不同碳源掺杂磷酸亚铁锂正极材料电化学性能研究

采用液相共沉淀-固相焙烧合成了橄榄石型磷酸亚铁锂(LiFePO4)正极材料,用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)和恒流充放电测试等方法对产物物相结构、表观形貌和电化学性能进行了表征和分析.纯相材料首次放电比容量达到90.6 mA·h/g,循环5次后,放电比容量为75.94 mA·h/g.为解决首次放电比容量低下以及材料循环性能差的问题,采取不同碳源掺杂对材料进行改进,最后得到LiFePO4/C复合正极材料,0.05 C首次放电比容量达到158.8 mA·h/g.     

吡咯量对原位聚合控制结晶法制备LiFePO4/C正极材料的影响

以原位聚合聚吡咯控制结晶法合成的介孔FePO4/PPy为前躯体制备了锂离子电池纳米LiFePO4/C正极材料.用X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜以及充放电测试和交流阻抗等研究了吡咯用量对合成材料的结构、形貌和电化学性能的影响.结果表明:LiFePO4/C正极材料与FePO4/PPy前驱体有相似的形貌,吡咯的用量对材料的电化学性能影响较大,当吡咯的加入量为1.0mL时,材料粒径较小,分布均匀,电化学性能最优,在0.1C倍率下的放电比容量为149.0 mA·h/g,且循环过程中容量保持率高.     

基于β-FeOOH纳米棒制备LiFePO_4/C和Fe_2O_3纳米电极材料及其电池性能

自制直径为90nm、长为500nm的β-FeOOH纳米棒为前驱物,通过碳热还原法和热分解法分别制备出形貌均匀、粒径为300nm的LiFePO4/C正极材料和粒径为100nm的Fe2O3负极材料,并研究它们对金属锂组成半电池和构造LiFePO4/C vs.Fe2O3全电池的电化学性能。结果表明：LiFePO4/C半电池在0.1C、0.5C、1.0C、5.0C、10.0C和15.0C（1C=170 mA g–1）倍率下放电比容量分别为158.8、153.2、144.3、126.8、111.0 mA h g–1和92.9mA h g–1。经过不同倍率循环后,返回0.1 C放电比容量为157.5mA h g–1,为初始0.1 C放电比容量的99.2%。Fe2O3半电池在50mA g–1电流密度下首次放电比容量为1655.5mA h g–1,循环50次后,仍保持460mA h g–1的放电比容量。LiFePO4/C vs.Fe2O3全电池在0.1 C倍率下,相对于LiFePO4活性物质,首次放电比容量为148.7mA h g–1;相对于Fe2O3活性物质,首次放电比容量为441.7mA h g–1。由LiFePO4/C纳米粒子作为正极材料、Fe2O3纳米粒子作为负极材料组成的全电池在0.1 C到2.0 C不同倍率下均表现出了良好的循环性能,且返回0.1 C后其放电比容量相对于初始0.1 C放电比容量无衰减。可见,以β-FeOOH纳米棒为前驱物控制制备的LiFePO4/C正极纳米材料和Fe2O3负极纳米材料可以有效地提升电池的性能。     

球形LiMnPO4/C正极材料的喷雾干燥法制备及性能研究

以氢氧化锂、乙酸锰、磷酸二氢铵和聚乙二醇为原料,采用一次喷雾干燥法制备了球形LiMnPO₄/C正极材料,并研究了煅烧温度对球形LiMnPO₄/C样品形貌、结构和电化学性能的影响。通过X射线衍射（XRD）和场发射扫描电镜（SEM）对其进行了结构和形貌的表征。结果表明,经700 ℃焙烧的LiMnPO₄/C为橄榄石型结构,在SEM下呈规则的球形,由粒径约为50 nm的一维纳米颗粒堆积而成。该样品在室温0.1C倍率下首次放电比容量可达148 mA·h/g,循环80圈后的放电比容量依然在140 mA·h/g左右,容量保持率为94.6%。     

碳源及加入量对LiFePO_4/C性能的影响

以不同的有机物(蔗糖、柠檬酸、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮K30、聚乙二醇2000、酒石酸)为碳源合成LiFePO4/C复合材料,研究了不同碳源对复合材料晶型结构与电化学性能的影响。结果表明,不同的碳源对LiFePO4材料的晶型结构没有影响,但对电化学性能影响较明显,其中采用蔗糖为碳源制得的复合正极材料电化学性能最好。进一步研究了蔗糖加入量对复合材料的形貌、粒径分布、电导率及电化学性能的影响,发现当蔗糖加入量为铁与碳的物质的量比为1∶1时,样品颗粒细小、分布均匀,电导率明显提高,电化学性能最好,0.1C首次放电比容量为154.53 mA.h/g,0.5C首次放电比容量也高达141.14 mA.h/g,循环10次后,仍保持在137.62 mA.h/g。     

石墨烯包覆LiFePO_4共沉淀-焙烧法制备及性能研究

以氧化石墨烯和抗坏血酸为包覆碳源,采用共沉淀-焙烧法制备了LiFePO4/G和LiFePO4/C正极材料,并通过X-射线衍射图谱(XRD),扫描电镜(SEM)对合成材料进行结构及形貌分析,并采用循环伏安(CV)、恒电流充放电等表征手段对合成材料进行电化学性能测试。结果表明,石墨烯和碳颗粒的引入没有改变LiFePO4橄榄石晶体结构,石墨烯在细化颗粒和均匀分布上的效果优于普通碳颗粒,使LiFePO4/G表现出更加优越的电化学性能,在0.1C倍率时的放电容量为134 mAh·g-1,充放电循环20次后容量保持率可达到98.8%。     

共沉淀法合成磷酸铁锂掺碳复合正极材料

采用共沉淀法合成了纯相橄榄石型磷酸铁锂(LiFePO4)和磷酸铁锂掺碳(LiFePO4/C)复合正极材料.利用X射线衍射(XRD)、原子吸收(AAS)、扫描电镜(SEM)、红外吸收(FT-IR)、振实密度测定等方法对其进行表征,并组装成电池研究其电化学性能.结果表明:HFePO4和LiFePO4/C具有单一的橄榄石型晶体结构,前者的振实密度可达1.58 g/cm2,LiFePO4/C振实密度有所降低,但充放电平台非常平稳.与纯相LiFePO4相比,LiFePO4/C具有更高的放电比容量和循环性能,室温下以0.05 C和0.1 C倍率电流充放电,首次放电比容量达到158.1,150.0 mA·k/g.充放电循环20次后放电比容量仍保持在154.2,137.2 mA·h/g.     

玉米棒状LiFePO4正极材料的离子热法制备及性能

以自制离子液体为反应介质,FeSO4·7H2O、(NH4)2HPO4和LiOH·H2O为原料,采用离子热法制备了LiFePO4,并经过热处理覆炭制备出LiFePO4/C复合材料。利用X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜表征了材料的结构和形貌,采用恒电流充放电测试其充放电性能。结果表明:常压低温下所制备的LiFePO4正极材料和经热处理制备的LiFePO4/C都具有橄榄石晶体结构,呈玉米棒状形貌,并表现出优良的充放电性能。室温下,0.1C倍率下LiFePO4和LiFePO4/C首次放电比容量分别为140.7 mA·h/g和162.5 mA·h/g。LiFePO4/C在0.1、1 C和5 C倍率下循环30次均无明显衰减。     

液相法合成高容量LiFePO4/C复合正极材料

采用液相共沉淀法合成了纯相橄榄石型LiFePO4和LiFePO4/C复合正极材料。利用原子吸收(AAS)、X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、振实密度测定等方法对其进行表征,并组装成电池研究其电化学性能。结果表明:LiFePO4和LiFePO4/C都具有单一的橄榄石型晶体结构,且前者的振实密度可达1.67 g/cm2,掺碳后制成的LiFePO4/C振实密度有所降低,但充放电平台非常平稳。与纯相LiFePO4相比,LiFePO4/C具有更高的放电比容量和循环性能,室温下以0.2 mA/cm2和0.4 mA/cm2电流密度充放电,首次放电比容量分别达到158.1 mA.h/g、150.0 mA.h/g。充放电循环20次后放电比容量仍分别保持在154.2 mA.h/g,137.2 mA.h/g。     

La掺杂Al代α-Ni(OH)_2电极材料的性能

采用尿素均相沉淀法制备了La掺杂Al代α-Ni(OH)2粉体材料,表征了其微观结构和形貌,并测试了样品作为MH-Ni电池正极活性材料的电化学性能.结果表明,制备的样品颗粒呈类球形,与Al代α-Ni(OH)2相比,结晶度增强,具有更大的晶格层间距,电极反应具有更好的可逆性和较小的电化学阻抗,在0.1C下放电比容量达403.04mA·h/g,放电中值电压较高并稳定于1.29V,1C下放电比容量达343.47mA·h/g,充放电循环50次容量保持率为90.31%,显示了良好的较大倍率放电性能.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料，介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比，介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序，对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.