的屈强比及扩孔性能,得益于其更小铁素体晶粒尺寸及铁素体和马氏体硬度差。传统工艺下真实断裂应变(TFS)与真实均匀应变ε_u比值为7.0,而新型Q&T工艺下比值为15.2,因此新型Q&T工艺下具有更优异的局部成形特性。     

Detection of fatigue in structural steels by magnetic property measurements

The magnetic properties of ferromagnetic materials are sensitive to the mechanical and microstructural condition of the material. Fatigue can affect the magnetic properties due to microstructural changes, primarily dislocation production. Magnetic hysteresis measurements have been used to monitor the changes in the parameters due to low cycle fatigue, with the overall objective of developing a new tool to enhance the present NDE techniques for detecting failure. The magnetic measurements were performed using the Magnescope, a portable magnetic inspection system. Materials for fatiguing included plain low carbon steel and samples of quenched and tempered AISI 4340. The coercivity and remanence of the low carbon steel samples increased during the early stages of fatigue, reflecting strain hardening. As cycling progressed, the magnetic parameters leveled off and dropped sharply shortly before failure. The coercivity and remanence of the 4340 samples decreased during the initial stages of cycling, reflecting fatigue softening. The parameters plateaued, then decreased shortly before failure. The amount of change in the magnetic parameters was found to depend on the strain amplitude of the cycling.     

Sliding friction surface microstructure and wear resistance of 9SiCr steel with low-temperature austempering treatment

An extremely fine single-phase nanocrystalline microstructure was induced in the dry sliding friction surface layer of 9SiCr steel austempered at low temperature. The mean size of nanograins in the top surface layer is about 3 nm, and such fine nanograins had never hitherto been achieved in near surface severe plastic deformation metals and alloys. Grains in the near surface layers coarsen linearly with increasing depth from the top surface. The retained austenite in the surface layer of the austempered sample was decomposed into phase owing to the action of the shear strain during the dry sliding friction. In addition, the friction surface microstructure and the wear resistance were compared between samples with low-temperature austempering treatment and quenching plus tempering treatment.     

Effect of electromagnetic bulging on fatigue behavior of 5052 aluminum alloy

The effect of electromagnetic bulging on the fatigue behavior of the 5052 aluminum alloy was investigated through tensile–tensile fatigue testing. The intriguing finding is that the bulged specimens exhibited enhanced fatigue strength as depicted by maximum stress vs the number of cycles until failure (S–N) curves, by comparison with these original aluminum alloys. Although the fatigue process of the original and budged alloys follows the same mechanism with three distinct steps, namely, crack initiation at a corner of the tested samples, stable crack propagation with typical fatigue striations and finally catastrophic fracture with dimple fractographic features. The typical crack propagation rate vs stress intensity factor range (da/dN–ΔK) curves derived from the spacing of striations reveal a lower crack propagation rate in the bulged specimens. The enhancement of fatigue strength in electromagnetically bulged aluminum alloy is further rationalized in-depth on the basis of strain hardening and dislocation shielding effect.     

钛合金低周疲劳性能研究

采用轴向应变控制的方法，在Ｉｎｓｔｒｏｎ－１３４３型万能疲劳试验机上测定了ＴＡ５钛合金的低周疲劳性能数据，研究了在循环载荷下该材料的应变与寿命的关系，初步预测了ＴＡ５钛合金的低周疲劳寿命。结果表明，塑性变形是造成ＴＡ５合金疲劳损伤的根本原因；通过试验求得的该材料的应变与寿命关系曲线其对数方程为一直线ε_ｔ＝０．０２８８Ｎ~（－０．１９９７）（其中相关系数ｒ＝０．９９１４．标准差Ｓ＝０．２１５３）；ＴＡ５钛合金具有循环软化的特性；其低周疲劳断口具有明显的挤压条纹特征。     

Low Cycle Fatigue Behavior of HT250 Gray Cast Iron for Engine Cylinder Blocks

The strain-controlled low cycle fatigue properties were evaluated on specimens of HT250 gray cast iron (GCI) at room temperature. The material exhibited cyclic stabilization at a low strain amplitude of 0.1% and cyclic softening characteristic at higher strain amplitudes (0.15-0.30%). At a representative total strain amplitude (0.30%), the hysteresis loops of HT250 GCI were asymmetric with a large amount of plastic deformation in the compressive phases. Furthermore, the hysteresis loop became larger in both width and height with increasing total strain amplitude (from 0.10 to 0.30%), and tended to exhibit a clockwise rotation. The fatigue crack propagation mechanisms were different at various total strain amplitudes, where high stress concentration due to dislocation pile-up favored fatigue crack initiation in the examined HT250. Finally, the roughness-induced crack closure was a key to determine the crack growth rate as well as fatigue life.     

Influence of plasma nitriding on plain fatigue and fretting fatigue behaviour of AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel

AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel samples were plasma nitrided at 420 °C for 6 h in vacuum atmosphere by glow discharge technique, in the presence of nitrogen gas. Plain fatigue and fretting fatigue tests were carried out on unnitrided and plasma nitrided samples. Plasma nitrided samples exhibited higher surface hardness, compressive residual stresses at the surface and lower surface roughness compared with unnitrided samples. However, plasma nitrided samples exhibited inferior plain fatigue and fretting fatigue lives compared with unnitrided samples. This was attributed to segregation of chromium at the grain boundaries of plasma nitrided specimens which might have weakened the regions near grain boundaries resulting in early crack initiation and accelerated crack propagation.     

Ti-1023钛合金的低周疲劳行为

研究了室温Ti-1023钛合金由应变控制的低周疲劳行为。对循环应力-应变数据和应变-疲劳寿命数据进行了分析，通过双对数线性回归处理，得出了Coffin-Mason处理模型的疲劳参数。结果表明：合金总应变幅在0．6％-0．8％时，循环初期表现出轻微的循环硬化，然后循环稳定；总应变幅超过0．8％时则表现为循环软化。表明合金的循环应力响应行为取决于外加总应变幅。     

Cyclic deformation and fatigue behaviour of 7Mo–0.5N superaustenitic stainless steel—stress–strain relations and fatigue life

The cyclic deformation characteristics and fatigue behaviour of a superaustenitic stainless steel with composition Fe–25Cr–22Ni–7.6Mo–3Mn–0.46N (wt%) have been investigated. Detailed studies were performed on cyclic hardening/softening behaviour, hysteresis loops, waveform, fatigue lifetime, and internal as well as effective stresses during cyclic straining in the total strain amplitude range 2.7·10⁻³–1.0·10⁻². Special attention is paid to the role of nitrogen and the interaction between nitrogen and molybdenum. Immediate cyclic softening takes place at small strain amplitudes, whereas hardening occurs during the first few cycles at large strain amplitudes followed by softening. For all strain amplitudes a virtually stationary state develops after about 10% of the lifetime with only a weak decrease of the peak stresses. In the cyclic stress–strain curve the material hardens linearly during multi step testing, whereas single step testing leads to excessive hardening at the largest strain amplitudes. During strain cycling the internal stresses develop like the total stresses, while the effective stresses decrease with increasing number of cycles for all strain amplitudes and also diminish with increased strain amplitude. This behaviour is discussed in terms of developing dislocation structures, studied in an accompanying paper. A double slope behaviour in Coffin–Manson diagrams is observed. The fatigue lifetime resembles that of AISI 316 with 0.29 wt% nitrogen at high strain amplitudes but is shorter at lower strain amplitudes. However, in stress controlled situations the superaustenitic material is superior.     

Evaluation of WC–17Co and WC–10Co–4Cr thermal spray coatings by HVOF on the fatigue and corrosion strength of AISI 4340 steel

It is known that chromium electroplating is related to the reduction in the fatigue strength of base metal. However, chromium results in protection against wear and corrosion combined with chemical resistance and good lubricity. Environmental requirements are an important point to be considered in the search for possible alternatives to hard chrome plating. Aircraft landing gear manufactures are considering WC thermal spray coating applied by the high-velocity oxygen-fuel (HVOF) process an alternative candidate, which shows performance at least comparable to results, obtained for hard chrome plating. The aim of this study is to compare the influence of WC–17Co and WC–10Co–4Cr coatings applied by HVOF process and hard chromium electroplating on the fatigue strength of AISI 4340 steel, with and without shot peening. S–N curves were obtained in axial fatigue test for base material, chromium plated and tungsten carbide coated specimens. Tungsten carbide thermal spray coating results in higher fatigue strength when compared to hard chromium electroplated. Shot peening prior to thermal spraying showed to be an excellent alternative to increase fatigue strength of AISI 4340 steel. Experimental data showed higher axial fatigue and corrosion resistance in salt fog exposure for samples WC–10Co–4Cr HVOF coated when compared with WC–17Co. Fracture surface analysis by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicated the existence of a uniform coverage of nearly all substrates.     

Low cycle fatigue properties and an energy-based approach for as-extruded AZ31 magnesium alloy

Low cycle fatigue tests were conducted to investigate the cyclic deformation behavior and the energy-based criterion of AZ31 magnesium alloy. The alloy exhibited an asymmetric hysteresis loop due to the twinning and detwinning effect. The cyclic stress responses showed cyclic hardening at all total strain amplitudes. To evaluate the plastic strain energy, the Halford-Morrow equation and a modified equation for magnesium alloy were compared. The effect of twinning on the total plastic strain energy dissipated during fatigue life was discussed. The variations of the twin and dislocation densities were also investigated using optical microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, respectively.