Kinetic Investigation of Reaction Between Metallic Silver and Nitric Acid Solutions

In this study, the reaction kinetics between metallic silver and nitric acid solutions was investigated by taking into consideration the parameters of temperature, solid‐to‐liquid ratio, stirring speed, nitric acid concentration, particle size and addition of sodium nitrite. It was determined that the dissolution rate of the process increased with decreasing particle size and solid‐to‐liquid ratio, and increasing nitric acid concentration, reaction temperature and the amount of the sodium nitrite in the solution. In addition, it was observed that the stirring speed had more effect on the dissolution rate at low stirring speeds than at high stirring speeds. In the present study, the examination of shrinking core models of fluid‐solid systems showed that the dissolution of metallic silver in the nitric acid solutions was controlled by the reaction on the surface. A semiempirical model, which represented well the process, was developed by statistical methods. The activation energy of the process was found to be 57.66 kJ mol^–1.     

Investigation of selective leaching and kinetics of copper from malachite ore in aqueous perchloric acid solutions

In this study, the leaching kinetics of malachite in perchloric acid solutions was investigated. The dissolution behaviors of copper, zinc, and iron in the ore matrix were determined at different acid concentrations and reaction temperatures. It was observed that the concentration of perchloric acid had a major effect on the dissolution of copper, zinc, and iron. It was determined that the effect of temperature on the dissolution of these species was not as significant as concentration impact. The results obtained shown that copper in the ore matrix was completely leached while zinc and iron were partially dissolved in perchloric acid solutions. In addition, the effects of the acid concentration, reaction temperature, stirring speed, particle size, and solid-to-liquid ratio on the leaching of malachite were researched. In these experiments, it was observed that the leaching rate of copper increased with increasing solution concentration, stirring speed, and reaction temperature, and with decreasing solid-to-liquid ratio and particle size. A kinetic analysis was performed, and it was found that the rate of leaching reaction obeyed the mixed kinetic control model in the unsteady state. The activation energy of the leaching process was calculated to be 34.69 kJ/mol.     

Kinetic Investigation of Reaction Between Colemanite Ore and Methanol

In the field of industry, it is very important that boron compounds are produced from boron ores. The aim of this study was to investigate the dissolution kinetics with carbon dioxide of colemanite in methanol medium in a pressure reactor and to derive an alternative process for producing boron compounds. Reaction temperature, stirring speed, solid/liquid ratio, pressure, and particle size were selected as parameters for the dissolution rate of colemanite. It was found that the dissolution rate increased with increase in pressure and reaction temperature, and with decrease in particle size and solid/liquid ratio. No effect of stirring speed was observed on conversion. The dissolution kinetics of colemanite were examined using both heterogeneous and homogeneous reaction models, and it was determined that the reaction rate can be described by a second-order pseudo-homogeneous reaction model. The activation energy was found to be 51.4 kJ/mol.     

NaOH亚熔盐法分解钾长石矿

以高浓度NaOH溶液为亚熔盐介质分解钾长石矿精粉,考察了矿物粒径、NaOH溶液浓度、搅拌速度、反应时间、反应温度、液固比对K+溶出率的影响,并对分解过程动力学进行分析. 结果表明,100 mm粒径钾长石矿精粉的最佳反应条件为：NaOH初始浓度60%(w)、反应温度约160℃、搅拌速度400 r/min、液固质量比4:1、反应140 min,该条件下K+溶出率大于98%. 钾长石的分解符合粒径恒定的缩核模型,反应初期固相产物层内扩散为速控步骤. 80~140℃下,反应的表观活化能为110.42 kJ/mol.     

低冰镍转炉渣中钴的氧压酸浸行为及其动力学

研究了转炉渣中钴氧压硫酸体系选择性浸出过程的行为及其动力学。通过改变搅拌速度、反应温度、硫酸浓度、氧分压、物料粒度以及反应时间等浸出条件,考察钴浸出率的变化及影响,获得转炉渣中钴的浸出动力学规律。结果表明,钴的浸出率随着温度、酸度、氧分压的增加而增加;硫酸质量浓度大于0.4 mol·L^-1会导致铁大量溶出;浸出过程符合未反应芯收缩核模型,前期受化学反应控制,然后转变为混合控制,后期受固体产物层扩散控制。化学反应控制和固体产物层扩散控制过程的活化能分别为43.19 kJ·mol^-1 和10.49 kJ·mol^-1。化学反应控制过程对硫酸浓度、氧分压及粒度的反应级数分别为0.79、0.85和 -0.95。     

Dissolution kinetics of calcined ulexite in ammonium carbonate solutions

The leaching kinetics of calcined ulexite in ammonium carbonate was studied in this work. The effect of parameters of ammonium carbonate concentration, solid/liquid ratio, stirring speed, calcination temperature and reaction temperature was determined in the experiments. It was found that the conversion rate increased with increasing ammonium carbonate concentration, reaction temperature and decreasing solid/liquid ratio. However, the effect of stirring speed on the conversion rate was insignificant. The experimental data practised the heterogeneous and homogeneous models, and an acceptable model for the conversion rates of ulexite was determined to be a first-order pseudohomogeneous reaction model. The activation energy of dissolution process was determined to be 35.3 kJ/mol.     

低品位铌钽矿高浓碱性介质浸出过程动力学研究

The leaching kinetics of niobium from a low-gr~te niobium-tantalum ore by concentrated KOH solution under atmospheric pressure has been studied. Significant effects of reaction temperature, KOH concentration,stirring speed, particle size and mass ratio of alkali-to-ore on the dissolution rate of niobium were examined. The experimental data of the leaching rates and the observed effects of the relevant operating variables were well interpreted with a shrinking core model under diffusion control. By using the Arrhenius expression, the apparent activation energy for the dissolution of niobium was evaluated. Finally, on the base of the shrinking core model, the rate equation was established.     

结晶法由硫辛酸厂含铝废水制备铵明矾

以硫辛酸厂含铝废水中的Al3+为原料,采用结晶法制备铵明矾,研究了时间、NH4+/Al3+摩尔比、SO42-/Al3+摩尔比、温度、搅拌速度对废水中铝去除率和铵明矾产量的影响,对所制铵明矾与商品铵明矾进行比较. 结果表明,两者具有几乎相同的晶体结构、形貌和化学组成,所得产品符合同类工业产品标准. 结晶法用硫辛酸厂含铝废水制备铵明矾的适宜条件为：反应时间8 h,NH4+/Al3+ 1.40,SO42-/Al3+ 2.90,温度5~15℃,搅拌速度35~55 r/min. 宏观反应动力学表明,在晶体生长期,Al3+在边界层扩散传质为反应控制步骤,液相主体Al3+浓度C随时间t的变化关系符合方程C=(C0-Ci)e-kt+Ci. 当搅拌速度较低时,铵明矾晶体平均粒径大,分布宽;搅拌速度增加,晶体平均粒径减小,粒径分布变窄.     

硫酸氢铵分解磷矿动力学研究

在反应温度40—80℃,硫酸氢铵初始浓度3.65—5.22 mol/L,磷矿粒度0.125—0.18 mm,搅拌速度为400 r/m in的条件下,对硫酸氢铵分解磷矿的反应动力学进行了研究,磷矿分解速率随着搅拌速度、反应温度、硝酸浓度和颗粒细度的增加而增加;氢离子通过液膜的扩散传质是该过程的速率控制步骤。应用固体粒径减小的缩芯模型,将上述各影响因素的实验数据回归得到的动力学模型,方差分析表明模型可靠,为硫酸氢铵分解磷矿工艺条件的优化和反应器的设计提供了理论依据。     

Emulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate in concentration of emulsifiers below their CMCs—polymerization rate,particle size,and particle-size distribution

The emulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) in concentration of emulsifiers below their critical micelle concentrations (CMCs) initiated by K₂S₂O₈ (KPS) was studied. It was observed that the initiator concentration has little effect on both polymerization rate and particle size. However, the polymerization rate is faster and particle size is smaller obviously when decreasing the ratio of the water/monomer or increasing the temperature of polymerization or the amount of the emulsifier. In the range of a 200–400 rpm stirring speed, the polymerization rate is almost unchanged although the particle size become larger with increase in the stirring speed. The monodisperse particle (size about 100–200 nm) can be obtained using this process. The mechanism of emulsion polymerization of MMA in the emulsifier concentration below its CMC is discussed. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Determination of the Optimum Conditions for Leaching of Malachite Ore in H2SO4 Solutions

The Taguchi method has been used to determine the optimum conditions for the dissolution of malachite ore in H₂SO₄ solutions. The chosen experimental parameters and their range were (i) reaction temperature: 15 to 45 °C, (ii) solid‐to‐liquid ratio: 1/10 to 1/3 g cm^–3, (iii) acid concentration (in weight): 2 % to 10 %, (iv) particle size: –40 to –3.5 mesh, (v) stirring speed: 240 to 720 rpm, and (vi) reaction time: 5 to 45 minutes. The optimum conditions were found to be reaction temperature: 40 °C, solid‐to‐liquid ratio: 1/3 g cm^–3, acid concentration (in weight): 10 %, particle size: –30 mesh, stirring speed: 480 rpm, and reaction time: 45 minutes. Under these optimum working conditions, the dissolution of copper and iron in malachite ore was 100 % and 58 %, respectively. Besides, alternative working conditions reducing the total cost and dissolution of iron were found.     

球形纳米氧化钇的制备与表征

以尿素为沉淀剂,硝酸钇为钇源,十六烷基三甲基溴化铵为分散剂,采用均相沉淀法制备球形纳米氧化钇粉体,研究了反应物浓度比、表面活性剂用量、反应时间、搅拌转速、反应温度对氧化钇形貌及粒径的影响。通过激光粒度分析、X射线衍射（XRD）分析、扫描电镜（SEM）分析、傅里叶红外光谱（FTIR）分析等手段对样品进行表征。结果表明,反应物浓度比、反应时间、搅拌转速、反应温度会影响粉体的尺寸,适量CTAB的加入可显著降低氧化钇的粒径;在最佳工艺条件下,可制得粒径大小为110~130 nm的球形氧化钇粉体。     

EVALUATION OF LEACHING CONDITIONS FOR DISSOLUTION OF PYRITE IN CHLORINE-SATURATED WATER

The optimum leaching conditions for the dissolution of pyrite in water saturated with chlorine gas were investigated. Reaction temperature, solid-to-liquid ratio, reaction time, and particle size were selected as the leaching parameters. 2ⁿ factorial experimental design and orthogonal central-composite design methods were used. A mechanical stirring speed of 500 rpm and chlorine gas-flow rate of 1379 mL/minute were chosen as the fixed parameters in all experiments. The degrees of effectiveness from high to low were found to be, in respective order, the particle size, the reaction temperature, the solid-to-liquid ratio, and leaching time. A reaction temperature of 30°C, solid-to-liquid ratio of 0.167 g/mL, particle size of 150–212 μm, and reaction time of 360 minutes were found to be the optimum leaching conditions. The dissolution yield of iron from pyrite was 98.4% under optimal leaching conditions.     

Leaching Kinetics of Calcium Vanadate by Na2CO3 Solution

Leaching kinetics of calcium vanadate by Na2CO3 solution was studied. Kinetic equation was established according to the variation of VO3-concentration with time during the leaching process. The influences of initial pH value and stirring speed on reaction rate constant were examined and the corresponding apparent activation energy was calculated. The results indicate that the leaching process is a 0.68 order reaction, and the reaction rate constant 8.64×10-6 mol/(L-s). It increases with the increase of pH value and stirring speed. And the dissolution rate of calcium vanadate also increases. The apparent activation energy is 38.98 kJ/mol, and temperature has great influence on the leaching rate of calcium vanadate.     

反应沉淀法制备阿奇霉素药物超微粉体

利用反应沉淀法进行了阿奇霉素微粉化的实验研究,考察了NaOH溶液浓度、搅拌速度、搅拌时间和反应温度等因素对产品粒度、形貌、分散性及收率的影响. 分别采用扫描电镜(SEM)、比表面分析仪、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和红外光谱仪(FT-IR)对产品进行了分析与表征,并对微粉化产品和原料药进行了溶出性能研究. 实验结果表明,利用此方法可以制备得到平均粒径约为413 nm的无定型阿奇霉素超微粉体,与原料药相比,微粉化的阿奇霉素粉体比表面积增加了约27倍,相应地,药物的溶出性能较原料药明显改善.     

A Study on Recovery of Gold from Decopperized Anode Slime

A study was performed on the chlorination and cementation of gold from an anode slime. The gold from decopperized anode slime first was dissolved with chlorine gas in aqueous medium, later the dissolved gold was precipitated by using a rotational copper disc. The effects of reaction temperature, reaction period, stirring speed, solid‐liquid ratio and Cl₂ gas flow rate on the dissolution of gold were investigated. Increasing the solid‐liquid ratio decreases the dissolution, the solubility increases with increasing reaction temperature, reaction period and stirring speed. It was observed that the Cl₂ gas flow rate hasn't a significant effect on the dissolution. As to the precipitation of the gold in the solution, the effects of temperature and rotational speed were sought for. The experimental results showed that the gold recovery could be over 90 %. For the kinetics analysis of the cementation, the activation energy value was found to be 19.51 kJ·mol^–1.     

田口实验设计法优化碳酸锂反应结晶制备工艺

单因素实验无法全面、可靠地研究各因素对反应结晶过程制备高品质碳酸锂的影响,田口设计有利于全面研究各因素对制备高品质碳酸锂的影响,实验周期较短,实验成本较低。以东台吉乃尔盐湖精制卤水为原料,设计田口实验,采用聚焦光束反射测量仪FBRM G400实时在线研究反应温度、搅拌速率、卤水加料速度、碳酸钠浓度等因素对反应结晶工艺中碳酸锂粒径和纯度的影响。通过田口实验表明搅拌速率对碳酸锂的粒径影响最大,碳酸锂的纯度对反应温度最敏感。研究结果表明,反应温度为85 ℃、搅拌速率为200 r/min、卤水加料速度为2 mL/min、碳酸钠质量浓度为201.6 g/L时得到的碳酸锂品质最优,其粒度为3.71 μm,纯度高达99.62%。     

聚砜包覆双环戊二烯微胶囊的制备

采用简单易控的溶剂挥发法成功制备了聚砜包覆双环戊二烯微胶囊,讨论了反应温度、分散剂、芯壁比及搅拌速度对微胶囊性能的影响,并通过扫描电子显微镜、光学显微镜和热重分析仪对微胶囊的表面结构、形貌和热性能进行了研究。结果表明,选择明胶溶液作为分散剂,反应温度为30 ℃时,可制备出粒径和壁厚可控的具有规则球形的微胶囊;随着芯材比例的增大,微胶囊壁厚减小;粒径随着搅拌速度的加快而减小。     

制备碳酸锂结晶的工艺优化

主要针对含锂卤水通过氯化锂与碳酸钠反应结晶制备高纯度碳酸锂过程中存在的结晶问题做了实验研究。通过考察反应结晶初始浓度、反应温度、进料速率、晶种用量、搅拌速率、进料浓度以及添加剂等对碳酸锂产品的平均粒度及晶体形貌的影响,优化了反应结晶制备碳酸锂的工艺参数。研究表明：在不同优化参数的作用下,通过调控碳酸锂的反应结晶过程,可改变碳酸锂晶体的形貌、粒度及固液分离效果。     

Determination of the Optimum Conditions for Copper Leaching from Chalcopyrite Concentrate Ore Using Taguchi Method

The optimum conditions for the extraction of copper from chalcopyrite concentrate into SO₂-saturated water were evaluated using the Taguchi optimization method. High level copper recovery was obtained in an environmentally friendly process that avoids sulfur dioxide emission into the atmosphere because SO₂ forming in the roasting is used in the dissolution. Experimental parameters and their ranges were chosen as follows: reaction temperature, 293–333 K; solid-to-liquid ratio, 0.025–0.15 g/mL; roasting time, 30–90 min; roasting temperature, 773–973 K; stirring speed, 400–800 rpm; and reaction time, 10–60 min. The particle size and gas flow rate were 63 µm and 10 cm³/min, respectively. The optimum conditions of the dissolution process were determined to be reaction temperature of 318 K, a solid-to-liquid ratio of 0.025 g mL^?1, a roasting time of 75 min, a roasting temperature of 773 K, a stirring speed of 400 rpm, and a reaction time of 30 min. Under optimum conditions, dissolution yield of copper was 91%.