钢铁材料抗拉强度与硬度关系综述

讨论了钢铁材料的抗拉强度和硬度之间的关系.研究表明:钢铁材料的抗拉强度和硬度之间基本呈正相关关系,也存在线性关系.受化学成分和制造工艺(铸造、锻造、轧制、热处理)不同的影响,钢铁材料抗拉强度和硬度之间的换算关系存在着较大的分散性;但是,在一定的生产条件下,用硬度来监控产品质量是一种很好的选择.     

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 在淬火基体成分计算的基础上，根据某一淬火温度下的奥氏体基体的化学成分，Cr W Mo V合金钢淬火硬度可以近似计算为HRC=α(1+β)/(0.00915α＋0.00527)，其中α为基体中含碳量的平方根，β为合金元素对马氏体强化的修正因子。上述淬火硬度计算公式隐含着洛氏硬度测定和马氏体强化机理的对应关系，对其它钢种也适用。Cr W Mo V高合金钢在高温回火时会出现二次硬化特征，二次硬化的最高回火硬度既与各类型碳化物沉淀的热力学和动力学有关，也与残余奥氏体分解过程有关。依据奥氏体化温度下基体成分，提出基体成分配比碳公式为Cp＝0.011W＋0.02Mo＋0.057Cr＋0.19V，二次硬化的回火硬度的计算公式为Hc=a（1+b）/(00127a＋000267)，其中a为基体碳饱和度，b为碳化物沉淀量的修正因子。     

中频感应电炉熔炼灰铸铁抗拉强度与硬度的关系

对大量的测量数据进行了统计分析，建立了在中频感应电炉灰铸铁的生产条件下抗拉强度与硬度之间的回归方程，通过测量试棒硬度，达到控制灰铸铁铸件抗拉强度的目的。     

The Effect of Adhesion and Tensile Properties on the Formability of Laminated Steels

Laminated steel has been implemented in vehicle structures by several automotive manufacturers to reduce in-cabin noise. This study provides an understanding of how the adhesion between the steel skin and the viscoelastic polymer core affects laminate formability. Material properties, including peel strength, shear strength, and tensile strength were determined. The presence of the viscoelastic core was found to slightly reduce tensile properties of the laminate compared to the skin sheet. Forming limit diagrams were also determined. These indicated that the viscoelastic core properties can significantly affect formability of laminated steel compared to that of solid steel sheet. In general, the formability of laminated steel was found to be similar to or less than that of the much thinner skin sheet material, which indicates that its formability should be less than that of solid steel of the same gauge. This article was presented at Materials Science & Technology 2007, Automotive and Ground Vehicles symposium held September 16-20, 2007, in Detroit, MI.     

不同弛豫时间下低合金高强度钢的组织和拉伸性能

研究了低合金高强度钢在不同弛豫时间下的组织和拉伸性能。结果表明：在适当的弛豫时间下。能进一步提高材料的屈服强度和抗拉强度。     

拉压循环应变对屈服强度和包申格效应的影响

用１８Ｃｒ２Ｎｉ４ＷＡ钢研究了拉压应变对粒状组织和粒状贝氏体和屈服强度和包申格效应的影响，结果表明，循环应变对σｙ和ＢＥ有显著影响，ＧＳ和Ｂｇ的σｙ和Ｂｅ随着循环应变次数的增加而变化的规律有其特殊性，与调质组织的变化规律明显不同，但高温回火，特别是两次高温回火能有效地减少其差异。     

AZ陶瓷与铝合金数字射线检测等效系数的确定

AZ陶瓷(ZrO₂增韧Al₂O₃)作为一种抗弹材料，为保证其防护性能，需要通过无损检测手段严把质量关。目前常用X射线法进行检测，但由于AZ陶瓷属于非标准材料，其曝光条件的确定缺乏相应依据。采用6063铝合金作为标准材料，在相同透照管电压下对AZ陶瓷阶梯试块及6063铝合金阶梯试块进行X射线数字成像，拟合得到厚度与图像灰度值间的关系曲线及拟合公式，由此计算得到在该管电压下AZ陶瓷与6063铝合金的等效系数。结果表明：透照管电压为75～95 kV时，AZ陶瓷与6063铝合金的等效系数为3.03～3.79。该试验结果对AZ陶瓷X射线数字成像检测技术条件的确定具有一定的指导意义。     

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 参照JIS Z2241 1998金属材料拉伸试验方法对KS B1010 M22×70 mm F10T高强度螺栓抗拉强度进行测量,对测量不确定度来源进行分析并对螺栓抗拉强度的测量不确定度进行了评定,并且给出了扩展不确定度。     

钢轨踏面硬度在线非接触检测的研究

本文简述了电磁检测硬度的机理,利用电磁无损检测对钢轨双频淬火后的全长连续接触硬度检测进行测试研究,对钢轨纵向硬度的区分度已达铁道部部标准。对该研究成果转化为生产力进行了初步探讨。     

Correlation Between Tensile Strength and Hardness of Electron Beam Welded TC4-DT Joints

Correlation between tensile strength and hardness for damage-tolerant Ti-6Al-4V (TC4-DT) alloy and its electron beam welded joints was investigated. Yield strength (YS), ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and strain hardening coefficient of base metal and weld metal were obtained using uniaxial tensile tests. Microhardness of the base metal, heat affected zone, and weld metal was measured. Then, the linear correlations among the yield strength, tensile strength, and hardness were proposed. Moreover, correlation between strain hardening coefficient and the ratio of YS to UTS (YS/UTS) was established. The results indicate that microhardness can be used to predict the YS and UTS of the TC4-DT welded joint successfully. In addition, the strain hardening coefficient can be predicted by the YS/UTS. The prediction of strength and strain hardening coefficient is in agreement with the experiments. The correlations are applicable and valuable for the strength prediction of narrow welded fusion zone and heat affected zone based on the microhardness measurement.     

7050高强铝合金孔板的挤压强化与拉伸试验研究

针对航空用7050高强铝合金的孔板件拉伸性能进行试验研究与模拟分析,并对不同过盈量 (0%～11.11%) 的孔挤压强化效果进行了对比分析。研究表明:孔板的表观强度、延伸率和弹性模量均降低,但塑性失稳点应变却有很大程度的提高;孔挤压强化提高了孔壁处材料的屈服强度,改善了孔表面的受力状态,使得应力峰值得到钝化,并扩大了孔壁沿厚度方向的平面应变范围,因此拉伸断口随孔挤压量的变化呈规律性的变化;孔挤压强化后残余拉、压应力峰值随挤压量的增加而增加,且其峰值出现的部位随挤压量的增加而向远离于孔壁的深处转移。     

高孔率金属材料的抗拉强度

基于三维网状高孔率金属材料的结构特点,建立其简化的几何结构模型,根据该模型,运用有关几何与力学理论,导出了这种材料抗拉强度的计算公式。该公式将抗拉强度与孔率θ通过（１－θ）的幂次项型式联系在一起。最后,用有关实验测试证明了计算公式的应用效果是良好的。     

A201平板铸件健全性与抗拉强度及X光检验关系之探讨

系统改变A201铝合金平板铸件的长度、厚度及冒口尺寸,以探讨不同铸造条件下,A201平板铸件相对位置的力学性能与X射线检测结果之间的关系,可为冒口设计及金属凝固提供参考.型砂为100%硅砂.试验结果表明,A201铝合金平板铸件的力学强度与X射线照相试片等级不存在绝对的对应关系.     

Relation Between Strength and Hardness of High-Entropy Alloys

High-entropy alloys (HEAs) are composed of multiple principal elements and exhibit not only remarkable mechanical properties,but also promising potentials for developing numerous new compositions.To fully realize such potentials,high-throughput preparation and characterization technologies are especially useful;thereby,the fast evaluations of mechanical properties will be urgently required.Revealing the relation between strength and hardness is of significance for quickly predicting the strength of materials through simple hardness testing.However,up to now the strength-hardness relation for HEAs is still a puzzle.In this work,the relations between tensile or compressive strength and Vickers hardness of vari-ous HEAs with hundreds of compositions at room temperature are investigated,and finally,the solution for estimating the strengths of HEAs from their hardness values is achieved.Data for hundreds of different HEAs were extracted from stud-ies reported in the period from 2010 to 2020.The results suggested that the well-known three-time relation (i.e.,hardness equals to three times the magnitude of strength) works for nearly all HEAs,except for a few brittle HEAs which show quite high hardness but low strength due to early fracture.However,for HEAs with different phase structures,different strengths should be applied in using the 3-time relation,i.e.,yield strength for low ductility body-centered cubic (BCC) HEAs and ultimate strength for highly plastic and work-hardenable face-centered cubic (FCC) HEAs.As for dual-phase or multi-phase HEAs,similar 3-time relations can be also found.The present approach sheds light on the mechanisms of hardness and also provides useful guidelines for quick estimation of strength from hardness for various HEAs.     

高强钛合金抗拉强度的理论计算

利用高强钛合金相及相界面电子结构参数的统计值、结合制备工艺及相变,提出高强钛合金抗拉强度理论计算公式,即高强钛合金的抗拉强度应为基体b-Ti的强度与合金元素的固溶强化、界面强化（涵盖析出强化）产生的强化强度增量之和。以西北有色金属研究院设计的高强亚稳b钛合金Ti-B20的实验研究为基础,分别计算Ti-B20合金在b相区固溶处理、a+b相区固溶处理及780 ℃固溶+时效处理后的抗拉强度,计算结果与实验研究符合较好。     

铬镍钼钢强度和硬度间的相关关系

对铬镍钼钢强度，硬度之间的关系进行了回归分析，建立了相应的回归关系式。     

国外高硬度装甲钢焊接工艺进展

高硬度装甲钢不仅用于作战车辆,还用于各种作战装备,采用焊接工艺进行连接。但高硬度装甲钢焊缝容易产生氢脆裂纹和冷裂纹,从而严重影响结构强度,进而影响作战能力。简要介绍了国外高硬度装甲钢的开发现状,比较了各种焊接工艺的焊接性能,对于充分发挥结构物的作用非常重要。     

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 通过对高强度弹簧钢拉伸试验中钢材塑性结果失效原因的分析,阐述了试样加工的规范性以及试样夹具形状对拉伸试验结果的影响,提出由于拉伸试样与夹具之间不能保证同心,造成试验过程中产生偏载从而影响试验结果的真实性。依据保持试样与夹具同心这一原则针对性地提出了改进措施,采用楔形夹具夹持试样,通过试验取得了满意的结果。     

连铸连轧铝杆抗拉强度的预测与控制

分析了影响电工铝杆抗拉强度的主要因素，利用多元回归建立了铝杆抗拉强度与主要影响因素之间的数学模型，为有效地进行铝杆质量预测与控制奠定了基础。     

夹持方法对钢纤维抗拉强度的影响

用不同的夹持方法对薄板剪切型和拉丝切断型钢纤维的抗拉强度分别进行了测试，结果表明：较之锯齿型和波纹型夹具，波纹型A夹具对试样的夹持损伤最小，测得的钢纤维抗拉强度值最高；符合出厂分级指标，是一种准确测试钢纤维抗拉强度的有效方法。