Study of turbocharged diesel engine operation,pollutant emissions and combustion noise radiation during starting with bio-diesel or n-butanol diesel fuel blends

The control of transient emissions from turbocharged diesel engines is an important objective for automotive manufacturers, as stringent criteria for exhaust emissions must be met. Starting, in particular, is a process of significant importance owing to its major contribution to the overall emissions during a transient test cycle. On the other hand, bio-fuels are getting impetus today as renewable substitutes for conventional fuels, especially in the transport sector. In the present work, experimental tests were conducted at the authors’ laboratory on a bus/truck, turbocharged diesel engine in order to investigate the formation mechanisms of nitric oxide (NO), smoke, and combustion noise radiation during hot starting for various alternative fuel blends. To this aim, a fully instrumented test bed was set up, using ultra-fast response analyzers capable of capturing the instantaneous development of emissions as well as various other key engine and turbocharger parameters. The experimental test matrix included three different fuels, namely neat diesel fuel and two blends of diesel fuel with either bio-diesel (30% by vol.) or n-butanol (25% by vol.). With reference to the neat diesel fuel case during the starting event, the bio-diesel blend resulted in deterioration of both pollutant emissions as well as increased combustion instability, while the n-butanol (normal butanol) blend decreased significantly exhaust gas opacity but increased notably NO emission.     

增压柴油机燃用不同掺比菜籽油甲酯的燃烧和排放的试验研究

在D6114ZLQB车用增压柴油机上比较研究了不同比例的菜籽油甲酯和0号柴油的混合燃料对发动机燃烧过程、燃油经济性和排放特性的影响。试验结果表明：燃用体积比低于15%的菜籽油甲酯,发动机的缸内燃烧过程和纯柴油基本一致;增压柴油机燃用菜籽油甲酯和柴油的混合燃料可以有效降低碳烟、HC和CO的排放;NOx排放略有上升;15%以内的菜籽油甲酯对柴油机燃料经济性影响很小。研究认为：增压柴油机相对自然吸气式柴油机具有更好的生物柴油燃料适应性;在不改变发动机参数的条件下,低比例的菜籽油甲酯具有良好的推广应用前景。     

乙醇-柴油混合燃料的燃烧与排放特性

研究了柴油机燃用不同掺混比的乙醇 -柴油混合燃料对排气烟度以及 NOx 气体排放成分的影响 ,分析了尾气排放中甲醛、乙醛以及未燃乙醇的含量。研究结果表明 ,加入一定比例的乙醇可改善缸内燃烧过程 ,大幅度降低排气烟度 ,提高燃油经济性。随着乙醇掺混比的提高 ,尾气中 NOx 含量、乙醛和未燃乙醇的含量有明显增加     

增压柴油机加速性提升的摸索

通过对一款增压机械泵柴油机加速性的测试,摸索飞轮转动惯量、废气涡轮增压器、低速零气压扭矩等对柴油机加速响应性的影响规律.试验结果表明,降低飞轮转动惯量、合理匹配增压器、提高低速零气压扭矩等有利于提升柴油机的加速性;柴油机的加速性和自由加速烟度存在折衷（tradeoff）关系.     

文曲利管排气再循环系统在涡轮增压柴油机上的应用研究

以一台 D6 114涡轮增压柴油机为研究对象 ,采用了一套带文曲利管的排气再循环系统进行了试验研究。试验结果表明 ,该系统在高工况下能克服平均排气压力低于平均进气压力的困难 ,方便地实现排气再循环。研究了在不同工况下柴油机的 NOx 排放、烟度和比油耗随 EGR率的变化规律以及 EGR的冷却效果对 NOx 排放的影响     

The comparison of engine performance and exhaust emission characteristics of sesame oil–diesel fuel mixture with diesel fuel in a direct injection diesel engine

The use of vegetable oils as a fuel in diesel engines causes some problems due to their high viscosity compared with conventional diesel fuel. Various techniques and methods are used to solve the problems resulting from high viscosity. One of these techniques is fuel blending. In this study, a blend of 50% sesame oil and 50% diesel fuel was used as an alternative fuel in a direct injection diesel engine. Engine performance and exhaust emissions were investigated and compared with the ordinary diesel fuel in a diesel engine. The experimental results show that the engine power and torque of the mixture of sesame oil–diesel fuel are close to the values obtained from diesel fuel and the amounts of exhaust emissions are lower than those of diesel fuel. Hence, it is seen that blend of sesame oil and diesel fuel can be used as an alternative fuel successfully in a diesel engine without any modification and also it is an environmental friendly fuel in terms of emission parameters.     

6100ZQ车用增压柴油机性能的试验研究

作者通过分析认为由于涡轮机械的固有特性,用一台几何尺寸固定的涡轮增压器很难在整个宽广的柴油机转速范围内获得合乎要求的增压特性。因此,从增压系统、燃油系统和燃烧室的良好匹配着手,在扭矩储备、最大功率、燃油消耗率、排气温度及气缸内压力极限与烟度等因素之间取得协调的折衷匹配方案,可以满足车用涡轮增压柴油机性能要求。这一方案已成功地应用于6100ZQ车用增压柴油机。     

The effects of turbocharger on the performance and exhaust emissions of a diesel engine fuelled with biodiesel

This paper investigates the effects of turbocharger on the performance of a diesel engine using diesel fuel and biodiesel in terms of brake power, torque, brake specific consumption and thermal efficiency, as well as CO and NO_x emissions. For this aim, a naturally aspirated four-stroke direct injection diesel engine was tested with diesel fuel and neat biodiesel, which is rapeseed oil methyl ester, at full load conditions at the speeds between 1200 and 2400 rpm with intervals of 200 rpm. Then, a turbocharger system was installed on the engine and the tests were repeated for both fuel cases. The evaluation of experimental data showed that the brake thermal efficiency of biodiesel was slightly higher than that of diesel fuel in both naturally aspirated and turbocharged conditions, while biodiesel yielded slightly lower brake power and torque along with higher fuel consumption values. It was also observed that emissions of CO in the operations with biodiesel were lower than those in the operations with diesel fuel, whereas NO_x emission in biodiesel operation was higher. This study reveals that the use of biodiesel improves the performance parameters and decreases CO emissions of the turbocharged engine compared to diesel fuel.     

Availability analysis of a turbocharged diesel engine operating under transient load conditions

A computer analysis is developed for studying the energy and availability performance of a turbocharged diesel engine, operating under transient load conditions. The model incorporates many novel features for the simulation of transient operation, such as detailed analysis of mechanical friction, separate consideration for the processes of each cylinder during a cycle (“multi-cylinder” model) and mathematical modeling of the fuel pump. This model has been validated against experimental data taken from a turbocharged diesel engine, located at the authors’ laboratory and operated under transient conditions. The availability terms for the diesel engine and its subsystems are analyzed, i.e. cylinder for both the open and closed parts of the cycle, inlet and exhaust manifolds, turbocharger and aftercooler. The present analysis reveals, via multiple diagrams, how the availability properties of the diesel engine and its subsystems develop during the evolution of the engine cycles, assessing the importance of each property. In particular the irreversibilities term, which is absent from any analysis based solely on the first-law of thermodynamics, is given in detail as regards transient response as well as the rate and cumulative terms during a cycle, revealing the magnitude of contribution of all the subsystems to the total availability destruction.     

LPG/柴油混合燃料发动机性能与排放的研究

研究了直喷柴油机燃用不同掺混比的LPG／柴油混合燃料时的动力性、经济性及排放特性。结果表明，掺入一定比例的LPG可以改善缸内燃烧过程，随着掺混比的增大，碳烟和NOx的排放大幅度降低，CO和HC的排放略有升高，动力性和经济性基本维持不变。     

Experimental study of combustion noise radiation during transient turbocharged diesel engine operation

Diesel engine noise radiation has drawn increased attention in recent years since it is associated with the passengers’ and pedestrians’ discomfort, a fact that has been acknowledged by the manufacturers and the legislation in many countries. In the current study, experimental tests were conducted on a truck, turbocharged diesel engine in order to investigate the mechanism of combustion noise emission under various transient schedules experienced during daily driving conditions, namely acceleration and load increase. To this aim, a fully instrumented test bed was set up in order to capture the development of key engine and turbocharger variables during the transient events. Analytical diagrams are provided to explain the behavior of combustion noise radiation in conjunction with cylinder pressure (spectrum), turbocharger and governor/fuel pump response. Turbocharger lag was found to be the main cause for the noise spikes during all test cases examined, with the engine injection timing calibration and the slow adjustment of cylinder wall temperature to the new fueling conditions playing a vital role. The analysis was extended with a quasi-steady approximation of transient combustion noise using steady-state maps, in order to better highlight the effect of dynamic engine operation on combustion noise emissions.     

非直喷式增压柴油机燃用生物柴油的性能与排放特性

研究了非直喷式增压柴油机燃用柴油一生物柴油混合燃料的性能和排放特性。未对原机作任何调整和改动，研究了不同生物柴油掺混比例的混合燃料对功率、油耗、烟度和NOx排放的影响。结果表明：非直喷式柴油机燃用生物柴油后柴油机功率略有下降，油耗有所上升，烟度大幅下降，NOx排放增加明显。油耗、烟度和NOx的变化均与生物柴油掺混比例呈线性关系，合适的生物柴油掺混比例即可以保持柴油机的性能，又可有效地降低碳烟排放，且不引起NOx排放的显著变化。对于该增压柴油机，掺混生物柴油对外特性下的排放影响最大，影响最小的为标定转速下的负荷特性。不论是全负荷还是部分负荷，燃用生物柴油时低速下的烟度降低和NOx上升幅度均比高速时大，而同转速下高负荷时烟度降低和NOx上升更为明显。     

Lubricating oil effects on the transient performance of a turbocharged diesel engine

The modeling of transient turbocharged diesel engine operation appeared in the early seventies and continues to be in the focal point of research, due to the importance of transient response in the everyday operating conditions of engines. The majority of research has focused so far on issues concerning thermodynamic modeling, as these directly affect performance and pollutants' emissions. On the other hand, issues concerning the dynamics of transient operation are usually over-simplified, possibly for the sake of speeding up program execution time. In the present work, an experimentally validated transient diesel engine simulation code is used to study and evaluate the importance of the lubricating oil properties (oil-type, viscosity, temperature) on the transient response of a turbocharged diesel engine. It is revealed how the lubricating oil affects mechanical friction and hence, the speed response as well as the other interesting parameters, e.g. fuel pump rack position or turbocharger operating point for load-change schedules typical in the European Transient Cycles for heavy-duty engines. Particularly under low ambient conditions, the high oil viscosity is responsible for a significant increase in the respective frictional losses worsening the engine transient response.     

Influence of cetane number improver on performance and emissions of a common-rail diesel engine fueled with biodiesel-methanol blend

In this paper, the effect of cetane number (CN) improver on performance and emissions, including particulate number concentration and size distribution, of a turbocharged, common-rail diesel engine fueled with biodiesel-methanol were studied. Two volume fractions (0.3% and 0.6%) of CN improver were added to BM30 (30% of methanol in the biodiesel-methanol blend) in the experiment. The results show that, compared with those of biodiesel-methanol blend, the peak value of cylinder pressure increases, the second peak of heat release rate decreases, the start of second heat release are advanced, and the fuel economy and thermal efficiency are improved when CN improver is added to biodiesel-methanol blend. Besides, CO and HC emissions decrease, NO_x emission varies little and smoke emissions increase slightly. Moreover, exhaust particles of BM30 mainly distribute in nano-size range. Furthermore, particle number concentration decreases and peak of size distribution profile shifts toward large size direction.     

Experimental investigations of performance and emissions of Karanja oil and its blends in a single cylinder agricultural diesel engine

An experimental investigation has been carried out to analyze the performance and emission characteristics of a compression ignition engine fuelled with Karanja oil and its blends (10%, 20%, 50% and 75%) vis-a-vis mineral diesel. The effect of temperature on the viscosity of Karanja oil has also been investigated. Fuel preheating in the experiments – for reducing viscosity of Karanja oil and blends has been done by a specially designed heat exchanger, which utilizes waste heat from exhaust gases. A series of engine tests, with and without preheating/pre-conditioning have been conducted using each of the above fuel blends for comparative performance evaluation. The performance parameters evaluated include thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), brake specific energy consumption (BSEC), and exhaust gas temperature whereas exhaust emissions include mass emissions of CO, HC, NO and smoke opacity. These parameters were evaluated in a single cylinder compression ignition engine typically used in agriculture sector of developing countries. The results of the experiment in each case were compared with baseline data of mineral diesel. Significant improvements have been observed in the performance parameters of the engine as well as exhaust emissions, when lower blends of Karanja oil were used with preheating and also without preheating. The gaseous emission of oxide of nitrogen from all blends with and with out preheating are lower than mineral diesel at all engine loads. Karanja oil blends with diesel (up to 50% v/v) without preheating as well as with preheating can replace diesel for operating the CI engines giving lower emissions and improved engine performance.     

柴油机富氧燃烧排放特性的试验研究

介绍了在S195柴油机上进行富氧燃烧的试验，对柴油机排放特性进行了比较与分析，目的是通过试验研究，找到在富氧条件下同时降低碳烟和NOx排放的方法。研究结果表明，增加进气氧的质量分数，碳烟排放大幅度下降，HC和CO也趋于下降，但NOx排放显增加；推迟供油提前角，可以使NOx排放降低，但碳烟有上升趋势，HC和CO排放增加。所以，采用富氧燃烧时必须同时推迟供油提前角，才能获得较低的排放量组合。     

JK80VNT增压器的开发研究

可变喷嘴涡轮调节技术是改善增压柴油机低速性能、降低柴油机排放的有效措施。本文对JK80VNT增压器进行了设计计算，将所设计的转叶式可变喷嘴涡轮增压器进行了涡轮性能试验，试验结果表明它能够有效地调节涡轮特性。并进行了可变喷嘴涡轮增压器与CA6106柴油机的匹配试验，将其结果与带放气阀增压器的试验结果进行了比较，结果表明CA6106柴油机高速油耗和整个外特性烟度都得到明显的改善。     

Experimental investigations on combustion, performance and emissions characteristics of neat karanji biodiesel and its methanol blend in a diesel engine

The increased focus on alternative fuels research in the recent years are mainly driven by escalating crude oil prices, stringent emission norms and the concern on clean environment. The processed form of vegetable oil (biodiesel) has emerged as a potential substitute for diesel fuel on account of its renewable source and lesser emissions. The experimental work reported here has been carried out on a turbocharged, direct injection, multi-cylinder truck diesel engine fitted with mechanical distributor type fuel injection pump using biodiesel-methanol blend and neat karanji oil derived biodiesel under constant speed and varying load conditions without altering injection timings. The results of the experimental investigation indicate that the ignition delay for biodiesel-methanol blend is slightly higher as compared to neat biodiesel and the maximum increase is limited to 1 deg. CA. The maximum rate of pressure rise follow a trend of the ignition delay variations at these operating conditions. However, the peak cylinder pressure and peak energy release rate decreases for biodiesel-methanol blend. In general, a delayed start of combustion and lower combustion duration are observed for biodiesel-methanol blend compared to neat biodiesel fuel. A maximum thermal efficiency increase of 4.2% due to 10% methanol addition in the biodiesel is seen at 80% load and 16.67 s⁻¹ engine speed. The unburnt hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions are slightly higher for the methanol blend compared to neat biodiesel at low load conditions whereas at higher load conditions unburnt hydrocarbon emissions are comparable for the two fuels and carbon monoxide emissions decrease significantly for the methanol blend. A significant reduction in nitric oxide and smoke emissions are observed with the biodiesel-methanol blend investigated.     

柴油机使用EGR后供油提前角对排放特性影响的研究

研究了增压直喷柴油机供油提前角对排放特性的影响规律,分析了在柴油机采用废气再循环（EGR）技术降低NOX排放的同时,不同供油提前角对柴油机排放及油耗的影响情况。依据柴油机EGR控制系统的工作特点和功能,确定了柴油机的最佳供油提前角,并通过负荷特性试验对比分析,证实了在保证此最佳供油提前角的情况下,EGR综合降低排放效果可达到最佳。     

A diesel engine's performance and exhaust emissions

This paper determines, using artificial neural-networks (ANNs), the performance of and exhaust emissions from a diesel engine with respect to injection pressure, engine speed and throttle position. The design injection-pressure of the diesel engine, for the turbocharger and pre-combustion chamber used, is 150 bar. Experiments have been performed for four pressures, namely 100, 150, 200 and 250 bar with throttle positions of 50, 75 and 100%. Engine torque, power, brake mean effective pressure, specific fuel consumption, fuel flow, and exhaust emissions such as SO₂, CO₂, NO_x and smoke level (%N) have been investigated. The back-propagation learning algorithm with three different variants, single and two hidden layers, and a logistic sigmoid transfer-function have been used in the network. In order to train the network, the results of these measurements have been used. Injection pressure, engine speed, and throttle position have been used as the input layer; performance values and exhaust emissions characteristics have also been used as the output layer. It is shown that the R² values are about 0.9999 for the training data, and 0.999 for the test data; RMS values are smaller than 0.01; and mean % errors are smaller than 8.5 for the test data.